Abstract
Background:
Background: Today, occupational accidents are one of the most important problems in industrial world. Due to lack of appropriate system for registration and reporting, there is no accurate statistics of occupational accidents all over the world especially in developing countries.
Objectives:
The aim of this study is epidemiological assessment of occupational accidents in Iran.
Materials and Methods:
Information of available occupational accidents in Social Security Organization was extracted from accident reporting and registration forms. In this cross-sectional study, gender, age, economic activity, type of accident and injured body part in 22158 registered accidents during 2008 were described.
Results:
The occupational accidents rate was 253 in 100,000 workers in 2008. 98.2% of injured workers were men. The mean age of injured workers was 32.07 ± 9.12 years. The highest percentage belonged to age group of 25-34 years old. In our study, most of the accidents occurred in basic metals industry, electrical and non-electrical machines and construction industry. Falling down from height and crush injury were the most prevalent accidents. Upper and lower extremities were the most common injured body parts.
Conclusion:
Due to the high rate of accidents in metal and construction industries, engineering controls, the use of appropriate protective equipment and safety worker training seems necessary.
Keywords: Occupational Accidents, Epidemiology, Iran
1. Background
Occupational accidents are one of the most important consequences of globalization especially in the developing countries (1). The number of fatal occupational accidents in the world has been estimated to be 335000 in 1994 and 350000 in 2001 (1, 2)The number of occupational accidents resulted at least 3 days absence from work has been more than 263,000,000 and 268,000,000 cases in 1998 and 2001 respectively (1). The occupational accidents statistics are published in many countries annually, however because of under-reporting, these data are not so reliable (2). For example in 1998, only 3.9% of worldwide occupational accidents have been reported to International Labor Organization (ILO) (3). In Middle Eastern countries this rate has been estimated to be less than 1% (3). In addition, lack of integrated registration system causes difficulty in comparing these values (2).
Regarding the differences in social status, religion, gender, age distribution of working population and industry sectors among countries, the rates of occupational accidents are very different in the world. It is difficult to generalize statistics related to accidents to other places (4). Despite downward trend of occupational accidents in developed countries, globalization causes increase in occupational accidents in developing countries (1). Accurate occupational accidents registration based on ILO recommendation and analysis of statistics are among the most important tools for implementing preventive strategies (1), (5-7).
Hämäläinen et al. estimated the ratio of occupational accidents in Middle East Countries (MEC) including Iran based upon analysis of data in Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Bahrain. No any data directly from Iran was analyzed by Hämäläinen et al. (1, 3, 4). In their study occupational accidents rate has been estimated to be 12845 in 100000 workers in Iran (3). There is no previous national study to describe occupational accidents in Iran. Therefore, despite of reduced access to data, in first step we decided to investigate the characteristics of occupational accidents in Iran according to age, gender, industry, accident type and injured body part.
2. Objectives
The aim of this study is epidemiological assessment of occupational accidents in Iran.
3. Material and Methods
We analyzed data of occupational accidents recorded by Iranian Social Security Organization (ISSO). The ISSO records occupational accidents’ information through routine documents and computerized system. According to ISSO law, an occupational accident is defined as a situation, occurred in the work time, which leads to physical or mental harm (8). The work time involves the whole time that insured worker performs his or her task in the workplace or sent out of workplace for a mission by employer, during the transportation to and from the workplace and also when worker spend his or her time for a therapeutic purpose. Employers must report the occupational accidents within three working days after it happens to the proper branch of ISSO in special forms and check lists, according to law (8).
Only events that occurred in 2008 were included. In this cross-sectional study, 22158 cases of occupational accident were recorded among 8767638 registered workers of ISSO in 2008. The variables included age, gender, type of industry, type of accident and the injured body part that were collected from documents. SPSS software version 16 was used for analyzing the data.
