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. 2013 Aug;108(5):637–643. doi: 10.1590/0074-0276108052013016

Cryptic species of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: impact on paracoccidioidomycosis immunodiagnosis

Gabriel Capella Machado 1, Daniela Vanessa Moris 2, Thales Domingos Arantes 1, Luciane Regina Franciscone Silva 3, Raquel Cordeiro Theodoro 1, Rinaldo Pôncio Mendes 2, Adriana Pardini Vicentini 3, Eduardo Bagagli 1,+
PMCID: PMC3970600  PMID: 23903981

Abstract

We aimed to evaluate whether the occurrence of cryptic species of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, S1, PS2, PS3 and Paracoccidioides lutzii, has implications in the immunodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Small quantities of the antigen gp43 were found in culture filtrates of P. lutzii strains and this molecule appeared to be more variable within P. lutzii because the synonymous-nonsynonymous mutation rate was lower, indicating an evolutionary process different from that of the remaining genotypes. The production of gp43 also varied between isolates belonging to the same species, indicating that speciation events are important, but not sufficient to fully explain the diversity in the production of this antigen. The culture filtrate antigen AgEpm83, which was obtained from a PS3 isolate, showed large quantities of gp43 and reactivity by immunodiffusion assays, similar to the standard antigen (AgB-339) from an S1 isolate. Furthermore, AgEpm83 was capable of serologically differentiating five serum samples from patients from the Botucatu and Jundiaí regions. These patients had confirmed PCM but, were non-reactive to the standard antigen, thus demonstrating an alternative for serological diagnosis in regions in which S1 and PS2 occur. We also emphasise that it is not advisable to use a single antigen preparation to diagnose PCM, a disease that is caused by highly diverse pathogens.

Keywords: Paracoccidioides spp, cryptic species, antigen preparations, immunodiagnosis, gp43

The thermal dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis belongs to the phylum Ascomycota and is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) (Lacaz 1994), the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. This disease mainly affects male rural workers and is endemic from Mexico to Argentina (Franco et al. 1993). In its mycelial form, P. brasiliensis lives saprophytically on the ground, producing such propagules as arthroconidia and aleuroconidia that can infect humans (Franco et al. 1994), dogs (Ricci et al. 2004, Farias et al. 2005), armadillos (Naiff et al. 1986, Bagagli et al. 1998, 2003, Corredor et al. 1999) and sloths (Trejo-Cháves et al. 2011). The inhalation of infective fungal propagules present in the environment is believed to be the route of infection in both human and non-human vertebrate hosts (McEwen et al. 1987). Once inhaled and ensconced in the pulmonary alveoli, the infective forms (mycelia and/or conidia) are converted into the parasitic form, i.e., yeast cells.

Multilocus genealogy findings have shown that P. brasiliensis is in fact a complex of four reproductively isolated cryptic species. Three species, including one paraphyletic (S1) and two monophyletic (PS2 and PS3) species, were first described by Matute et al. (2006) . S1 and PS2 occur in the same geographic areas (Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay and Venezuela), whereas PS3 is restricted to Colombia. The phylogenetic analysis of 14 genes in 21 isolates revealed that isolate Pb01 could not be grouped into any of these species and constituted a new clade (Carrero et al. 2008). Additionally, 17 new isolates belonging to this fourth cryptic species (Pb01-like) were identified, 16 of which are from the Central-West Region of Brazil, whereas the other isolates is from Ecuador (Teixeira et al. 2009 ). As the Pb01-like isolates are separated from the remaining three species composing P. brasiliensis by very divergent phylogenetic branches, Pb01 will soon be formally described as Paracoccidioides lutzii (MM Teixeira et al., unpublished observations) after the mycologist Dr Adolpho Lutz, who described the morphology of P. brasiliensis . Cryptic species in P. brasiliensis still require further elucidation with regard to aspects related to their ecoepidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestation and response to antifungal treatments.

The definitive diagnosis of PCM requires a direct demonstration of the fungus by fresh sputum, lesion scraping or lymph node aspirate examination and by the assessment of biopsied material from supposedly affected organs (Shikanai-Yasuda et al. 2006). However, the patient's clinical condition frequently impairs the collection of the biological material needed for this procedure (Ferreira-da-Cruz et al. 1990).

