Abstract
Several studies indicate that plasma adiponectin levels are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or T2DM risk factors in diverse populations. In addition to the adiponectin gene, several other genes have been postulated to influence plasma adiponectin levels. In this study, we investigated two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs4311394 and rs4783244, located intronically in the ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 15 (ARL15) and the T-cadherin (CDH13) genes, respectively. These SNPs were detected in a Han Chinese population using a TaqMan assay and evaluated for association with T2DM as well as with individual metabolic traits. Allele frequencies for rs4311394 were significantly different in T2DM and nondiabetes (NDM) groups (χ² = 4.49, P = 0.034). However, neither allele nor genotype frequencies for rs4783244 were associated with T2DM (χ² = 0.33, P = 0.56 and χ² = 2.35, P = 0.31 respectively). The SNPs did not exhibit significant association with individual metabolic traits in the T2DM and NDM groups. Our results indicated that the G allele of the rs4311394 might be a susceptibility factor for T2DM in the Han Chinese population (odds ratio: 1.20; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.41).
Keywords: SNP, T2DM, Chinese population, ARL15, CDH13.
Introduction
In China, the incidence rate for all types of diabetes increased from 2.5% in 1994 to 9.7% in 2007, during a time in which the population became more aged and urbanized and experienced notable changes in lifestyle 1. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which accounts for 80-90% of all diabetes cases, is characterized by complex traits and is caused by both genetic and environmental factors.
Adiponectin, an abundant plasma protein, plays an important role in T2DM development by increasing insulin sensitivity and improving islet beta cell dysfunction and beta-oxidation of fatty acids 2-5. Low plasma adiponectin levels have been associated with adiponectin-related diseases, such as T2DM 6, obesity 7,8, dyslipidemia 8,9, insulin resistance 2,8 and cardiovascular disease 10,11. Moreover, varying adiponectin levels have been associated in different populations with other metabolic characteristics, such as fasting blood glucose, lipid level and insulin resistance 12,13.
The genome-wide association study (GWAS) method has been widely used to identify additional candidate genes that influence plasma adiponectin levels. One of the identified genes, ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 15 (ARL15), is structurally similar to ADP-ribosylation factors and Ras-related GTP-binding proteins 14. ARL15 is expressed in insulin-responsive tissues, including adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In 2009, Richards et al used GWAS to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the ARL15, rs4311394, which was associated with low adiponectin levels and T2DM in a European population 15. To date, the association of ARL15 with T2DM has not been reported for Asian populations.
T-cadherin (CDH13), another important candidate gene, is expressed in endothelium and smooth muscle and has been reported to be an adiponectin receptor. In 2011, Chung et al reported that an SNP (rs4783244) located in the CDH13, whose G allele was associated with higher plasma adiponectin and the risk of T2DM for men 16. Subsequently, Morisaki et al reported that the haplotype consisting of rs12051272 and rs4783244 was significantly associated with plasma adiponectin levels in a Japanese population 17.
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association of the ARL15 rs4311394 and the CDH13 rs4783244 with T2DM in a Han Chinese population. Analysis was performed to determine the mode of inheritance. In addition, we also evaluated the association of these SNPs with individual metabolic traits for both T2DM and nondiabetes (NDM) groups.
Materals and Methods
Ethics statement
All participants gave written informed consent. The protocol was in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province.
Subjects
The study included 611 patients (389 males and 222 females) who were diagnosed with T2DM at the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from December 2011 to September 2013. T2DM diagnosis was confirmed using World Health Organization criteria from 1999. The NDM group included 536 subjects (339 males and 197 females) who had no family history of diabetes mellitus and were recruited from an unselected population undergoing routine health checkups at the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province. Subjects with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were excluded from the NDM group on the basis of an oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, subjects with hypertension or coronary heart disease (CHD) were also excluded from the study. All participants (T2DM and NDM) were self-reported to be ethnically Han.
