Correction
After publication of this article [1], we noted an error in the values of the “Initial WC” row of Table 1. The correct values are presented here (Table 1).
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of possible influencing factors of GPA in first year university students (%, Mean ± SD, n = 101), subdivided into students who passed (n = 52), failed (n = 22) or did not attend all final course exams (n = 27)
| Measures | All n = 74 | Passed n = 52 | Failed n = 22 | Did not attend all course exams n = 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
GPA (%)
|
64.3 ± 9.2 |
68.3 ± 6.9 |
54.7 ± 6.2 |
/ |
|
Demographics
|
|
|
|
|
| Gender (% of females) |
77.0 |
82.7 |
63.6 |
40.7 |
| Age (yrs) |
18.0 ± 0.6 |
17.9 ± 0.5 |
18.1 ± 0.8 |
18.3 ± 0.9 |
| Ethnicity (% of students of which one of the parents is from foreign origin) |
20.9 |
23.3 |
15.4 |
20.0 |
| Residency (% living in student residence) |
47.3 |
48.1 |
45.5 |
25.9 |
| GPA in the last year of secondary school (%) |
68.6 ± 7.5 |
70.0 ± 6.9 |
65.0 ± 8.0 |
63.6 ± 6.3 |
|
Socio-Economic Status (SES)
c
|
|
|
|
|
| Education father (% diploma higher education) |
57.2 |
48.3 |
77.0 |
46.7 |
| Education mother (% diploma higher education) |
69.0 |
70.0 |
66.6 |
60.0 |
|
Smoking (% non-smokers)
|
95.9 |
96.2 |
95.5 |
96.2 |
|
Dieting status (% dieters)
b
|
11.0 |
9.8 |
13.6 |
11.5 |
|
Anthropometrics
|
|
|
|
|
| Initial weight (kg) |
61.8 ± 9.3 |
61.0 ± 8.0 |
63.5 ± 12.0 |
66.7 ± 14.0 |
| Initial BMI (kg/m2) |
21.7 ± 2.7 |
21.5 ± 2.5 |
22.0 ± 3.1 |
22.1 ± 3.3 |
| Initial fat% (%) |
22.5 ± 7.1 |
22.8 ± 7.4 |
21.9 ± 6.7 |
19.2 ± 6.5 |
| Initial WC (cm) |
70.4 ± 6.4 |
69.6 ± 5.6 |
72.3 ± 7.9 |
73.5 ± 8.0 |
| Weight change (kg) |
0.7 ± 2.0 |
0.4 ± 1.9 |
1.6 ± 1.8 |
1.6 ± 2.2 |
| BMI change (kg/m2) |
0.3 ± 0.8 |
0.1 ± 0.8 |
0.5 ± 0.7 |
0.4 ± 0.8 |
| Fat% change (%) |
1.0 ± 2.4 |
0.7 ± 2.5 |
1.5 ± 2.0 |
0.5 ± 2.8 |
| WC change (cm) |
-0.0 ± 2.3 |
-0.5 ± 2.3 |
1.0 ± 2.1 |
1.2 ± 2.2 |
|
Physical activity
d
|
|
|
|
|
| Active transportation (walking and cycling) (min/week) |
179.7 ± 123.5 |
175.7 ± 119.5 |
189.5 ± 135.3 |
193.5 ± 118.4 |
| Sport participation (min/week) |
146.1 ± 180.1 |
152.7 ± 180.4 |
130.7 ± 182.9 |
117.4 ± 161.0 |
| Total physical activity (min/week) |
324.8 ± 211.7 |
326.8 ± 220.3 |
320.2 ± 195.4 |
310.8 ± 222.8 |
|
Sedentary behaviour
a
|
|
|
|
|
| TV/DVD watching on weekdays (hours/day) |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
1.1 ± 0.8 |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
| TV/DVD watching on weekend days (hours/day) |
2.1 ± 1.1 |
2.1 ± 1.2 |
1.9 ± 1.0 |
2.2 ± 1.3 |
| Reading and studying on weekdays (hours/day) |
1.8 ± 1.1 |
1.8 ± 1.2 |
1.9 ± 0.8 |
1.9 ± 1.1 |
