Abstract
Objective
Chemical solutions have been widely used for disinfection of dentures, but their effect on color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins after repeated procedures is still unclear. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether repeated cycles of chemical disinfectants affected the color stability of two denture tooth acrylic resins.
Material and Methods
Sixty disc-shaped specimens (40 mm x 3 mm) were fabricated from two different brands (Artiplus and Trilux) of denture tooth acrylic resin. The specimens from each brand (n=30) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=5) and immersed in the following solutions: distilled water (control group) and 5 disinfecting solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% sodium hypochlorite, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate). Tooth color measurements were made by spectrophotometry. Before disinfection, the initial color of each tooth was recorded. Further color measurements were determined after subjecting the specimens to 7, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 immersion cycles in each tested solution. Color differences (ΔE*) were determined using the CIE L*a*b* color system. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey tests. The significance level was set at 5%.
Results
There were statistically significant differences in ΔE* among the 5 disinfectants and water during the 90 cycles of immersion for both denture tooth acrylic resins. Distilled water promoted the greatest color change in both denture tooth acrylic resins, nevertheless none of tested disinfectants promoted ΔE* values higher than 1.0 on these acrylic materials during the 90 cycles of disinfection.
Conclusions
Repeated immersion cycles in disinfecting solutions alter ∆E* values, however these values do not compromise the color of the tested denture tooth acrylic resins because they are imperceptible to the human eye.
Keywords: Disinfectants, Polymethyl methacrylate, Color perception tests
INTRODUCTION
Complete dentures are daily exposed to normal oral microbial flora, which include bacteria, viruses and fungi22. Furthermore, oral and non-oral pathogenic organisms associated with local and systemic diseases have been cultured from contaminated dentures19,20. Therefore these dentures may function as a reservoir of infection4, since their surface irregularities facilitate the colonization and penetration of these microorganisms into the resin18.
Denture hygiene has been recommended for denture decontamination and for maintaining their serviceability11. Denture cleansers have been studied to identify the ideal product to eliminate microorganisms21. Efficient chemical solutions may be an alternative, especially for geriatric or handicapped denture wearers whose manual dexterity may be compromised7.
When choosing a disinfectant solution for dentures, its compatibility with the type of material to be disinfected should be considered to avoid adverse effects15. Ideally, the physical and mechanical properties of denture base and artificial denture tooth resins should remain unaltered after the disinfection process. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that the hardness14, flexural strength13 and color stability11 of denture base resins can be notably affected by disinfectants such as glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine and hypochlorite.
In this scenario, color stability of dentures is an important factor in treatment acceptance by the patient. It is very important for esthetic restorative materials that the color of the materials remains stable over a long period in the oral environment. The color change may be visibly noticed or may be more precisely assessed by spectrophotometry10,17.
The effect of disinfecting solutions on the color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins has not yet been reported15. Thus, the aim of this in vitro study was to analyze by spectrophotometry the color stability of these materials when exposed to successive immersion solution cycles.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Preparation of specimens
Two brands of denture tooth acrylic resin were selected for this study: Artiplus (Dentsply International, Inc., York, PA, USA) and Trilux (Dental VIPI Ltda, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil) (Figure 1). Upon request, the manufacturers provided specimens of their materials shaped into discs (40 mm x 3 mm) and fabricated in accordance with the same directions used to process the denture teeth. For each denture tooth acrylic resin, 30 specimens were prepared, totalizing 60 samples.
Figure 1.
Denture tooth acrylic resins used in this study
| Product | Code | Manufacturer | Composition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artiplus | A | Dentsply International | IPN-PMMA |
| Trilux | T | Dental VIPI - Brazil | IPN-PMMA |
*PMMA: Poly(methylmethacrylate); IPN: Interpenetrating PolymerNetwork.
Chemical solutions
Specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups consisting of 5 specimens of each denture tooth acrylic resin6,11, according to the tested solution (Figure 2), and they were numbered in order to allow comparison between each evaluation period. The same volume of all solutions was used and prepared by the same pharmacy (Calêndula Farma Farmácia de Manipulacão Ltda, Bauru, SP, Brazil). The application time of each solution tested was based on results from other studies and recommendations of their respective manufacturers, which show that these times are necessary to ensure high antimicrobial efficacy of these products.
Figure 2.
Chemical solutions tested in this study
| Solution | Code | Immersion time (min) |
|---|---|---|
| Distilled water | W | 10 |
| 1% Sodium hypochlorite | H1% | 10 |
| 2% Sodium hypochlorite | H2% | 5 |
| 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite | H5.25% | 5 |
| 2% Glutaraldehyde | G2% | 10 |
| 4% Chlorhexidine gluconate | GC4% | 10 |
Color measurements
Color measurements of each specimen were taken before immersion and after 7, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 immersion cycles for each tested solution. Before each disinfection procedure, the specimens were rinsed with distilled water for 3 min and dried with tissue paper to ensure the achievement of rapid readings by spectrophotometry without dehydration of the resin material. After this, the samples were immediately immersed in their respective solutions. All chemical solutions were renewed after each disinfection procedure.