Laboratory measurements
Venous blood samples were collected in the morning after the subjects had fasted for 12 hours. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was assayed by the glucose oxidase method. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined by enzymatic methods. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined by immunoturbidimetry. All laboratory measurements were performed on a HITACHI 7600-020 Automatic Analyzer.
SNP genotyping
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes using a standard hydroxybenzene-chloroform method. Two SNPs (rs4311394 and rs4783244) were detected by PCR amplification using a TaqMan assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Some of the PCR products were characterized by direct sequencing on a 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Tokyo, Japan) using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems) after purification with Sephadex™ G-50 (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
Statistical analysis
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was tested for both SNPs in both the T2DM and the NDM groups. Allele and genotype frequencies for the two SNPs were calculated by the direct-counting method. A χ² test was used to determine differences in allele and genotype frequencies between the T2DM and NDM groups and the odds ratios (OR) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) of genotype-specific risks. The association between each SNP and T2DM was analyzed for mode of inheritance using SNPStats 18. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to determine the best-fit model for each SNP. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the difference in metabolic traits between three genotype groups of these two SNPs. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 13 (Chicago, IL). A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Subject characteristics
Table 1 lists the characteristics of the enrolled subjects. There were no age or gender differences between the T2DM and NDM groups. However, the clinical values for metabolic traits, including FPG, TC, HDL-C, TG, LDL-C and HbA1c were significantly different for T2DM and NDM subjects (Table 1).
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the present study (Data are mean±SD).
| Nondiabetic subject | Type 2 diabetes | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 536 | 611 | |
| Ages ( years ) | 49.60±10.78 | 50.31±11.82 | 0.23 |
| Sex ( M/F ) | 339/197 | 389/222 | |
| Total cholesterol(mmol/L) | 4.41±0.82 | 4.94±1.54 | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.65±1.15 | 2.56±1.82 | <0.01 |
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol(mmol/L) | 1.29±0.28 | 1.1±0.29 | <0.01 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol(mmol/L) | 2.06±0.60 | 2.68±1.06 | <0.01 |
| Fasting plasma glucose(mmol/L) | 4.92±0.58 | 7.94±2.52 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c(%) | 5.19±0.43 | 8.74±2.61 | <0.01 |
Association of the ARL15 rs4311394 with T2DM
The allele and genotype frequencies for the rs4311394 are listed in Table 2. The genotype frequencies for rs4311394 was in HWE for both the T2DM and NDM groups (P = 0.72 and P = 0.21, respectively). The genotype frequencies for rs4311394 AA, AG and GG were 0.283, 0.491 and 0.226, respectively in the T2DM group and 0.341, 0.463 and 0.196, respectively, for the NDM group. The genotype frequencies were not significantly different between the T2DM and NDM groups (χ² = 4.81, P = 0.09). The allele frequencies for rs4311394 for A and G were 0.529 and 0.471, respectively, in the T2DM group and 0.573 and 0.427, respectively, for the NDM group. The allele frequencies for the rs4311394 were significantly different between the T2DM and NDM groups (χ² = 4.49, P = 0.03). The G allele for ARL15 rs4311394 occurred at a significantly higher frequency in the T2DM group compared to the NDM group (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01-1.41).
Table 2.
Comparison of genotypic and allelic distribution of two SNPs (rs4311394 and rs4783244) between type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects.
