Abstract
To explore the role of genetic polymorphisms of bone morphogenic proteins 4 (BMP-4) in the response to platinum-based chemotherapy and the clinical outcome in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 938 patients with stage III (A+B) or IV NSCLC were enrolled in this study. We found that the variant genotypes of 6007C > T polymorphisms significantly associated with the chemotherapy response. The 6007CC genotype carriers had a higher chance to be responder to chemotherapy (adjusted odd ratio = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.83–4.18; adjusted < 0.001). The 6007C > T polymorphisms and BMP-4 expression also affect the prognosis of NSCLC. Patients with high BMP-4 expression had a significantly higher chance to be resistant to chemotherapy than those with low BMP-4 expression (OR = 2.81; 95% CI: 1.23–6.44; P = 0.01). The hazard ratio (HR) for 6007TT was 2.37 times higher than 6007CC (P = 0.003). In summary, the 6007C > T polymorphism of BMP-4 gene and BMP-4 tissue expression may be used as potential predictor for the chemotherapy response and prognosis of advanced NSCLC.
1. Introduction
Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80% of primary lung cancers. Many NSCLC patients diagnosed at the advanced stage (stage III or IV); thus the prognosis of NSCLC is very poor [1]. The early detection and intervention is very important to improve the clinical outcome of NSCLC.
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard first-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC; however, drug resistance is a major issue influencing the clinical outcome of patients [2, 3]. About one-third of NSCLC patients achieve remission from standard first-line chemotherapy, another one-third stable disease, and the remaining one-third progressive disease [4].
Many clinical factors, such as age, cancer stage, differentiation status, and cancer metastasis, have been considered as major determinations for prognosis of NSCLC [5]. However, variability in prognosis has still been observed in patients with similar clinical features. The host inherited factors, for example, genetic background, may have an important role in determining the treatment outcome for NSCLC [6–9]. Recent studies revealed that certain genetic polymorphisms are associated with the treatment response of platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC [10–14].
As a member of bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) superfamily, BMP-4 is a multifunctional growth factor belonging to the TGF-β super family which is known to play an important role in regulating osteoblast differentiation and bone formation [15–18]. Recently, a study showed that BMP-4 is highly expressed in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer (GC) cell lines. Targeted genetic inhibition of BMP-4 caused significant sensitization of GC cells to cisplatin. This study suggests that BMP4 epigenetic and expression status may represent promising biomarkers for cisplatin resistance in cancer cells [19].
Genetic variants in BMP-4, in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), may result in a qualitative or quantitative change in the local production of BMP-4 or in its effectiveness via its cognate receptor [20]. Based on the role of BMP-4 in drug resistance in GC cell lines, we assumed that there might be an association between BMP4 genetic variants and chemotherapy response in cancer patients. In the present study, we enrolled NSCLC patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy to explore the association between the BMP4 genetic variants and chemotherapy response as well as the prognosis of NSCLC.
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Patient Enrollment
A total of 938 patients with stage III to IV NSCLC were consecutively recruited between May, 2006, and July, 2011. All the patients were enrolled according to the criteria described elsewhere [21]. Patients were excluded if they had a prior history of malignancy; previous chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery; active congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, or recent (<3 mo before the date of treatment) myocardial infarction; any severe mental disorder; infectious disease needing immunotherapy. The study was carried out with the approval of the Ethical Review Committee of the hospital. A written informed consent was provided by each patient. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics (including age, sex, smoking status, and tumor histology) were obtained from clinical medical records with review by the oncologists.
2.2. Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
The chemotherapeutic regimens were described previously [21]. All chemotherapy drugs were administered intravenously, and all treatments were for two to six cycles. Patient responses to treatment were determined after four cycles by the WHO criteria, which classify the response into four categories: complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD). CR was defined as complete disappearance of all measurable lesions. PR required at least 50% reduction in measurable lesions. Patients with SD had less than a 50% decrease or no more than a 25% increase in the size of measurable lesions. PD was assigned to patients when measurable lesions increased by more than 25% or new lesions appeared. For data analysis, CR and PR were combined as responders, and SD and PD were grouped as nonresponders [22, 23].