The double agar-gel immunodiffusion (DID) test has been performed for the past half century for the routine serological diagnosis of PCM (Ferri 1961, Shikanai-Yasuda et al. 2006). In many cases, DID presents excellent sensitivity, specificity, predictive values (positive and negative) and accuracy (Moreto et al. 2011). In addition, the technique is practical and imposes a low operational cost. Indeed, a direct correlation between the serum levels of antibodies detected by DID and disease severity has been demonstrated (Biagioni et al. 1984, Moreto et al. 2011) and is one of the parameters considered in the classification of the clinical form and severity of the disease (Mendes 1994). During efficacious treatment, the serum antibody levels detected by DID decrease progressively (Mendes-Giannini et al. 1990, Blotta & Camargo 1993, Elias-Costa et al. 2000 ) until becoming negative, thereby constituting the most useful test for PCM control of cure (Mendes et al. 1994). Although DID evaluates humoral immunity, a direct correlation has been observed between a decrease in serum antibody levels, a decrease in interleukin (IL)-10 and an increase in IL-2 and interferon-gamma production by peripheral mononuclear cells in PCM patients (Benard et al. 2001).

These findings show the importance of serological tests in treating PCM patients. Therefore, the choice of the antigen used in DID is a pivotal aspect of this test. However, a consensus on the isolate that should be employed to produce the antigen used in this technique has not yet been reached (Vicentini 2008).

The glycoprotein gp43 (molecular weight of 43 kDa) is considered to be the immunodominant antigen in P. brasiliensis . Patients affected by severe PCM forms show high levels of anti-gp43 antibodies, which decrease over the course of disease treatment in most cases (Mendes-Giannini et al. 1990, Blotta & Camargo 1993). Studies have indicated that gp43 acts as a laminin receptor, thus favouring the adhesion, colonisation and propagation of the pathogen (Vicentini et al. 1994, Gesztesi et al. 1996, Mendes-Giannini et al. 2006 ).

The levels of gp43 may vary according to the isolate and analyses of antigens obtained from the B-339 and 550B isolates showed that the former produced high levels of gp43, which was undetected in the 550B filtrate (Batista Jr et al. 2010). It must be emphasised that B-339 belongs to the S1 species, whereas 550B is from the Central-West Region of Brazil where P. lutzii predominates. Such variation in gp43 expression most likely influences the low reactivity observed in DID tests using sera from patients from the Central-West Region of Brazil. In addition, different serum samples from a patient from the state of Paraná, who had lived in Botucatu County, but was infected with a P. lutzii isolate, tested negative for the antigen that is considered to be the standard and is produced by the B-339 isolate (Takayama et al. 2010). Recombinant gp43 isoforms expressed in other yeasts, such as Pichia pastoris, have emerged as a promising alternative for use in PCM serological diagnosis and will certainly be employed in the near future (Carvalho et al. 2008).

Using the DID test, the present study aimed to evaluate the performance of antigens from different isolates of the P. brasiliensis complex against sera from variable Brazilian regions and to elucidate the gp43 antigenic diversity and variability within the species complex because these aspects may influence immunological diagnoses.

SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS

P. brasiliensis isolates and patient sera - Five human P. brasiliensis isolates were included in this study, one belonging to the S1 species from Botucatu, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil (Pb265), one of the PS3 species from Colombia (Epm83) and the other three belonging to P. lutzii from Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil (Pb01, Pb8334 and Pb66). The isolates were maintained on BBLTM MycoselTM Agar (BD Biosciences, Sparks, MD, USA) and transformed into the yeast phase on 4% glucose, 1% peptone, 0.5% yeast extract and 1% agar medium. Furthermore, the antigen obtained via filtration of a B-339 culture, considered the standard antigen for immunodiffusion assays, was added to the analyses; this isolate was maintained on potato agar medium and transformed into yeast on Fava-Netto agar.