| Polymorphism | Genotypes | P | Alleles | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs4311394 | A/A | A/G | G/G | A | G | ||
| T2DM[n(%)] | 173(28.3) | 300(49.1) | 138(22.6) | 0.09 | 646(52.9) | 576(47.1) | 0.03 |
| NDM[n(%)] | 183(34.1) | 248(46.3) | 105(19.6) | 614(57.3) | 458(42.7) | ||
| rs4783244 | G/G | G/T | T/T | G | T | ||
| T2DM[n(%)] | 256(41.9) | 283(46.3) | 72(11.8) | 0.31 | 795(65.1) | 427(34.9) | 0.56 |
| NDM[n(%)] | 227(42.4) | 231(43.1) | 78(14.6) | 685(63.9) | 387(36.1) | ||
Association of the CDH13 rs4783244 with T2DM
The allele and genotype frequencies for the CDH13 rs4783244 are listed in Table 2. The genotype frequencies for rs4783244 was in HWE for both the T2DM and NDM groups (P = 0.64 and P = 0.13, respectively). The genotype frequencies for rs4783244 for GG, GT and TT were 0.419, 0.463 and 0.118, respectively, in the T2DM group and 0.424, 0.431 and 0.146, respectively, for the NDM group. The allele frequencies for G and T were 0.651 and 0.349, respectively, in the T2DM group and 0.639 and 0.361, respectively, for the NDM group. The allele and genotype frequencies for the rs4783244 were not significantly different between the T2DM and NDM groups (χ² = 0.33, P = 0.56 and χ² = 2.35, P = 0.31 respectively).
Mode of inheritance analysis
Tables 3 and 4 present the results of analysis to determine the mode of inheritance for the two SNPs. To compare each inheritance model (co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant and log-additive) to the most general model (co-dominant), the AIC was calculated to identify to the inheritance model that best fits the data 18. The model with the smallest AIC value corresponds to the minimal expected entropy 18. The best fits inheritance model with the lowest AIC for rs4311394 in ARL15 was dominant, and rs4783244 in CDH13 was recessive. The analysis under different genetic models revealed that the AA genotype of the ARL15 rs4311394 was protective against T2DM under dominant models. The rs4311394 GA and GG genotype increased the susceptibility to T2DM by 1.02-1.69-fold under dominant models. No significant differences for rs4783244 were found between the T2DM and NDM groups under different genetic models.
Table 3.
Different inheritance models analysis of the SNP rs4311394 in ARL15 gene between the T2DM and NDM group.
| Model | Genotype | NDM[n(%)] | T2DM[n(%)] | OR (95% CI) | P-value | AIC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Codominant | A/A | 183 (34.1%) | 173 (28.3%) | 1.00 | 0.09 | 1586.40 |
| G/A | 248 (46.3%) | 300 (49.1%) | 1.28 (0.98-1.67) | |||
| G/G | 105 (19.6%) | 138 (22.6%) | 1.39 (1.00-1.93) | |||
| Dominant | A/A | 183 (34.1%) | 173 (28.3%) | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1584.60 |
| G/A-G/G | 353 (65.9%) | 438 (71.7%) | 1.31 (1.02-1.69) | |||
| Recessive | A/A-G/A | 431 (80.4%) | 473 (77.4%) | 1.00 | 0.21 | 1587.60 |
| G/G | 105 (19.6%) | 138 (22.6%) | 1.20 (0.90-1.59) | |||
| Overdominant | A/A-G/G | 288 (53.7%) | 311 (50.9%) | 1.00 | 0.34 | 1588.30 |
| G/A | 248 (46.3%) | 300 (49.1%) | 1.12 (0.89-1.41) | |||
| Log-additive | --- | --- | --- | 1.19 (1.01-1.40) | 0.04 | 1584.80 |
Table 4.
Different inheritance models analysis of the SNP rs4783244 in CDH13 gene between the T2DM and NDM group.
| Model | Genotype | NDM[n(%)] | T2DM[n(%)] | OR (95% CI) | P-value | AIC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Codominant | G/G | 227 (42.4%) | 256 (41.9%) | 1.00 | 0.31 | 1588.80 |
| T/G | 231 (43.1%) | 283 (46.3%) | 1.09 (0.85-1.39) | |||
| T/T | 78 (14.6%) | 72 (11.8%) | 0.82 (0.57-1.18) | |||
| Dominant | G/G | 227 (42.4%) | 256 (41.9%) | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1589.10 |
| T/G-T/T | 309 (57.6%) | 355 (58.1%) | 1.02 (0.81-1.29) | |||
| Recessive | G/G-T/G | 458 (85.5%) | 539 (88.2%) | 1.00 | 0.17 | 1587.30 |
| T/T | 78 (14.6%) | 72 (11.8%) | 0.78 (0.56-1.11) | |||
| Overdominant | G/G-T/T | 305 (56.9%) | 328 (53.7%) | 1.00 | 0.27 | 1588.00 |
| T/G | 231 (43.1%) | 283 (46.3%) | 1.14 (0.90-1.44) | |||
| Log-additive | --- | --- | --- | 0.95 (0.80-1.13) | 0.57 | 1588.80 |
Association between genotype and metabolic traits
No significant association was observed for rs4311394 in ARL15 and rs4783244 in CDH13 genotypes and metabolic traits (data not shown).