2.3. Genotyping and SNPs of BMP-4 Gene
DNA was extracted from peripheral whole blood using a Qiagen DNA Isolation Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). The specific product of the BMP-4 gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers 5′-biotion-TGAAGGCAAGATGTCTGA-CACA-3′ (forward) and 5′-CCTTCCTGCATTTCTATC-CTA-3′ (reverse) for −5826G > A (rs1957860) and 5′-ATTGCCCAACCCTGAGCTATC-3′ (forward) and 5′-biotin-TGGGGGCTTCATAACCTC-3′ (reverse) for 6007C > T (rs17563). Reactions were performed in a total volume of 20 μL. The thermocycling procedure consisted of initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 minutes, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing at 60°C for 40 seconds, extension at 72°C for 1 minute, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 minutes. The PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel.
2.4. BMP-4 Immunohistological Staining
Tumor samples were obtained from the biopsy before the start of chemotherapy. Anti-BMP-4 polyclonal antibody was used in the immunohistological staining at a 1 : 250 dilution. Sample scoring was performed by semiquantitative microscopic analysis, considering the number of stained cells and signal intensity. Two spots were evaluated for each sample and a mean score was calculated. Considering the percentage of BMP-4 immune-positive tumor cells, a score of 1 was given when ≤10% of cells were positive; 2 when 10–50% of cells were positive, and 3 when ≥50% of cells were positive. Signal intensity was scored as negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2), and strong (3). Both scores were multiplied [24] and the resulting score was used to categorize BMP-4 expression as low (0–6) and high (>6) expressions.
2.5. Western Blot Analysis
Tumor samples were lysed for western blot assay to determine BMP-4 expression. After immunoblot analysis, membranes were immunoblotted with BMP-4 antibody and GAPDH (both 1 : 1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Membranes were then washed and incubated with a secondary antibody coupled to horseradish peroxidase. To evaluate the amount of protein expression, the Raytest TINA software (http://www.raytest.de/service/raytest_catalog.html) was used for western blotting to calculate the densitometric analysis as described previously [25]. The differences in the relative expressions among different genotypes were compared by using ANOVA analyses.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Data on quantitative characteristics are expressed as means ± SD. Differences in demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors between patients and controls were compared by using Student's t-test or ANOVA for continuous variables and the χ 2-test for all categorical variables. To estimate the deviation of frequency of gene alleles in tested population, we performed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using χ 2 tests. Genotypes and allele frequencies were compared by χ 2 or fisher analysis or Fisher's exact test. Overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were the end points in this study. OS was calculated from the date of chemotherapy to the date of last followup or death from any cause. PFS was defined as the interval between the date of chemotherapy and the date of confirmed relapse. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to analyze survival differences. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of BMP-4 polymorphisms on chemotherapy response, controlling potential confounding conventional risk factors. A forward stepwise (Likelihood Ratio) procedure was used for multivariable analysis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) for overall survival and their 95% CIs. Data were analyzed with the SAS 9.2 package (SAS Inc., NC, USA). The results were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes
Of all the participants, 364 were assigned into responder group (CR + PR) and 574 were assigned into nonresponder group (SD + PD). Table 1 shows demographic and clinical characteristics between 2 groups. Nonresponders were older, who had higher prevalence of smokers, stage IV, and poor differentiation patients than responders (all P < 0.05, Table 1). There were no significant differences in sex, histology type, and chemotherapy regimens between responders and nonresponders (all P > 0.05).
Table 1.
