Abstract
Prognostic factor analysis has been conducted to determine whether the parameters of clinical data and biomarkers would predict differential progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) from lapatinib-based therapy in patients with primary or acquired resistance to trastuzumab. Treatment with lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with primary or acquired resistance to trastuzumab was analyzed retrospectively. Tumor biomarkers, which came from the biopsies before the starting of lapatinib therapy, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Prognostic factors related to PFS or OS of the lapatinib therapy were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Ki-67 index and liver metastases were the significant prognostic factors for predicting PFS of subsequent lapatinib therapy in the univariate analysis and the multivariate analysis. The risk for disease progression in patients who had a Ki-67 index < 40% was 59% less than that in patients had Ki-67 ≥ 40 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI, 0.23–0.74, P = 0.003). TTP of prior trastuzumab therapy, liver metastases, and the number of metastatic sites were three independent prognostic factors of subsequent lapatinib therapy. Ki-67 index was the significant prognostic factors for predicting PFS of the subsequent second line targeted therapy in patients with trastuzumab resistance.
Keywords: lapatinib, trastuzumab, resistance, Ki-67, prognostic factor, HER2 positive, metastatic breast cancer
Introduction
Approximately 25–30% of invasive breast cancers overexpress the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), which is associated with increased risk of recurrence, and poor prognosis.1 Trastuzumab (Herceptin), a monoclonal antibody against HER2, has been found significantly to improve PFS and OS of patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer in clinical practice,2-4 so a trastuzumab-based regimen has become a standard therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. However, almost all of these patients have diseases that develop resistance to trastuzumab alone or trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy. As shown in two early studies of taxane plus trastuzumab therapy (H0648 g and M77001),2,3 the overall response rate (ORR) of MBC to trastuzumab in combination with taxanes as the first line therapy was only 50–61%. In addition, with prolonged therapy, the disease progressed in patients initially responsive to trastuzumab. It has been proven that patients with resistance to trastuzumab-based therapy still require anti-HER2 therapy for effective control of the disease. Lapatinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting HER1 (EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2, has a different mechanism of action from trastuzumab. In the present study, we analyzed prognostic factors in patients receiving lapatinib-based regimen to treat HER2-positive MBC with resistance to trastuzumab.
Results
The characteristics of the patients
From July 2008 to July 2012, 56 patients who were treated with lapatinib plus capecitabine therapy at our institution were enrolled. The characteristics of the 56 patients with resistance to trastuzumab were shown in Table 1. The median age of all patients included in the study was 49 y. Twenty-five patients (45%) had hormone receptor positive disease. Forty-nine patients (87%) had visceral metastases. Twenty-six patients (47%) had ≥3 metastatic sites. All patients had been treated with anthracyclines and taxanes, and all patients had received trastuzumab therapy for metastatic disease until disease progression. Thirty-seven patients (66%) had been exposed to prior capecitabine therapy. Twenty-seven patients (48%) had ≥3 lines of chemotherapy for metastatic disease. The median TTP of trastuzumab therapy was 5.3 mo. Twenty patients (36%) had TTP of trastuzumab therapy ≤3 mo (4 cycles), 9 patients (16%) had TTP of 3–6 mo (4–8 cycles) and 27 patients (48%) had TTP ≥6 mo (8 cycles). The histological specimen of metastatic sites from 56 patients with trastuzumab resistance were obtained and analyzed about the biomarkers before starting the treatment of lapatinib: PTEN loss in 95% patients, EGFR-positive in 29% patients, and p53-positive in 45% patients. The median of Ki-67 index is 35%. The low-intermediate of Ki-67 index (<40%) in 57% patients and high (≥40%) in 43% patients. The median duration of lapatinib plus capecitabine treatment is 4.7 mo (95% CI 4.2, 5.3).
Table 1. The characteristics of the patients with resistance to trastuzumab (N = 56).