Discussion
Several groups using GWAS to identify factors influencing plasma adiponectin levels15-17,19-24 have found that variants of the ARL15 or CDH13 influence the adiponectin levels 15-17,19,21-24 and are associated with T2DM. In this study, we found that the G allele of the ARL15 rs4311394 is a risk factor for T2DM. However, we did not observe an association of the CDH13 rs4783244 with T2DM.
ARL15 plays key roles in the regulation of intracellular vesicle trafficking 14 and, in particular, has been implicated in insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose transport 25-28. In 2009, Richards et al reported that the ARL15 G allele at rs4311394 was consistently associated with an increased risk for T2DM and CHD 15. The authors proposed that ARL15 may be an upstream mediator of the relationship between insulin and adiponectin and might, thus, impact T2DM and CHD through an insulin-dependent pathway which involves, but is not entirely dependent upon, adiponectin. The results of our study agree with the trend reported for a European population by Richards et al. We determined that the ARL15 rs4311394 was associated with T2DM in a Han Chinese population, that the rs4311394 G allele was a risk factor for T2DM (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01-1.41) and that the rs4311394 GA and GG genotype increases susceptibility to T2DM (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.02-1.69) in T2DM patients under dominant models. Although, results from the Richards report and our study indicated that ARL15 is a candidate gene for T2DM involvement, the role of ARL15 in T2DM is still unknown.
CDH13, located at chromosome 16q24 29 with 14 exons, codes T-cadherin which is expressed in endothelium and smooth muscle and has been reported as an adiponectin receptor 30. Several studies have determined that CDH13 SNPs are associated with adiponectin and adiponectin-related diseases in different ethnic populations 16,17,21,24,31. Most of these reported association studies of the CDH13 rs4783244 were performed with Asian populations. Recently, three GWAS for East Asian populations have revealed that the T allele of the CDH13 rs4783244 was associated with lower plasma adiponectin levels 16,17,24. In 2011, Chung et al reported that rs4783244 G allele was associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.42, P = 0.027) and T2DM in men (OR = 3.25, P = 0.026)16. However, we did not find that rs4783244 in CDH13 was associated with T2DM in a Han Chinese population in this study. We did also not find that rs4783244 in CDH13 was associated with T2DM in male or female subjects after the gender of subjects was further stratified (data not shown). One reason for difference between Chung et al and our results could be our sample size was by one third smaller than that of Chung et al, which might lead to no association found in current study. If we tested in a larger population, we might observe an effect of rs4783244 in CDH13. In addition, population-specific gene variants and/or gene-environment interactions might contribute to the risk increasing of T2DM, although Asian populations have similar genetic backgrounds. Moreover, Gao et al. 24 reported that a genetic variant of the rs4783244 in CDH13 did not appear to affect insulin-resistance-related metabolic traits; these authors inferred that up-regulation of adiponectin receptors is a compensatory mechanism of adiponectin sensitivity. Thus, the fact that our study did not reveal an association between rs4783244 and T2DM might be due to adiponectin-sensitivity compensation of low adiponectin levels caused by the presence of rs4783244 in T2DM.