Patient characteristics between chemotherapy responder and nonresponders.
| Characteristics | Responders | % | Nonresponders | % | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.6 ± 6.6 | 60.7 ± 5.2 | 0.041 | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 207 | 56.9% | 328 | 57.1% | 0.494 |
| Female | 157 | 43.1% | 246 | 42.9% | |
| Smoke status | |||||
| Nonsmokers | 84 | 23.1% | 89 | 15.5% | <0.001 |
| Smoker | 280 | 76.9% | 487 | 84.5% | |
| Histology type | |||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 208 | 57.1% | 321 | 55.9% | 0.383 |
| Adenocarcinoma | 156 | 42.9% | 253 | 44.1% | |
| Stage | |||||
| IIIA | 156 | 42.9% | 187 | 32.6% | 0.005 |
| IIIB | 119 | 32.7% | 211 | 36.8% | |
| IV | 89 | 24.5% | 176 | 30.7% | |
| Differentiation | |||||
| Well | 134 | 36.8% | 165 | 28.7% | 0.019 |
| Moderate | 129 | 35.4% | 210 | 36.6% | |
| Poor | 101 | 27.7% | 199 | 34.7% | |
| Chemotherapy regimens | |||||
| DDP/CBP + TAX/TXT/DOC | 156 | 42.9% | 233 | 40.6% | 0.168 |
| DDP/CBP + GEM | 121 | 33.2% | 224 | 39.0% | |
| DDP/CBP + NVB | 87 | 23.9% | 117 | 20.4% |
NS: not significance; DDP: cisplatin; CBP: carboplatin; TAX: taxol/paclitaxel; TXT: taxetere; DOC: docetaxel; GEM: gemcitabine; NVB: vinorelbine.
Genotype frequencies of BMP-4 polymorphisms in chemotherapy responder and nonresponders were found to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (all P > 0.05). The genotype and the allele frequencies of −5826G > A were not significantly different between chemotherapy responder and nonresponders. However, the genotypes and allele frequency of 6007C > T were significantly different between the responders and nonresponders. Responders had a markedly higher CC genotype than responders (34% versus 21%; overall P < 0.0012, Table 2). With TT as reference, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the CC genotype carriers had a higher chance to be responder to chemotherapy (adjusted OR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.83–4.18, adjusted P < 0.001) with adjustment for age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy agents. The C allele carriage represented a higher possibility of being responders to chemotherapy after adjustment with the above-mentioned clinical variables (adjusted OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.39–2.11, P < 0.001) compared with T allele carriage. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis did not reveal any association between −5826G > A polymorphisms and chemotherapy response in these patients (all P > 0.05, Table 2).
Table 2.
The genotype frequencies for BMP-4 polymorphisms between responders and nonresponders.
| Responders | Nonresponders | Adjusted OR†, 95% CI | Adjusted P† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 364 | % | N = 562 | % | |||
| −5826G > A | ||||||
| GG | 112 | 31% | 184 | 32% | 1 | |
| GA | 171 | 47% | 283 | 49% | 0.99, 0.73–1.34 | 0.96 |
| AA | 81 | 22% | 107 | 19% | 1.24, 0.86–1.80 | 0.25 |
| G | 395 | 54% | 651 | 57% | 1 | |
| A | 333 | 46% | 497 | 43% | 1.12, 0.92–1.33 | 0.3 |
| 6007C > T | ||||||
| TT | 70 | 19% | 179 | 31% | 1 | |
| CT | 167 | 46% | 278 | 48% | 1.34, 0.98–2.11 | 0.051 |
| CC | 127 | 35% | 117 | 20% | 2.78, 1.91–4.03 | <0.001 |
| T | 307 | 42% | 636 | 55% | 1 | |
| C | 421 | 58% | 512 | 45% | 1.72, 1.41–2.05 | <0.001 |
†Adjusted with age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy agents.