Regarding the sera from PCM patients, 71 samples were evaluated and divided regionally, as follows: 20 serum samples from Botucatu, 20 from Jundiaí and 31 from the Central-West Region of Brazil. The sera from the Botucatu region were stored in the serum bank at the Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Mycology Area of Botucatu Medical School of São Paulo State University, whereas the samples from the Jundiaí and Central-West regions were stored in the Adolfo Lutz Institute/SP collection.

Preparation of culture-filtered antigen - The yeast cells from each fungal isolate were transferred to 10 slant cultures containing Fava-Netto agar. After five days of growth at 36°C, the contents of the tubes were inoculated into 500 mL 2% dextrose, 1% neopeptone, 0.018% thiamine and 0.036% asparagine medium and incubated at 35°C for 15 days with agitation at 100 rpm. After this period, the cells were inactivated with thimerosal (0.2 g/L final concentration) for four days under the same conditions and then filtered through filter paper. The preparations were concentrated using polyethylene glycol until 10% of the initial volume was reached. The preparations were then dialysed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.2 for three days at 4°C. After this period, 1.0-mL aliquots of the samples were separated, lyophilised and, at the moment of use, resuspended in 20 µL of PBS.

Other methodologies were also tested to produce such antigens as the somatic antigen (Franco et al. 1996) and the “cell-free” antigen (Camargo et al. 1991 ), which, in our experience, proved to be less sensitive than the culture-filtered antigen in immunodiffusion assays (data not shown).

DID assays - Carefully cleaned slides were pre-coated with 1.0 mL 1% agar solution, allowed to dry at 60°C for 24 h and then coated with 3.0 mL citrate agar solution (1% purified agar, 0.9% sodium chloride, 0.4% sodium citrate, 7.5% glycine or amino acetic acid and 0.01% thimerosal). The citrate agar was solidified at room temperature (RT) and the slides were stored in a humidified chamber.

The medium on the slides was bored with the aid of a rosette-shaped mould containing one central and six peripheral holes, each equidistant from the central hole. The slides received 10 μL antigen (central well), 10 μL polyclonal anti- P. brasiliensis antibody, the positive reaction control and 10 μL test serum (peripheral wells), and were incubated in a humidified chamber for 48 h at RT. After this period, the slides were incubated in 0.5% sodium citrate solution for 45 min and in saline solution for 18 h. The wells were then covered with 1% citrate agar and the slides were wrapped in humid filter paper and allowed to dry for 8 h at 60°C. Staining was performed for 10 min with 0.4% Schwartz starch solution and 10% glacial acetic acid or Coomassie Blue. Destaining was performed in 5% glacial acetic acid solution, twice for 10 min each.

The assessment of the DID results was then performed. The presence of a precipitation line corresponded to an antigen-antibody pair and indicated a positive reaction. The most dubious results were subjected to one or, if necessary, two replicates. In addition, all evaluations were conducted by two different people.

Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) - The gels and reagents for SDS-PAGE were prepared as previously described (Laemmli 1970); a 10% resolving gel and 3% acrylamide stacking gel were used. After electrophoresis, the gels were stained with Coomassie Blue solution (0.1% Coomassie Blue, 45% methanol and 10% glacial acetic acid) and the excess stain was removed with destaining solution (10% glacial acetic acid and 10% methanol).

Analysis of PbGP43 exon 2 selection pattern - The sequences of Pb GP43 exon 2 available in GenBank were employed: 10 haplotypes of P. lutzii (accessions: EU870212-EU870214, EU870217, EU870218, EU870220, EU870221 and EU870226-EU870228) (Teixeira et al. 2009) and 11 from the other cryptic species (accessions: DQ003724, DQ003741, DQ003744, DQ003746, DQ003748-DQ003750, DQ003771-DQ003773 and DQ003781) (Matute et al. 2006) were used. The sequences were aligned using the software Mega4 and the synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates (dS/dN) were calculated pairwise on the Syn-Scan website (Gonzales et al. 2002) according to the method of Nei-Gojobori (Nei & Gojobori 1986), yielding a mean dS/dN value.