4. Results
Total numbers of 22158 occupational accidents were analyzed among which 20996 cases caused absence from work for 3 days or more. Totally 83 cases were fatal which all occurred among male workers. The fatal and non-fatal accidents ratios are 0.95 in 100,000 and 253 in 100,000 respectively. Accidents ratios among male (21763/7586096) and female (395/1181542) workers were 290 in 100,000 and 30 in 100,000 respectively. Over two-thirds (67.4%) of all accidents occurred in workers aged 34 years or less while the highest percentage of fatal occupational accidents was in the workers older than 55 years. The mean age of injured workers was 32.07 ± 9.12 years which was higher for men (32.12) compared to women (29.25). Table 1 shows the distribution of occupational accidents by age groups. About 24.7% of injured workers were single and 75.3% were married. Provinces had the highest number of incidents were shown in Table 2. In case of accident type, fall from height, crush injuries and fractures had more frequency than other accident types (Tables 3 and 4). Considering injured body parts, upper and lower extremities were more injured. Table 5 presents distribution of occupational accidents by injured body part. Figure 1 shows prevalence accidents in different provinces of Iran
Table 1. Occupational Accidents by Age Groups.
| Age Group | Occupational Accidents, No. (%) | Fatal Occupational Accidents, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 15-24 | 4399 (19.9) | 10 (0.23) |
| 25-34 | 10533 (47.5) | 28 (0.26) |
| 35-44 | 4788 (21.6) | 24 (0.50) |
| 45-54 | 1910 (8.7) | 15 (0.78) |
| > 55 | 528 (2.3) | 6 (1.13) |
| All | 22158 (100) | 83 (0.95) |
Table 2. The Highest Prevalence of Fatal and Non-Fatal Occupational Accidents in 100,000 workers in Iran Provinces.
| Provinces | Occupational Accidents (Prevalence in 100,000) | Provinces | Fatal Occupational Accidents (Ratio) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Markazi | 905 | Semnan | 6.20 |
| Qazvin | 682 | Hamedan | 5.44 |
| Semnan | 667 | Kordestan | 5.26 |
| Zanjan | 648 | Kermanshah | 2.60 |
| Charmahal&Bakhtiari | 460 | Markazi | 2.10 |
| Tehran suburb | 432 | Khuzestan | 1.89 |
| Esfahan | 321 | Kohgilouye and Boyerahmad | 1.55 |
| Fars | 321 | Lorestan | 1.46 |
Table 3. Shows Distribution of Occupational Accidents by Industrial Sectors.
| Industrial sector | Occupational Accidents Numbers, No. (%) | Fatal Occupational Accidents, NO. (%)a |
|---|---|---|
| Metal industry, electrical and non-electrical machinery | 5398 (24.4) | 6 (0.11) |
| Construction | 4303 (19.4) | 27 (0.63) |
| Contractor | 3661 (16.6) | 11 (0.30) |
| Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products | 2171 (9.8) | 3 (0.14) |
| Services | 1101 (5) | 8 (0.73) |
| Manufacture of food and tobacco products | 1063 (4.8) | 2 (0.19) |
| Mining | 907 (4.1) | 6 (0.66) |
| Manufacture of wood , paper, tanning, publishing, printing | 865 (3.9) | 4 (0.46) |
| Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and footwear | 744 (3.4) | 4 (0.54) |
| Transport, storage and communications | 560 (2.5) | 7 (1.25) |
| Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing | 525 (2.4) | 0 (0) |
| Other sectors | 347 (1.6) | 4 (1.07) |
| Commercial, bank, insurance | 309 (1.4) | 0 (0) |
aPercent of fatal accidents of each industry sectors
Table 4. Occupational Accidents by Type.
| Accident Type | Frequency, No. (%) CI |
|---|---|
| Falling of persons | 4367 (18.4) |
| Crush injury | 3169 (13.3) |
| Fractures | 2903 (12.2) |
| Amputations | 2799 (11.8) |
| Caught in or between objects | 2398 (10.1) |
| Falling of objects | 2111 (8.9) |
| Others | 6009 (25.3) |
Table 5. Occupational Accidents by Injured Part of the Body.
| Body Part | Frequency No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Head and neck | 2231 (9.4) |
| Upper limbs (except fingers) | 5390 (22.8) |
| Fingers | 6108 (25.8) |
| Trunk | 610 (2.6) |
| Lower limbs (except toes) | 6053 (25.6) |
| Toes | 653 (2.8) |
| Others | 21612 (11) |
Figure 1. Accident Prevalence in 100,000.