The BMP-4 expression levels in biopsy tumor samples were determined by immunohistological staining. 93 samples were obtained from studied participants, of which 36 were responders to chemotherapy, while 57 were nonresponders. The BMP-4 high expressions were observed in 45 of nonresponders (78.9%) but only in 12 of responders (33.3%). Table 3 shows the association between the BMP-4 expression and chemotherapy response status. Patients with high BMP-4 expression had a significantly higher chance to be resistant to chemotherapy than those with low BMP-4 expression (OR = 2.81, 95%CI: 1.23–6.44, P = 0.01) after adjustment with age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy agents. Representative figures of BMP-4 staining were shown in Figure 1.
Table 3.
The association between the BMP-4 expression and chemotherapy response status.
| BMP-4 expression | Nonresponders | Responders | OR† | 95% CI† | P † | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | 32 | 41.56% | 24 | 66.67% | 1.00 | |||
| High | 45 | 58.44% | 12 | 33.33% | 2.81 | 1.23 | 6.44 | 0.01 |
†Adjusted with age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy agents.
Figure 1.
Representative figures of BMP-4 staining from different NSCLC patients. (a) BMP-4 low expression in squamous cell carcinoma. (b) BMP-4 high expression in squamous cell carcinoma. (c) BMP-4 low expression in adenocarcinoma. (d) BMP-4 high expression in adenocarcinoma.
The association between the BMP-4 genotype and the BMP-4 protein expression in tumor samples was analyzed. Table 4 shows that the TT carriers of 6007C > T had a significantly higher rate of high BMP-4 expressions, while the CC carriers had lower chance of high BMP-4 expressions (47% versus 17%, P = 0.025). Quantitative analyses of western blot bands also showed that the BMP-4 expression was highest in TT carriers compared to CC and CT carriers (P < 0.001, Figure 2).
Table 4.
The association between the BMP-4 genotype and the BMP-4 protein expression in tumor samples was analyzed.
| Genotype | High BMP-4 expression N = 36 |
% | Low BMP-4 expression N = 57 |
% | P † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −5826G > A | |||||
| GG | 11 | 31% | 19 | 33% | 0.961 |
| GA | 15 | 42% | 23 | 40% | |
| AA | 10 | 28% | 15 | 26% | |
| 6007C > T | |||||
| TT | 17 | 47% | 13 | 23% | 0.025 |
| CT | 13 | 36% | 21 | 37% | |
| CC | 6 | 17% | 23 | 40% |
†Adjusted with age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy agents.
Figure 2.
Quantitative analyses of western blot bands of BMP-4 in 6007C > T genotype carriers.
The associations between the clinical variables and PFS as well as OS were studied by log-rank test (Table 5). For PFS, there were no significant differences in PFS with respect to BMP-4 genotypes at −5826 and 6007 loci (both P > 0.05 by log-rank analyses). For OS study, 6007C > T polymorphisms showed statistically significant associations with OS by log-rank test. The median survival time for patients with CC was significantly longer than that in the CT and TT genotype carriers after adjustment for age, sex, performance status, cancer stage, and treatment regimens (P = 0.002, Table 5). The BMP-4 expression determined both PFS and OS. The patients with high BMP-4 expressions had a significantly shorter PFS and OS compared with those with low BMP-4 expression levels (both P < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier survives curve are shown in Figure 3.
Table 5.
The associations between BMP-4 polymorphisms and PFS and OS of NSCLC patients undergoing chemotherapy.
| BMP-4 polymorphisms | Median PFS, mo (95% CI) |
Log-rank P † | Median OS, mo (95% CI) |
Log-rank P† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| −5826G > A | ||||
| GG | 8.4 (4.5–10.2) | 0.659 | 17.5 (7.6–22.4) | 0.364 |
| GA | 7.9 (5.0–9.1) | 18.1 (7.7–20.8) | ||
| AA | 8.2 (4.9–7.7) | 17.1 (6.9–19.5) | ||
| 6007C > T | ||||
| TT | 6.6 (5.5–8.2) | 0.492 | 13.5 (5.6–18.8) | 0.002 |
| CT | 7.0 (4.7–11.5) | 14.7 (6.8–19.4) | ||
| CC | 8.9 (5.4–12.1) | 18.4 (11.8–19.5) | ||
| BMP-4 expression | ||||
| Low | 10.0 (8.1–17.5) | <0.001 | 18.6 (9.9–23.2) | <0.001 |
| High | 6.2 (4.9–10.7) | 9.8 (5.1–13.2) |
†Adjusted with age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy agents.