RESULTS

Double agar gel immunodiffusion testThe results of DID assays performed using 71 serum samples from the Botucatu, Jundiaí and Central-West regions are shown in Table I . Only 10 sera from the Botucatu region reacted against the standard antigen AgB-339 at different titrations. The remaining 10 sera corresponded to patients with active disease or confirmed PCM, but with no reactivity according to DID. Of the five antigen preparations evaluated, the one obtained from the PS3 isolate, Epm83 (AgEpm83), showed the highest reactivity index for the samples from the Botucatu region. In addition to reacting with three sera that were non-reactive to the standard antigen, this antigen was capable of detecting the presence of antibodies in all samples reactive to B-339. AgEpm83 and AgB-339 presented a substantial strength of agreement in the Botucatu region, as represented by a kappa coefficient (k) of 0.7 (Table II). In contrast, AgPb265 (S1) and AgPb01 ( P. lutzii ) did not react with any of the 20 serum samples from the Botucatu patients. The other two antigens produced from the P. lutzii isolates AgPb8334 and AgPb66 showed identical results (k = 1.0), reacting with the same eight sera among the 10 positive for AgB-339 and with none of the 10 sera non-reactive to AgB-339. The strength of agreement between these antigens (AgPb8334 and AgPb66) and AgB-339 was also substantial (k = 0.8).

TABLE I. Reactivity profile shown by culture-filtered antigens in immunodiffusion assays against sera from patients from Botucatu, Jundiaí and Central-West regions of Brazil, reactive or not to the standard antigen AgB-339.

Reactivity n (%)
AgEpm83 AgPb265 AgPb01 AgPb8334 AgPb66
Botucatu Reactive sera AgB-339 (n = 10) 10 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 8 (80) 8 (80)
Non-reactive sera AgB-339 (n = 10) 3 (30) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Jundiaí Reactive sera AgB-339 (n = 10) 7 (70) 2 (20) 2 (20) 2 (20) 3 (30)
Non-reactive sera AgB-339 (n = 10) 2 (20) 0 (0) 3 (30) 3 (30) 3 (30)
Central-West Region Reactive sera AgB-339 (n = 11) 4 (36) 1 (9) 0 (0) 3 (27) 4 (36)
Non-reactive sera AgB-339 (n = 20) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
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TABLE II. Distribution of patients with active paracoccidioidomycosis from different regions as to the hierarchical weights of agreement in serological measures.

Origen of the patients Comparisons Agreements (++) (- -) Disagreements (+ -) (- +) Kappa coefficient Confidence interval Strength of agreement Mc Nemar’s test
Botucatu B339vsEpm83 10 7 0 3 0.70 0.40-1.00 Substantial 0.08
  B339vsPb265 0 10 10 0 0.00 0.00-0.44 Slight < 0.01
  B339vsPb01 0 10 10 0 0.00 0.00-0.44 Slight < 0.01
  B339vsPb8334 8 10 2 0 0.80 0.54-1.00 Substantial 0.16
  B339vsPb66 8 10 2 0 0.80 0.54-1.00 Substantial 0.16
Pb01vsPb66 0 12 8 0 0.00 0.00-0.54 Slight < 0.01
Pb01vsPb8334 0 12 8 0 0.00 0.00-0.54 Slight < 0.01
Pb66vsPb8334 8 12 0 0 1.00 1.00-1.00 Perfect 0.32
Pb01vsEpm83 0 7 0 13 0.00 0.00-0.32 Slight < 0.01
Pb66vsEpm83 8 7 0 5 0.53 0.17-0.89 Moderate 0.0254
Pb8334vsEpm83 8 7 0 5 0.53 0.17-0.89 Moderate 0.0254
Jundiaí B339vsEpm83 7 8 3 2 0.50 0.12-0.88 Moderate 0.65
  B339vsPb265 2 10 8 0 0.20 0.00-0.46 Slight < 0.01
  B339vsPb01 2 7 8 3 0.00 0.00-0.28 Slight 0.13
  B339vsPb8334 2 7 8 3 0.00 0.00-0.28 Slight 0.13
  B339vsPb66 3 7 7 3 0.00 0.00-0.40 Slight 0.21
Pb01vsPb66 4 13 1 2 0.62 0.23-1.00 Substantial 0.5637
Pb01vsPb8334 5 15 0 0 1.00 1.00-1.00 Perfect 0.32
Pb66vsPb8334 4 13 2 1 0.62 0.23-1.00 Substantial 0.5637
Pb01vsEpm83 4 10 1 5 0.37 0.00-0.79 Fair 0.1025
Pb66vsEpm83 4 9 2 5 0.27 0.00-0.71 Fair 0.2568
Pb8334vsEpm83 4 10 1 5 0.37 0.00-0.79 Fair 0.1025
Central-West Region B339vsEpm83 4 20 7 0 0.42 0.12-0.73 Moderate < 0.01
  B339vsPb265 1 20 10 0 0.11 0.00-0.32 Slight < 0.01
  B339vsPb01 0 20 11 0 0.00 0.00-0.26 Slight 0.01
  B339vsPb8334 3 20 8 0 0.33 0.03-0.62 Fair < 0.01
  B339vsPb66 4 20 7 0 0.42 0.12-0.73 Moderate < 0.01
Pb01vsPb66 0 27 0 4 0.00 0.00-0.91 Slight 0.0455
Pb01vsPb8334 0 28 0 3 0.00 0.00-1.00 Slight 0.0833
Pb66vsPb8334 3 27 1 0 0.84 0.53-1.00 High 0.3173
Pb01vsEpm83 0 27 0 4 0.00 0.00-0.90 Slight 0.0455
Pb66vsEpm83 4 27 0 0 1.00 1.00-1.00 Perfect 0.32
Pb8334vsEpm83 3 27 0 1 0.84 0.53-1.00 High 0.3173
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Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 10% acrylamide with antigens filtered from culture of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis stained with Coomassie Blue. Lines 1, 7: PageRuler TM Plus Prestained Protein Ladder (Fermentas); 2: Epm83; 3: Pb265; 4: Pb01; 5: Pb8334; 6: Pb66.