Color measurements were evaluated using a Spectro-guide spectrophotometer (BYK-Gardner GmbH, Geretsried, Germany). Before each measurement session, the spectrophotometer was calibrated with its white reference tile, using the white calibration standard provided, according the manufacturer's instructions. In order to standardize sample's color measurement, a positioning jig was used to position the measuring port of the instrument to the same location on the specimen for repeated measures11. The spectrophotometer was set to multimeasure mode in which three readings were taken in the center of the samples (right side, middle and left side) and then more three similar readings were performed perpendicularly to the previous one. Then, the mean value of these readings was recorded. This number of readings was established in the study to ensure broader readings of the samples, since the of spectrophotometer's active tip diameter is smaller than the specimens' diameter. The lighting conditions of the area in which measurements were taken were constant throughout the data collection period.
The color change values of all specimens were calculated by mean and standard deviation of ΔE* with the use of CIE L*a*b* color system. Individual analysis was performed using the three variables inherent to the device, in which L* represents the coordinate the lightness or darkness of the object, a* indicates the red-green chromaticity of the object, and b* corresponds to the yellow/blue axis of the object.
Color differences (ΔE*) of specimens were calculated using the formula: ΔE*={(ΔL*)2+(Δa*)2+(Δb*)2}1/2 10, where ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* are the differences in L*, a* and b* values before and after immersion at each time interval21. For this study, only the ΔE* result was used for analysis.
Statistical analysis
Since the same specimens were evaluated before immersion and after several immersion periods, statistical analysis of data was performed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). When significant differences were found, Tukey's post hoc test at 95% probability level was applied.
RESULTS
Mean and standard deviation of ∆E* for the two brands of denture tooth acrylic resins after 7, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 immersion cycles for each tested solution are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
∆E* mean and standard deviation (SD) for each denture tooth resin material according to the tested solutions within each period of immersion
| Material | Solution | ∆E* mean and SD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7th cycle | 21st cycle | 30th cycle | 45th cycle | 60th cycle | 90th cycle | ||
| W | 0.268±0.038Aa | 0.862±0.072Ab | 0.870±0.118BCb | 0.880±0.132Ab | 0.844±0.125Ab | 0.798±0.119Bb | |
| H1% | 0.266±0.095Aa | 0.888±0.136Ab | 0.696±0.060Ac | 0.738±0.060Abc | 0.688±0.066Acd | 0.534±0.050Ad | |
| A | H2% | 0.238±0.065Aa | 0.820±0.044Ab | 0.764±0.105ACbd | 0.728±0.041Ab | 0.836±0.058Abd | 0.664±0.129ABCd |
| H5.25% | 0.228±0.039Aa | 0.900±0.075Ab | 0.806±0.054ACc | 0.830±0.064Ac | 0.816±0.048Ac | 0.718±0.058BCd | |
| G2% | 0.204±0.047Aa | 0.806±0.019Ab | 0.714±0.026Ac | 0.790±0.035Ab | 0.780±0.071Abc | 0.588±0.021Ad | |
| GC4% | 0.192±0.013Aa | 0.906±0.072Ab | 0.710±0.060Ac | 0.874±0.092Ab | 0.726±0.100Ac | 0.542±0.055Ad | |
| W | 0.358±0.023Aa | 0.698±0.021Abc | 0.676±0.166Bb | 0.902±0.207Bc | 0.702±0.043Abc | 0.628±0.063Ab | |
| H1% | 0.616±0.069Bab | 0.978±0.556Ba | 0. 474±0.136Ab | 0.550±0.218Ab | 0.450±0.048Bb | 0.326±0.111Cb | |
| T | H2% | 0.344±0.036Aa | 0.686±0.028Abc | 0.662±0.053Bbc | 0.720±0.032ABc | 0.632±0.014Ab | 0.640±0.030Ab |
| H5.25% | 0.346±0.019Aa | 0.704±0.046Ab | 0.662±0.033ABb | 0.700±0.044ABb | 0.686±0.029Ab | 0.552±0.086ABb | |
| G2% | 0.324±0.041Aa | 0.692±0.066Ab | 0.648±0.044ABbc | 0.746±0.033ABb | 0.684±0.047Ab | 0.554±0.058ABc | |
| GC4% | 0.324±0.038Aa | 0.658±0.035Ab | 0.600±0.092ABbc | 0.678±0.060ABb | 0.646±0.090Ab | 0.502±0.038ABc | |
ΔE* means followed by the same letters are not significantly different. Uppercase letters for vertical comparisons and lowercase letters for horizontal comparisons. A: Artiplus; T: Trilux.
According to the results, the values of ∆E* ranged from 0.192 to 0.906 for denture tooth acrylic resin A and from 0.324 to 0.978 for denture tooth acrylic resin T during the 90 cycles of immersion in all solutions.