5. Discussion
The present study shows that the rate of occupational accidents in Iran is largely different from results of previous studies (3, 4). Such a difference has been also shown (75663 vs. 3145632) in another study that was conducted in Turkey (3, 9). This difference can be due to using different methods, workforce population and statistical reference population. We considered all recorded accident reports of about 8800000 insured workers of ISSO in 2008 and found 22158 cases while Hämäläinen et al. estimated about 2500000 (2006) and 2800000(2009) occupational accidents in Iran in 1998 and 2001 respectively. However, this difference may be due to possible under-reporting in ISSO. We did not have access to all happened accidents, especially those without significant effects on health and occupational situations. Furthermore, occupational accidents of other insurance companies and self-employed workers don’t record regularly; however the ISSO has insured the maximum number of workers in the industries.
More than two-third of injured workers had age of 34 years or less. This finding is close to other studies (9-11). This fact may be due to less experience and doing more dangerous jobs by young workers (Salminen 2004). In addition, highest percentage of fatal accidents occurred in the workers older than 55 years. This finding is compatible with the previous studies (12, 13). Women constituted less than 2% of injured workers and also their accidents rate was lower than men. This finding has been observed in previous studies (14-16). We should consider that the women employment rates are various in different countries due to economical, religious, industrial and cultural status. Women constituted 13.5% of total employees in the ISSO registry. Also women in Iran employ mostly in less harmful occupations in comparison with men. Thus, this result is expectable and also, is in agreement with the results of Middle East studies (10, 17). Among the occupational accidents, 24.4% belong to the basic metals, 19.4% to the construction and 16.6% to the contractor. This result is not compatible with other studies (Chau, Mur et al. 2004; Liao and Perng 2008; Miguel A. Camino López 2008). Although it is in agreement with Sinana Unsar et al. study in which basic metal and construction sectors had more occupational accidents than other industries (9). Because ISSO didn’t record regularly the number of the insured workers by industrial categories, we couldn’t assess the ratio of occupational accident based on industrial sectors.
Most of the accidents have occurred in central provinces of Iran may be due to concentration of heavy industries in these provinces. Most of fatal occupational accidents were occurred in the west of Iran. This may be due to culture of people that live in these areas (Rejection of preventive education provided by experts in the field of occupational accidents), Small number of experts in occupational health and the high density industries in the west of Iran. In our study, upper and lower extremities constituted about third-fourth of all injured body parts. This result is similar to other studies (18-20).
There are various studies about accident types or accident mechanism around the world. The fall was in the top of the accident type (18.4%) in present study that is in agreement with other studies (14, 15, 21, 22). Our study limitations were: our statistics may be under reporting, because, 1: many workplaces are not covered by social security organization, so their events are not registered in this organization. Another limitation was many accidents; especially minor accidents may not be recorded Due to the high rate of accidents in metal and construction industries, engineering controls, the use of appropriate protective equipment and safety worker training seems necessary.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate Social Security Organization employees for their immense cooperation in this study. Also we are thankful to Hamidreza Seifmanesh for his useful comments on the manuscript.
Footnotes
Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:Lack of comprehensive recording and registration system for occupational accident data and under reporting are major problems in developing countries including Iran. So researches such as this article are essential for preventive interventions in the future.
Authors' Contributions:Nazanin Izadi: Corresponding author Ramin Mehrdad: First author Shahdokht Seifmanesh: Data collector Farzaneh Chavoshi: Editor Omid Aminian: Scientific Adviser
Financial Disclosure:Our project did not have any financial cost.
Funding Support:This study has been supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
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