Regarding the samples from the Jundiaí region (10 sera reactive and 10 sera non-reactive to AgB-339), again, AgEpm83 presented the highest reactivity rate among the five antigen preparations. This antigen reacted with seven of the 10 samples reactive to B-339 and with two of the 10 non-reactive samples. However, the k of these antigens was 0.5 (moderate), demonstrating a weaker agreement in comparison to their performance in the Botucatu region. AgPb265 displayed an unsatisfactory performance, reacting with only two serum samples (20%) that were reactive to the standard antigen. A similar reactivity pattern was noted for the three antigens obtained from the P. lutzii isolates in sera reactive to the standard antigen: AgPb01 (20%), AgPb8334 (20%) and AgPb66 (30%). These antigens also showed reactivity to three of the 10 samples negative for the standard antigen. The k of AgPb01 and AgPb8334 was 1.0 (perfect).

The assessment of AgEpm83 performance against the 40 serum samples from the Botucatu and Jundiaí regions, considered to be endemic for P. brasiliensis , indicated that this antigen preparation was capable of discriminating among 22 samples, whereas AgB-339 reacted with 20. In addition, AgEpm83 reacted with five of the 20 (25%) sera that were non-reactive to the standard antigen. Interestingly, the P. lutzii antigens reacted with five of the serum samples from the Jundiaí region, three of which had not shown reactivity against the antigen AgB-339.

Considering the 31 serum samples from the Central-West Region of Brazil, 11 showed serological reactivity against the B-339 antigen and none of the evaluated antigen preparations was capable of reacting with more than four of these 11 serum samples. Similarly, none of the 20 sera non-reactive to the standard antigen was reactive to any of these antigens. All of the antigens showed low k values when compared to the standard antigen.

All the antigen preparations were also evaluated for specificity by a DID assay against nine serum samples from patients with confirmed histoplasmosis and no cross-reaction was noted against the heterologous sera.

SDS-PAGE - Among the antigen preparations, AgEpm83 had the most evident gp43 level by SDS-PAGE (Figure) and also exhibited an intense band near 90 kDa. The antigens obtained from the P. lutzii isolates showed several common bands between 100-60 kDa. AgPb01 and AgPb8334 showed additional bands at 43 kDa, but of lower intensity than the signal for AgEpm83.

