Abstract
We report the case of a patient with recurrent acute angle-closure glaucoma who had undergone a previous laser iridotomy. Because the initial iridotomy was small, patency could not be determined by slit-lamp examination. Therefore, anterior-segment optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate the patency. Cross-sectional images showed the presence of a membrane with an anterior bowing configuration at the base of the iridotomy, suggesting that recurrent pupillary block was the causative mechanism. A repeat laser iridotomy was performed, with a resultant decrease in the intraocular pressure and widening of the anterior chamber angle. Anterior-segment optical coherence tomography may be helpful to confirm the status of a laser iridotomy, especially when the iridotomy is small.
Keywords: anterior-segment optical coherence tomography, laser iridotomy, acute angle-closure glaucoma
Introduction
Anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is a noncontact, noninvasive method of imaging the anterior ocular segment. Cross-sectional images of the tissue obtained using this instrument facilitate analysis of the cornea,1 anterior chamber depth, iris, and lens.2 Trabeculectomy blebs3 and scleral flaps4 have also been imaged using AS-OCT. In addition, a previous study evaluated laser peripheral iridotomy openings using AS-OCT.5 However, to our knowledge, the current report appears to report the first use of AS-OCT to visualize what was likely either an incomplete iridotomy or a membrane over an iridotomy. Although visualization of the anterior lens capsule through an iridotomy opening by slit-lamp examination is necessary to confirm patency, it may be difficult in some patients with a small iridotomy opening.
We report a case of recurrent acute angle-closure glaucoma following a small iridotomy for which patency could not be confirmed by slit-lamp examination. Therefore, to confirm the patency, we used AS-OCT cross-sectional images.
Case report
A 49-year-old Japanese man presented with blurred vision in both eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 42 mmHg in the right eye and 70 mmHg in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination showed a cloudy cornea, and gonioscopy showed anterior chamber angle closure in both eyes. The patient was diagnosed with bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma, and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser iridotomy was performed to eliminate pupillary block in both eyes. After the procedure, IOP decreased to a normal level.
One month later, however, the patient presented with blurred vision in the right eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/16 bilaterally. IOP was 70 mmHg in the right eye and 23 mmHg in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination of the right eye showed a cloudy cornea. Despite its small size, the previous laser iridotomy was observed at the 10 o’clock position in the iris (Figure 1A). Transillumination through the opening was also observed. Gonioscopy showed angle closure in all four quadrants. Following compression, gonioscopy showed that the closure was partially appositional, and more than half of the angle had synechiae. Based on the sudden IOP elevation associated with a cloudy cornea and blurred vision, we suspected recurrent acute angle-closure glaucoma in this patient, although the initial iridotomy appeared open on slit-lamp examination.
Figure 1.
Before the second laser iridotomy. (A) The initial laser iridotomy appears open, although the opening is small with white collagen strands in the stroma. Myosis is observed due to the preoperative application of topical pilocarpine. (B) A cross-sectional image obtained by anterior-segment optical coherence tomography. A thin membrane with an anterior bowing configuration is seen at the base of the iridotomy (arrow). The intensity of the membrane is not equal to that of the iris stroma. The anterior chamber angle is crowded. Magnified images are also shown.
To further evaluate the precise condition of the initial laser iridotomy, we referred to cross-sectional images obtained using AS-OCT (CASIA SS-1000; Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan). The angle mode was used for evaluation. The images showed a membrane that was not observed by slit-lamp examination, with an anterior bowing configuration at the base of the iridotomy (Figure 1B), suggesting increased fluid pressure in the posterior chamber. This observation indicated that pupillary block was the causative mechanism of the increased IOP in our patient, and retreatment with Nd:YAG laser iridotomy was performed at the same site.
After the procedure, the IOP decreased to 9 mmHg. The anterior lens capsule was observed through the opening by slit-lamp examination (Figure 2A). A cross-sectional image showed a completely penetrated iridotomy with widening of the anterior chamber angle and straightening of the iris (Figure 2B).
Figure 2.
After the second laser iridotomy. (A) The iridotomy is completely penetrated. The anterior lens capsule is seen through the opening. (B) Cross-sectional images obtained by anterior-segment optical coherence tomography. The iridotomy is completely penetrated (arrow). Widening of the anterior chamber angle and straightening of the iris are also seen. (C) The plateau iris configuration is seen by gonioscopy. Magnified images are also shown.
Discussion
In the current case, we believed that recurrent acute angle-closure glaucoma was involved in the pathogenesis, given the sudden IOP elevation associated with a cloudy cornea and blurred vision, although the initial laser iridotomy appeared open based on slit-lamp examination. Indeed, gonioscopic examination showed angle closure in all four quadrants. However, we speculated that occlusion of the initial iridotomy occurred at some level of the iridotomy hole that was not directly observable during slit-lamp examination due to the small opening. We performed AS-OCT to obtain more information about the condition of the iridotomy.
The cross-sectional images clearly showed a membrane with an anterior bowing configuration at the base of the iridotomy, suggesting increased fluid pressure in the posterior chamber due to a functional block between the lens and iris. This observation convinced us to perform another laser iridotomy. Postoperatively, widening of the anterior chamber angle and straightening of the iris occurred and IOP decreased. In this case, we thought that the plateau iris configuration might have contributed partially to the pathogenesis (Figure 2C). Additional laser peripheral iridoplasty will stabilize the IOP over a long period.
Considering that a minimal diameter of 150–200 microns is recommended when performing a laser iridotomy,6 the size of the initial iridotomy in our patient was relatively small. Closure of a laser iridotomy can occur either immediately or later after the procedure. Accumulation of pigment granules and debris primarily causes immediate closure. However, localized pigment proliferation causes late closure and leads to development of a transparent, thin, fibrous membrane occluding the opening and regeneration of the iris pigment epithelium from the margins of the iridotomy.7 In the current case, the latter mechanism was likely, given that a membrane was clearly present at the bottom of the iridotomy. Because the intensity of the membrane was not equivalent to that of the iris stroma, we speculated that the membrane had newly developed after the initial laser iridotomy. Although late closure is rare with Nd:YAG laser iridotomies compared with argon laser iridotomy,8 in our patient the iridotomy closed soon after the initial procedure, despite use of an Nd:YAG laser. We think that the fibrous membrane developed and regenerated at the base of the iridotomy because of an accelerated wound-healing process in our patient, who was relatively young compared with elderly patients with angle-closure glaucoma, who generally require laser iridotomy.
In the current case, an invasive surgery (ie, goniosynechialysis with or without phacoemulsification) was avoided by carefully considering the pathogenesis of the IOP elevation and evaluating the condition of the iridotomy using AS-OCT. If the iridotomy was found to be open only by slit-lamp examination, our young patient might have had to undergo that invasive surgery.
Although visualizing the anterior lens capsule through the iridotomy opening by slit-lamp examination is necessary to confirm the patency, it may be difficult for some patients with a small iridotomy opening. In addition, transillumination can be misleading regarding patency. Therefore, cross-sectional images obtained using AS-OCT might be helpful to confirm the precise condition of iridotomy in those patients.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors have no proprietary interest in any aspect of this report.
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