Generally, through an intra-cycle analysis, the results indicated that all solutions tested during the 90 cycles assessed, except in the 30th and 90th cycles, provided similar changes in color stability (∆E*) in denture tooth acrylic resin A. Basically, a similar fact was observed for denture tooth acrylic resin T. In this resin, the change in color stability (∆E*) caused by all solutions tested, except for solution H1%, was similar during the 90 cycles evaluated. In addition, most of the biggest changes in color stability (∆E*) in both denture tooth acrylic resins studied was caused by solution W.
Through an inter-cycle analysis, as a general rule, the results indicated that all solutions used showed a similar trend in the fluctuation of ∆E* in both resins evaluated, in which the variation in ∆E* seemed to increase up to the 45th cycle, and from that point a decrease in this fluctuation was observed.
Furthermore, none of the denture tooth acrylic resins tested showed ΔE* values higher than 1.0 during the 90 immersion cycles, irrespective of the tested solution.
DISCUSSION
The use of chemical solutions for denture cleaning has been highlighted due their effectiveness in reducing microorganisms14. However, color changes in acrylic resins have been reported as one of the main deleterious effects caused by these substances12,13.
Since there is no study available about the effect of chemical solutions on the color stability of denture tooth acrylic resins and this effect is of great esthetic importance to removable denture users, this pioneering research was conducted to evaluate the effect caused by the most widely used substances for removable denture disinfection1,2,3. Furthermore, the authors were the first to evaluate these alterations over a long period. Some might consider a period of 90 immersion cycles too long for an experimental period. However, an in vitro study over a short period of evaluation could not reliably reproduce the effect of the solutions on the color stability of the denture tooth resins tested. These facts make it difficult to interpret the results of the present investigation because they do not allow a direct comparison with data of other studies.
In this study, color changes in denture tooth acrylic resins were measured by measuring instruments (e.g.: spectrophotometer)10,17 instead of visual evaluation. This instrument eliminated the subjective interpretation of visual color alteration. The CIE L*a*b* system for measuring chromacity was chosen to record color changes, as it is well suited for determining small color differences8. The ∆E* represents relative color changes in the materials an observer might report after treatment or between time periods, hence, ∆E* is more meaningful than individual L*, a*, b* values21. Therefore, only the ΔE* results were selected for analysis.
In general, except for solution H1% in resin T, all solutions caused similar color changes in both resins studied within each immersion cycle. This was expected, since both resins have the same chemical composition. Moreover, in most cycles assessed, solution W was responsible for the greatest color changes in both resins. These results could be due to the composition of the materials and the way they are affected by environmental conditions. It is well known from literature that polymer materials undergo water sorption6,23. The water may eventually cause irreversible damage to all forms of acrylic by the formation of microcracks as a result of repeated sorption/desorption cycles, which is followed by hydrolytic degradation of the polymer with scission of the ester linkages and gradual deterioration of the infrastructure of the polymer over time23. This phenomenon may contribute to form acrylic zones with different optical properties5, which can be visibly detected or esthetically unacceptable. Possibly also for this reason, almost all disinfectants constituted by a lower volume of water caused smaller color changes than solution W.
Although sodium hypochlorite presents a whitening effect through oxidation reaction on the surface of denture acrylic resins, this phenomenon was not observed on the materials tested in our study. The acrylic resin teeth evaluated (Artiplus and Trilux) have basically the same chemical composition: high molecular weight polymethyl methacrylate, cross-linked resin and IPN (Interpenetrating Polymer Network). The result is the formation of a polymer with high chemical and physical resistance16. Consequently, these superior characteristics also make these materials less prone to the oxidative effects of this disinfectant solution.
Table 1 reveals that for both denture tooth acrylic resins, the major color changes observed in the ∆E* occurred up to the 45th cycle. In contrast, from this point, there was a tendency for the ∆E* values to decrease until the 90th cycle. This could be explained by the water-sorption saturation in polymeric materials. Yiu, et al.23 (2004) found that once the polar sites in the polymer network become saturated with water, equilibrium is reached between bound and free sites and the intermittent water absorption is stabilized. In the present study, it could have occurred as from the 45th cycle, which led to a reduction in the variation of color stability of materials evaluated.
In the present study, although statically significant differences in ∆E* values during the 90 immersion cycles were found in both denture tooth acrylic resins, there were no ∆E* values higher than 1.0. The trained human eye can detect color changes (∆E*) greater than 1.0, but an untrained eye usually cannot distinguish ∆E* values below 2.0 in the CIE L*a*b* color system9,10. Therefore, the ∆E* values found in the present study are clinically important, because they cannot be perceived by the naked eye.
Due to lack of information, further studies are mandatory for better understanding the process of color alteration of denture tooth acrylic resins, evaluating different disinfection procedures, e.g. microwave disinfection, which is highly efficient, and other denture tooth acrylic resin brands.
CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that repeated immersion cycles in the solutions altered the color of denture tooth acrylic resins, but this change was not clinically visible.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the Brazilian foundations CNPq (307510/2010-7) and FAPESP (2006/03383-4). The authors would like to thank the manufacturers (Dentsply International and Dental VIPI Ltda.) for the donation of the materials used in this study and Margery Galbraith for editing the English of the manuscript.
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