Analysis of dS/dN rate of PbGP43 exon 2 - Exon 2 of the Pb GP43 gene from the P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis groups had a dS/dN mean rate higher than 1.0 (Supplementary data), indicating that the isolates in this region have undergone purifying selection and amino acid sequence conservation (Nei & Kumar 2000). However, the mean dS/dN ratio for the P. lutzii group (1.13) was lower than for the P. brasiliensis group (1.52), suggesting that the gp43 amino acid sequence is more variable among the P. lutzii isolates.

DISCUSSION

Comparing the five antigen preparations, the antigen obtained from the Epm83 isolate had a reactivity profile similar to the profile observed for the standard antigen (AgB-339) against the serum samples from Botucatu. An analysis of the antigenic profile of culture filtrates by SDS-PAGE indicated that AgEpm83 had a more evident band at 43 kDa compared to the other antigens. This finding confirms the importance of the 43-kDa glycoprotein in PCM immunodiagnosis (Puccia et al. 1986), at least for regions in which the S1 and PS2 species occur (Batista Jr et al. 2010). It must be highlighted that the Epm83 isolate belongs to the species PS3 and not to the species occurring in the Botucatu and Jundiaí regions. Regardless, PS3 isolates are known to be phylogenetically close to S1 (Matute et al. 2006, Theodoro et al. 2008, Salgado-Salazar et al. 2010), the most prevalent species in these regions.

The reaction of AgEpm83, associated with high gp43 secretion, with sera non-reactive to the standard antigen in the Botucatu and Jundiaí regions suggests that this specific antigen may serve as an alternative when the standard antigen (AgB-339) is not capable of detecting circulating anti- P. brasiliensis antibodies in the residents of regions in which the particular species S1 and PS2 occur. However, certain samples reactive to AgB-339 from the Jundiaí region did not show reactivity against AgEpm83, resulting in a moderate strength of agreement between these antigens in this region. This finding, associated with the low positivity of AgEpm83 reactivity with serum samples from the Central-West Region of Brazil, indicates that it is not possible to use only a single antigen preparation to diagnose a disease caused by highly diverse agents, particularly in such a large country as Brazil. Additionally, other authors have noted that an antigen produced from an isolate from the Central-West Region of Brazil was capable of reacting with a larger number of sera from that region in comparison to the standard antigen from an isolate from SP (B-339). Nevertheless, when tested with sera from SP, the antigen from Central-West of Brazil did not produce satisfactory results (Batista Jr et al. 2010). These findings confirm the necessity of using different strains to produce antigens and indicate the Epm83 isolate as a potential alternative that should be further studied.

The present study confirmed the practical difficulties in producing antigens reactive to sera from patients from the Central-West Region of Brazil, even against three isolates of P. lutzii , a genotype that appears to be the most prevalent in this region. This difficulty must be related to the greater diversity of gp43 in this species. Given its higher nonsynonymous mutation rate compared to the isolates of the P. brasiliensis group, the amino acid sequence of this glycoprotein must be more variable in P. lutzii isolates. Thus, patients from Central-West of Brazil would be sensitised by various gp43 forms, which could explain the difficulty in producing a single antigen reactive in all patients from this region. These facts cast doubt on the potential of gp43 as a universal antigen for all species in immunodiffusion assays, thus requiring a search for new alternatives. In addition to constituting a problem in serological diagnosis, the variability of this antigenic portion could represent an escape mechanism for avoiding host immune responses (Matute et al. 2008).

In addition to presenting several isoforms (Puccia et al. 1986, Moura-Campos et al. 1995), P. brasiliensis strains were observed to express variable quantities of gp43 (Berzaghi et al. 2005). This result corroborates the difficulty in using this molecule for the universal serological diagnosis of PCM because a patient infected with an isolate that produces gp43 at low rates will not show antibodies specific for this antigen at detectable concentrations. Indeed, the determination of variations in the expression of genes encoding gp43 in P. brasiliensis is long-standing, but still unresolved problem. Although a large number of isolates from this group remain to be evaluated, our results suggest that isolates of the P. lutzii group generally have low gp43 production. Speciation events, however, are not sufficient to fully explain the variation in gp43 rates because not all the isolates of the S1, PS2 and PS3 species produce high quantities of this molecule. Eventual variations in the promoter region of the gp43 gene among the isolates and interference in posttranscriptional processes, such as alternative splicing and silencing by RNA interference, can influence this variability.