| Reading and studying on weekend days (hours/day) |
2.9 ± 1.5 |
2.8 ± 1.6 |
3.1 ± 1.5 |
2.8 ± 1.5 |
| Computer activities on week days (hours/day) |
1.7 ± 1.3 |
1.7 ± 1.4 |
1.7 ± 1.2 |
1.9 ± 1.2 |
| Computer activities on weekend days (hours/day) |
1.9 ± 1.2 |
1.8 ± 1.3 |
2.1 ± 1.0 |
2.3 ± 1.5 |
| Video games on weekdays (hours/day) |
0.2 ± 0.6 |
0.1 ± 0.4 |
0.4 ± 0.9 |
0.3 ± 1.0 |
| Video games on weekend days (hours/day) |
0.4 ± 1.0 |
0.3 ± 0.9 |
0.5 ± 1.2 |
0.6 ± 1.1 |
|
Eating habits
|
|
|
|
|
| Eating breakfast (#/week)a |
5.7 ± 2.2 |
5.5 2.3 |
6.0 ± 2.0 |
5.8 ± 2.3 |
| Eating lunch (#/week)a |
6.6 ± 1.2 |
6.5 ± 1.3 |
6.6 ± 1.0 |
6.7 ± 0.9 |
| Eating dinner (#/week)a |
6.7 ± 0.9 |
6.7 ± 0.7 |
6.6 ± 1.3 |
6.8 ± 0.5 |
| Eating at home with parents (#/week)a |
3.8 ± 2.1 |
3.6 ± 2.1 |
4.1 ± 2.1 |
4.6 ± 2.1 |
| Eating at student restaurant (#/week)a |
1.2 ± 1.5 |
1.0 ± 1.1 |
1.8 ± 2.1 |
1.8 ± 1.9 |
| Eating at fast food restaurant (#/week)a |
0.3 ± 0.4 |
0.3 ± 0.4 |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.4 ± 0.3 |
| Eating at other kind of restaurant (#/week)a |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.3 ± 0.3 |
0.4 ± 0.3 |
| Eating at a friend’s place (#/week)a |
0.4 ± 0.5 |
0.4 ± 0.4 |
0.4 ± 0.6 |
0.5 ± 0.5 |
| Fruit consumption (#/day)b |
1.0 ± 1.0 |
1.0 ± 1.1 |
0.9 ± 0.6 |
1.0 ± 1.1 |
| Vegetable consumption (#/day)b |
1.2 ± 0.7 |
1.2 ± 0.7 |
1.2 ± 0.6 |
1.3 ± 1.0 |
| Soda consumption (#/day)b |
0.8 ± 1.1 |
0.6 ± 0.9 |
1.2 ± 1.3 |
1.2 ± 1.3 |
| French fries consumption (#/week)b |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
| Fast food consumption (#/week)b |
0.7 ± 0.9 |
0.7 ± 0.9 |
0.8 ± 0.9 |
0.9 ± 0.9 |
|
Alcohol
|
|
|
|
|
| Frequency of alcohol use (#/week)b |
0.8 ± 1.5 |
0.6 ± 1.0 |
1.3 ± 2.4 |
0.8 ± 1.3 |
| Frequency of alcohol consumptions (# on drinking days)c |
2.7 ± 2.0 |
2.6 ± 1.9 |
2.9 ± 2.2 |
3.1 ± 3.0 |
|
Sleeping habits
c
|
|
|
|
|
| Hours of sleep on weekdays (hours/day) |
7.8 ± 1.0 |
7.8 ± 1.0 |
7.9 ± 1.1 |
7.6 ± 0.9 |
| Hours of sleep on weekend days (hours/day) |
9.4 ± 1.2 |
9.4 ± 1.2 |
9.3 ± 1.3 |
9.2 ± 1.2 |
|
Stress
|
|
|
|
|
| Mental stress (PSS score*)e | 13.6 ± 5.9 | 13.5 ± 6.0 | 13.8 ± 5.8 | 14.4 ± 6.5 |
Contributor Information
Tom Deliens, Email: Tom.Deliens@vub.ac.be.
Peter Clarys, Email: pclarys@vub.ac.be.
Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Email: ilse.debourdeaudhuij@ugent.be.
Benedicte Deforche, Email: Benedicte.Deforche@vub.ac.be.
References
- Deliens T. et al. Weight, socio-demographics, and health behaviour related correlates of academic performance in first year university students. Nutr J. 2013;12:162. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-162. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]