Figure 3.
The Kaplan-Meier curves for BMP-4 gene polymorphism and expression for PFS and OS.
Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) for overall survival and their 95% CIs, with adjustment for age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy status (Table 6). The HR for 6007TT was 2.37 (95% CI: 1.89–3.98 compared with CC carriers, P = 0.003). The SNPs of −5826G > A did not show this trend in the evaluation of their role in determining the prognosis of NSCLC subjects (P = 0.072). The HR of BMP-4 expression was 3.87 (P < 0.001).
Table 6.
HR for prognosis of NSCLC patients undergoing chemotherapy.
| Factors | HR† | 95% CI† | P† |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6007C > T | |||
| CC | 1 | ||
| TT | 2.37 | 1.58–3.98 | 0.003 |
| BMP-4 expression | |||
| Low | 1 | ||
| High | 3.87 | 1.37–4.25 | <0.001 |
†Adjusted with age, sex, smoke status, histology, stage, and chemotherapy agents.
4. Discussion
In this study we evaluated whether BMP-4 polymorphisms influence the treatment response and clinical outcomes of Chinese NSCLC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. We found the following. (1) The variant genotypes of 6007C > T polymorphisms significantly associated with the chemotherapy response. The CC genotype carriers had a markedly higher chance to be responders to chemotherapy. (2) The polymorphism at 6007C > T affects the prognosis of NSCLC as the OS period was significantly shorter in TT carriers than CC carriers. (3) The BMP-4 expressions were significantly associated with the chemotherapy response. Patients with high BMP-4 expression were more likely to be resistant to chemotherapy than those with low BMP-4 expression. (4) The 6007C > T polymorphisms affect the BMP-4 protein expression in tumor samples. The TT carriers of 6007C > T had a significantly higher rate of high BMP-4 expressions, while the CC carriers had lower chance of high BMP-4 expressions.
Although many mutations within BMP-4 leading to various phenotypes have been reported [26], the single nucleotide polymorphism of 6007C > T (rs17563) of BMP-4 is the only identified polymorphism in the coding region [27]. The 6007C > T polymorphism results in an amino acid change from valine to alanine at residue 152 (p.Val152Ala) and thus affects the BMP-4 gene expression. The T-allele was predicted to change mRNA structure and the BMP-4 mRNA levels were significantly higher in T-allele carriers compared with C-allele carriers; even the BMP4 protein plasma levels were higher among T-allele carries, but without reaching the statistical significance [28]. In this study, we found that the TT carriers of 6007C > T had a significantly higher rate for having high BMP-4 expressions, while the TT carriers had markedly higher percentage of high BMP-4 expressions, consistent with the result of above-mentioned study [28].
Recently, BMP-4 was shown to affect the response of cancer cells to the antitumor reagents. A previous study showed that the BMP-4 induces differentiation of cancer stem cells in colorectal tumor and increases their response to chemotherapy in mice, suggesting that BMP-4 might be developed as a therapeutic agent against cancer stem cells in advanced colorectal tumors [29]. BMP-4 epigenetic and expression status may represent promising biomarkers for GC cisplatin resistance [19, 30]. An epigenomic analysis identified BMP-4 as an epigenetically regulated gene highly expressed in cisplatin-resistant lines. Functional assays confirmed that BMP4 is necessary and sufficient for the expression of several prooncogenic traits [19]. Administration of BMP-4 to immunocompromised mice with tumors that arose from CRC-SCs increased the antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin [29]. These studies prompted us to testify whether the BMP-4 genetic variants affect the chemotherapy response in NSCLC cancer patients. We found a significant association between the BMP-4 polymorphisms at 6007C > T and the response to platinum-based chemotherapy, although the mechanism remains to be explored.