In summary, considering speciation within P. brasi-liensis is important for the serological diagnosis of the disease, particularly for the more distant genotypes represented by the P. lutzii group. Regarding the group represented by the S1 and PS3 genotypes, the most relevant factor in serological diagnosis is the expression of gp43, which is highly variable among isolates.

Mutation pattern observed at Pb GP43 exon 2 region in haplotypes of the Paracoccidioides lutzii group.

Seq 1 Seq 2 sd nd s n ps pn ds dn ds/dn
01 7455 0.00 2.00 96.50 326.50 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
01 84 0.00 1.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
01 6810 0.00 3.00 96.50 326.50 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
01 717 0.00 2.00 96.50 326.50 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
01 3171 0.00 2.00 96.50 326.50 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
01 189 1.00 1.00 96.17 326.83 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.42
01 218 0.00 2.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
01 133 12.75 37.25 96.67 326.33 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.12 1.17
01 769 9.62 39.38 97.17 325.83 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.81
7455 84 0.00 1.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
7455 6810 0.00 1.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
7455 717 0.00 0.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.00 -0.00 -0.00 *
7455 3171 0.00 2.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
7455 189 1.00 3.00 96.33 326.67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.13
7455 218 0.00 2.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
7455 133 12.75 37.25 96.83 326.17 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 1.17
7455 769 9.62 39.38 97.33 325.67 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.80
84 6810 0.00 2.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
84 717 0.00 1.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
84 3171 0.00 1.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
84 189 1.00 2.00 96.50 326.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.70
84 218 0.00 1.00 97.00 326.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
84 133 12.75 36.25 97.00 326.00 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 1.20
84 769 9.62 38.38 97.50 325.50 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.83
6810 717 0.00 1.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
6810 3171 0.00 3.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
6810 189 1.00 4.00 96.33 326.67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.85
6810 218 0.00 3.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
6810 133 12.75 38.25 96.83 326.17 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.13 1.14
6810 769 9.62 40.38 97.33 325.67 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.78
717 3171 0.00 2.00 96.67 326.33 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
717 189 1.00 3.00 96.33 326.67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.13
717 218 0.00 2.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
717 133 12.75 37.25 96.83 326.17 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 1.17
717 769 9.62 39.38 97.33 325.67 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.80
3171 189 1.00 3.00 96.33 326.67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.13
3171 218 0.00 2.00 96.83 326.17 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
3171 133 12.75 37.25 96.83 326.17 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 1.17
3171 769 9.62 39.38 97.33 325.67 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.80
189 218 1.00 3.00 96.50 326.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.13
189 133 11.75 37.25 96.50 326.50 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.12 1.07
189 769 10.62 39.38 97.00 326.00 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.90
218 133 12.75 37.25 97.00 326.00 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 1.17
218 769 9.38 39.62 97.50 325.50 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.77
133 769 3.00 11.00 97.50 325.50 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.91
Mean 4.19 15.09 96.80 326.20 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 1.13
Open in a new tab

dn: Jukes-Cantor correction for multiple values of proportion of observed nonsynonymous mutations (pn); ds: Jukes-Cantor correction for multiple values of proportion of observed synonymous mutations (ps); ds/dn: rate of synonymous mutations over nonsynonymous mutations; n: number of potential nonsynonymous substitutions; nd: number of observed nonsynonymous mutations; s: number of potential synonymous substitutions; sd: number of observed synonymous mutations. Asterisk means that ds is not significant due to the high similarity among sequences.

Mutation pattern observed at Pb GP43 exon 2 region in haplotypes of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis group.