In 2013, Yaghootkar et al. reported that adiponectin is not a causal risk of insulin resistance and T2DM using the Mendelian randomization approach 32. However, many studies have reported that adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing hormone 33. The human studies established that adiponectin is associated with T2DM risk or T2DM risk factors, which is not only in plasma adiponectin levels but also in genetic variations 2,3,6,13,34-39. Moreover, adiponectin-deficient mice showed the increased susceptibility to insulin resistance 40. The model of rhesus monkeys also proved that the changes of adiponectin levels are closely associated with changes in insulin sensitivity 41. The reason of the difference between Yaghootkar et al. and previous studies might be the complex feedback loops or canalization of the body's adaptation to early physiological changes caused by subtle genetic changes, which Yaghootkar et al. mentioned in their paper and could not be accounted by their Mendelian randomization approach 32.
Conclusions
In this study, we did an association study of ARL15 and CDH13 for T2DM in a Han Chinese population, and found that the G allele of the ARL15 rs4311394 is a risk factor for T2DM and that individuals with the rs4311394 GA and GG genotype are more susceptible to T2DM under dominant models. However, we did not observe an association of the CDH13 rs4783244 with T2DM. Thus, compared with CDH13, ARL15 may play more important role in T2DM in Han Chinese population. It is generally known that T2DM is influenced by gene-environment interactions and many genetic factors, including the adiponectin. Therefore, to better understand the mechanisms underlying T2DM, future research should explore the effects of gene-gene interactions, environmental factors, and individual genetic background.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Education Department (No.09C0296), the Association Foundation Program of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department and Kunming Medical University (No. 2011FB226 and 2013FB181).
References
- 1.Yang W, Lu J, Weng J. et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1090–1101. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S. et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1930–1935. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.5.7463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Tschritter O, Fritsche A, Thamer C. et al. Plasma adiponectin concentrations predict insulin sensitivity of both glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetes. 2003;52:239–243. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.239. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Abbasi F, Chu JW, Lamendola C. et al. Discrimination between obesity and insulin resistance in the relationship with adiponectin. Diabetes. 2004;53:585–590. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.585. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Retnakaran R, Hanley AJ, Raif N. et al. Adiponectin and beta cell dysfunction in gestational diabetes: pathophysiological implications. Diabetologia. 2005;48:993–1001. doi: 10.1007/s00125-005-1710-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL. et al. Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;302:179–188. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.976. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N. et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;257:79–83. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Yang WS, Lee WJ, Funahashi T. et al. Plasma adiponectin levels in overweight and obese Asians. Obes Res. 2002;10:1104–1110. doi: 10.1038/oby.2002.150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2764–2769. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8550. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y. et al. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:1595–1599. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.20.6.1595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Kumada M, Kihara S, Sumitsuji S. et al. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:85–89. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.0000048856.22331.50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Schutte AE, Huisman HW, Schutte R. et al. Differences and similarities regarding adiponectin investigated in African and Caucasian women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:181–188. doi: 10.1530/EJE-07-0044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Mente A, Razak F, Blankenberg S. et al. Ethnic variation in adiponectin and leptin levels and their association with adiposity and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1629–1634. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1392. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Gillingham AK, Munro S. The small G proteins of the Arf family and their regulators. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2007;23:579–611. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Richards JB, Waterworth D, O'Rahilly S. et al. A genome-wide association study reveals variants in ARL15 that influence adiponectin levels. PLoS Genet. 2009;5:e1000768. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000768. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Chung CM, Lin TH, Chen JW. et al. A genome-wide association study reveals a quantitative trait locus of adiponectin on CDH13 that predicts cardiometabolic outcomes. Diabetes. 2011;60:2417–2423. doi: 10.2337/db10-1321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Morisaki H, Yamanaka I, Iwai N. et al. CDH13 gene coding T-cadherin influences variations in plasma adiponectin levels in the Japanese population. Hum Mutat. 2012;33:402–410. doi: 10.1002/humu.21652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Sole X, Guino E, Valls J. et al. SNPStats: a web tool for the analysis of association studies. Bioinformatics. 2006;22:1928–1929. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Ling H, Waterworth DM, Stirnadel HA. et al. Genome-wide linkage and association analyses to identify genes influencing adiponectin levels: the GEMS Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:737–744. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Heid IM, Henneman P, Hicks A. et al. Clear detection of ADIPOQ locus as the major gene for plasma adiponectin: results of genome-wide association analyses including 4659 European individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208:412–420. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Jee SH, Sull JW, Lee JE. et al. Adiponectin concentrations: a genome-wide association study. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;87:545–552. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.09.004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Wu Y, Li Y, Lange EM. et al. Genome-wide association study for adiponectin levels in Filipino women identifies CDH13 and a novel uncommon haplotype at KNG1-ADIPOQ. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19:4955–4964. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddq423. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Dastani Z, Hivert MF, Timpson N. et al. Novel loci for adiponectin levels and their influence on type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits: a multi-ethnic meta-analysis of 45,891 individuals. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002607. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002607. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Gao H, Kim YM, Chen P, Genetic variation in CDH13 is associated with lower plasma adiponectin levels, but greater adiponectin sensitivity in East Asian populations. Diabetes. 2013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 25.Ishiki M, Klip A. Minireview: recent developments in the regulation of glucose transporter-4 traffic: new signals, locations, and partners. Endocrinology. 2005;146:5071–5078. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0850. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Fuss B, Becker T, Zinke I. et al. The cytohesin Steppke is essential for insulin signalling in Drosophila. Nature. 2006;444:945–948. doi: 10.1038/nature05412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Hofmann I, Thompson A, Sanderson CM. et al. The Arl4 family of small G proteins can recruit the cytohesin Arf6 exchange factors to the plasma membrane. Curr Biol. 2007;17:711–716. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Hou JC, Pessin JE. Ins (endocytosis) and outs (exocytosis) of GLUT4 trafficking. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2007;19:466–473. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.04.018. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Lee SW. H-cadherin, a novel cadherin with growth inhibitory functions and diminished expression in human breast cancer. Nat Med. 1996;2:776–782. doi: 10.1038/nm0796-776. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Hug C, Wang J, Ahmad NS. et al. T-cadherin is a receptor for hexameric and high-molecular-weight forms of Acrp30/adiponectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10308–10313. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0403382101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Fava C, Danese E, Montagnana M. et al. A variant upstream of the CDH13 adiponectin receptor gene and metabolic syndrome in Swedes. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:1432–1437. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.06.068. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Yaghootkar H, Lamina C, Scott RA. et al. Mendelian randomization studies do not support a causal role for reduced circulating adiponectin levels in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2013;62:3589–3598. doi: 10.2337/db13-0128. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:439–451. doi: 10.1210/er.2005-0005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Hara K, Boutin P, Mori Y. et al. Genetic variation in the gene encoding adiponectin is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Diabetes. 2002;51:536–540. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.2.536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Menzaghi C, Trischitta V, Doria A. Genetic influences of adiponectin on insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes. 2007;56:1198–1209. doi: 10.2337/db06-0506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Hivert MF, Manning AK, McAteer JB. et al. Common variants in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) associated with plasma adiponectin levels, type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related quantitative traits: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes. 2008;57:3353–3359. doi: 10.2337/db08-0700. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Schwarz PE, Towers GW, Fischer S. et al. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with progression toward type 2 diabetes and genetic variation in the ADIPOQ gene promoter. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1645–1650. doi: 10.2337/dc05-2123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Siitonen N, Pulkkinen L, Lindstrom J. et al. Association of ADIPOQ gene variants with body weight, type 2 diabetes and serum adiponectin concentrations: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. BMC Med Genet. 2011;12:5. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Kim HS, Jo J, Lim JE. et al. Adiponectin as predictor for diabetes among pre-diabetic groups. Endocrine. 2013;44:411–418. doi: 10.1007/s12020-013-9890-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T. et al. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:25863–25866. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C200251200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL. et al. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes. 2001;50:1126–1133. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]