The prognostic role of BMP-4 in cancer prognosis has been previously reported. In serous ovarian carcinoma, strong expression of BMP-4 before chemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor of longer progression-free time and overall survival, but it was not associated with neovascularization [31]. The correlation of BMP-4 expression with clinical aggressiveness and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has also been reported. The expression of BMP-4 in HCC was associated with number of tumor nodules, Edmondson grade, TNM stage, and vascular invasion. BMP4 protein expression was found to be an independent factor for predicting both overall and disease-free survival of HCC [32]. In this study we found that the BMP-4 protein expression was closely related to both PFS and OS in NSCLC patients. Collectively, these studies suggest that BMP4 expressed in tumor tissues may act as a novel marker for predicting the prognosis of cancer patients, including patients with NSCLC.
Several limitations in this study need to be addressed. This study was a single-center cohort investigation on a relatively small scale. A validation study, either in an independent cohort of patients or functional assay, is lacking in this study. Secondly, we did not detect the BMP4 expression in either serum or cancer tissue of NSCLC subjects. The detection of BMP4 protein will help to clarify the effect of the genetic variants of BMP4 gene on chemotherapy response.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Xuwei Hou for his help in statistical analyses and Dr. Li Jiao for his help in writing this paper.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors' Contribution
Sun Xian and Lang Jilu contributed equally.
References
- 1.Tsim S, O’Dowd CA, Milroy R, Davidson S. Staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a review. Respiratory Medicine. 2010;104(12):1767–1774. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.08.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Kosmidis P. Chemotherapy in NSCLC: historical review. Lung Cancer. 2002;38(supplement 3):S19–S22. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5002(02)00261-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Hildebrandt MA, Gu J, Wu X. Pharmacogenomics of platinum-based chemotherapy in NSCLC. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology. 2009;5(7):745–755. doi: 10.1517/17425250902973711. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Chang A. Chemotherapy, chemoresistance and the changing treatment landscape for NSCLC. Lung Cancer. 2011;71(1):3–10. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.08.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Brundage MD, Davies D, Mackillop WJ. Prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer: a decade of progress. Chest. 2002;122(3):1037–1057. doi: 10.1378/chest.122.3.1037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Johnson JL, Pillai S, Chellappan SP. Genetic and biochemical alterations in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochemistry Research International. 2012;2012:18 pages. doi: 10.1155/2012/940405.940405 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Metro G, Crino L. Novel molecular trends in the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2012;12(6):729–732. doi: 10.1586/era.12.51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Dmitriev AA, Kashuba VI, Haraldson K, et al. Genetic and epigenetic analysis of non-small cell lung cancer with NotI-microarrays. Epigenetics. 2012;7(5):502–513. doi: 10.4161/epi.19801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Hou XW, Wang LF, Wang N, et al. The G501C polymorphism of oxidized LDL receptor gene [OLR-1] is associated with susceptibility and serum C-reactive protein concentration in Chinese essential hypertensives. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2008;388(1-2):200–203. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.11.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Li Y, Sun Z, Cunningham JM, et al. Genetic variations in multiple drug action pathways and survival in advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research. 2011;17(11):3830–3840. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Jiang B, Zhu ZZ, Liu F, et al. STAT3 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to non-small cell lung cancer. Genetics and Molecular Research. 2011;10(3):1856–1865. doi: 10.4238/vol10-3gmr1071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Zheng MF, Ji Y, Wu XB, Ye SG, Chen JY. EphB4 gene polymorphism and protein expression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2012;6(2):405–408. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2012.936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Xu C, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li L. Effect of the XRCC1 and XRCC3 genetic polymorphisms on the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer. 2011;14(12):912–917. doi: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.12.03. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Hou X, Appleby N, Fuentes T, et al. Isolation, characterization, and spatial distribution of cardiac progenitor cells in the sheep heart. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology. 2012:p. S6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Hogan BL. Bone morphogenetic proteins: multifunctional regulators of vertebrate development. Genes and Development. 1996;10(13):1580–1594. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.13.1580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Chang SF, Chang TK, Peng HH, et al. BMP-4 induction of arrest and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells via p21CIP1 and p27KIP1 regulation. Molecular Endocrinology. 2009;23(11):1827–1838. doi: 10.1210/me.2009-0143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Wang Y, Hou X, Li Y. Association between transforming growth factor 1 polymorphisms and atrial fibrillation in essential hypertensive subjects. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2010;17(1):p. 23. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-23. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Xu HY, Hou XW, Wang LF, Wang NF, Xu J. Association between transforming growth factor β1 polymorphisms and left ventricle hypertrophy in essential hypertensive subjects. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2010;335(1-2):13–17. doi: 10.1007/s11010-009-0235-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Ivanova T, Zouridis H, Wu Y, et al. Integrated epigenomics identifies BMP4 as a modulator of cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer. Gut. 2013;62(1):22–33. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Lin JY, Chen YJ, Huang YL, et al. Association of bone morphogenetic protein 4 gene polymorphisms with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chinese children. DNA and Cell Biology. 2008;27(11):601–605. doi: 10.1089/dna.2008.0777. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Wang X, Cui E, Zeng H, et al. RAGE genetic polymorphisms are associated with risk, chemotherapy response and prognosis in patients with advanced NSCLC. PLoS One. 2012;7(10) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043734.e43734 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Santo A, Genestreti G, Terzi A, et al. Gemcitabine (GEM) and Vindesine (VDS) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a phase II study in elderly or poor performance status patients. Lung Cancer. 2006;53(3):355–360. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.05.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Niho S, Kubota K, Goto K, et al. First-line single agent treatment with gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006;24(1):64–69. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.5825. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Soini Y, Kahlos K, Puhakka A, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in healthy pleura and in malignant mesothelioma. British Journal of Cancer. 2000;83(7):880–886. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Lee JH, Pyon J, Lee SH, et al. Greater expression of TC21/R-ras2 in highly aggressive malignant skin cancer. International Journal of Dermatology. 2011;50(8):956–960. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04846.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Reis LM, Tyler RC, Schilter KF, et al. BMP4 loss-of-function mutations in developmental eye disorders including SHORT syndrome. Human Genetics. 2011;130(4):495–504. doi: 10.1007/s00439-011-0968-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Ramesh Babu L, Wilson SG, Dick IM, Islam FMA, Devine A, Prince RL. Bone mass effects of a BMP4 gene polymorphism in postmenopausal women. Bone. 2005;36(3):555–561. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.12.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Capasso M, Ayala F, Russo R, Avvisati RA, Asci R, Iolascon A. A predicted functional single-nucleotide polymorphism of bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene affects mRNA expression and shows a significant association with cutaneous melanoma in Southern Italian population. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2009;135(12):1799–1807. doi: 10.1007/s00432-009-0628-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Lombardo Y, Scopelliti A, Cammareri P, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 induces differentiation of colorectal cancer stem cells and increases their response to chemotherapy in mice. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(1):297–309. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Wood NJ. Cancer: integrated epigenomic analysis sheds light on role of BMP4 in regulating cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2012;9(6):p. 301. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.95. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Laatio L, Myllynen P, Serpi R, et al. BMP-4 expression has prognostic significance in advanced serous ovarian carcinoma and is affected by cisplatin in OVCAR-3 cells. Tumor Biology. 2011;32(5):985–995. doi: 10.1007/s13277-011-0200-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Guo X, Xiong L, Zou L, Zhao J. Upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathology and Oncology Research. 2012;18(3):635–640. doi: 10.1007/s12253-011-9488-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]