Seq 1 Seq 2 sd nd s n ps pn ds dn ds/dn
A4 V3 1.00 5.00 97.83 325.17 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.66
A4 V2 2.00 11.00 97.83 325.17 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.60
A4 V1 2.00 5.00 97.83 325.17 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 1.33
A4 C1 0.00 4.00 97.83 325.17 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
A4 B26 1.00 10.00 97.83 325.17 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.33
A4 B25 0.00 1.00 98.00 325.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
A4 B23 2.00 11.00 97.50 325.50 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.60
A4 B21 0.00 3.00 97.83 325.17 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
A4 B18 0.00 5.00 97.83 325.17 0.00 0.02 -0.00 0.02 *
A4 B1 1.00 1.00 98.00 325.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.33
V3 V2 3.00 8.00 97.33 325.67 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 1.26
V3 V1 1.00 0.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.00 0.01 -0.00 *
V3 C1 1.00 1.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.36
V3 B26 2.00 7.00 97.33 325.67 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.96
V3 B25 1.00 4.00 97.50 325.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.83
V3 B23 3.00 8.00 97.00 326.00 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 1.27
V3 B21 1.00 2.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.68
V3 B18 1.00 2.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.68
V3 B1 2.00 4.00 97.50 325.50 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.68
V2 V1 4.00 8.00 97.33 325.67 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 1.69
V2 C1 2.00 7.00 97.33 325.67 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.96
V2 B26 1.00 1.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.36
V2 B25 2.00 10.00 97.50 325.50 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.66
V2 B23 0.00 1.00 97.00 326.00 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
V2 B21 2.00 8.00 97.33 325.67 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.83
V2 B18 2.00 8.00 97.33 325.67 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.83
V2 B1 3.00 10.00 97.50 325.50 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.00
V1 C1 2.00 1.00 97.33 325.67 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 6.77
V1 B26 3.00 7.00 97.33 325.67 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 1.44
V1 B25 2.00 4.00 97.50 325.50 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.68
V1 B23 4.00 8.00 97.00 326.00 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 1.70
V1 B21 2.00 2.00 97.33 325.67 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 3.38
V1 B18 2.00 2.00 97.33 325.67 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 3.38
V1 B1 3.00 4.00 97.50 325.50 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 2.54
C1 B26 1.00 6.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.55
C1 B25 0.00 3.00 97.50 325.50 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
C1 B23 2.00 7.00 97.00 326.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.96
C1 B21 0.00 1.00 97.33 325.67 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
C1 B18 0.00 1.00 97.33 325.67 0.00 0.00 -0.00 0.00 *
C1 B1 1.00 3.00 97.50 325.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.11
B26 B25 1.00 9.00 97.50 325.50 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.37
B26 B23 1.00 1.00 97.00 326.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 3.38
B26 B21 1.00 7.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.47
B26 B18 1.00 7.00 97.33 325.67 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.47
B26 B1 2.00 9.00 97.50 325.50 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.74
B25 B23 2.00 10.00 97.17 325.83 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.67
B25 B21 0.00 2.00 97.50 325.50 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
B25 B18 0.00 4.00 97.50 325.50 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
B25 B1 1.00 0.00 97.67 325.33 0.01 0.00 0.01 -0.00 *
B23 B21 2.00 8.00 97.00 326.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.84
B23 B18 2.00 8.00 97.00 326.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.84
B23 B1 3.00 10.00 97.17 325.83 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.01
B21 B18 0.00 2.00 97.33 325.67 0.00 0.01 -0.00 0.01 *
B21 B1 1.00 2.00 97.50 325.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.67
B18 B1 1.00 4.00 97.50 325.50 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.83
Mean 1.45 5.04 97.42 325.58 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 1.52
Open in a new tab

dn: Jukes-Cantor correction for multiple values of proportion of observed nonsynonymous mutations (pn); ds: Jukes-Cantor correction for multiple values of proportion of observed synonymous mutations (ps); ds/dn: rate of synonymous mutations over nonsynonymous mutations; n: number of potential nonsynonymous substitutions; nd: number of observed nonsynonymous mutations; s: number of potential synonymous substitutions; sd: number of observed synonymous mutations. Asterisk means that ds is not significant due to the high similarity among sequences.

Acknowledge

To Prof Dr Maria José Soares Mendes Giannini, for supplying the protocols for the culture-filtrate antigen extraction.

Funding Statement

Financial support: CNPq (137704/2009-7)

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