| Patient characteristics | N (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | Median (range) | 49 (28–74) |
| ≤50 | 35 (62) | |
| >50 | 21 (38) | |
| ECOG performance status | 0 | 25 (45) |
| 1 | 31 (55) | |
| Hormone receptor status | ER+ and/or PR+ | 25 (45) |
| ER− and PR− | 31 (55) | |
| Metastatic sites | Visceral (± nonvisceral) | 49 (87) |
| Liver | 29 (52) | |
| Lung | 27 (48) | |
| Bone | 25 (45) | |
| Brain | 14 (25) | |
| Nonvisceral only | 7 (13) | |
| Number of metastatic sites | ≥3 | 26 (47) |
| 2 | 18 (32) | |
| 1 | 12 (21) | |
| Previous therapy | Anthracyclines | 56 (100) |
| Taxanes | 56 (100) | |
| Trastuzumab | 56 (100) | |
| As neoadjuvant therapy | 0 | |
| As adjuvant therapy | 0 | |
| For metastatic disease | 56 (100) | |
| Lapatinib | 0 | |
| Capecitabine | 37 (66) | |
| Progression | 27 (48) | |
| No progression | 10 (18) | |
| Number of chemotherapy lines for metastatic disease | ≥3 | 27 (48) |
| 2 | 18 (32) | |
| 0–1 | 11 (20) | |
| TTP of trastuzumab therapy (mo) | Median (range) | 5.3 (0.7–28.9) |
| ≤3 | 20 (36) | |
| 3–6 | 9 (16) | |
| ≥6 | 27 (48) | |
| Response of trastuzumab therapy | CR | 2 (4) |
| PR | 18 (32) | |
| SD | 28 (50) | |
| ≥6 mo | 11 (20) | |
| <6 mo | 17 (30) | |
| PD | 8 (14) | |
| Time from discontinuation of trastuzumab to initiation of lapatinib therapy (mo) | ≤1 | 29 (52) |
| 1–6 | 12 (21) | |
| 6–12 | 8 (14) | |
| ≥12 | 7 (13) | |
| PTEN loss | Yes | 53 (95) |
| No | 3 (5) | |
| EGFR expression | Positive | 16 (29) |
| Negative | 40 (71) | |
| p53 expression | Positive | 25 (45) |
| Negative | 31 (55) | |
| Ki-67 index (%) | Median (range) | 35 (5–75) |
| Low–intermediate (<40) | 32 (57) | |
| High (≥40) | 24 (43) | |
Univariate analysis for the prognostic factors of lapatinib therapy
The PFSs in all 56 patients were available, and the OSs in 40 patients were available until the date of analysis. The present study included 14 influence factors of lapatinib plus capecitabine therapy. Univariate analysis showed that Ki-67 index <40% and without liver metastases were significantly associated with longer median PFS (P = 0.008, P = 0.01 respectively); TTP of trastuzumab therapy >3 mo (4 cycles), without liver metastases and number of metastatic sites <3 were significantly associated with longer median OS (P = 0.005, P = 0.006, P = 0.0006, respectively) (Table 2).
Table 2. Univariate analysis for the prognostic factors of lapatinib therapy in the patients with resistance to trastuzumab (N = 56).
| Factors | PFS | OS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median PFS (month) 95% CI | P value | Median OS (month) 95% CI | P value | |
| Age (y) | ||||
| ≤50 | 4.6 (3.2, 5.9) | 0.36 | 16.9 (12.3, 23.1) | 0.5 |
| >50 | 5.0 (2.8, 5.3) | 17.5 (10.3, 25.5) | ||
| Hormone receptor status | ||||
| Positive | 5.0 (2.7, 6.1) | 0.8 | 17.5 (12.6, 23.1) | 0.68 |
| Negative | 4.5 (3.2, 5.3) | 16.9 (11.5, 25.5) | ||
| Liver metastases | ||||
| Yes | 4.3 (2.8, 5.0) | 0.01 | 13.1 (9.4, 16.6) | 0.006 |
| No | 5.2 (4.3, 6.8) | 22.2 (16.9, 27.6) | ||
| Brain metastases | ||||
| Yes | 4.9 (2.6, 6.3) | 0.54 | 11.9 (8.5, 25.6) | 0.15 |
| No | 4.5 (3.5, 5.3) | 18.2 (16.1, 23.1) | ||
| Number of metastatic sites | ||||
| ≥3 | 4.6 (2.7, 5.3) | 0.19 | 11.8 (8.4, 16.0) | 0.0006 |
| <3 | 5.0 (4.2, 6.1) | 23.1 (16.9, 26.4) | ||
| Number of chemotherapy lines for metastatic disease | ||||
| ≥3 | 4.4 (2.4, 5.9) | 0.17 | 16.0 (9.7, 20.5) | 0.21 |
| <3 | 5.0 (4.3, 5.9) | 20.6 (13.5, 25.6) | ||
| Prior exposed to capecitabine | ||||
| Yes | 4.5 (2.8, 5.3) | 0.08 | 16.9 (12.3, 20.6) | 0.57 |
| No | 5.3 (4.3, 6.8) | 17.5 (10.3, 26.4) | ||
| TTP of trastuzumab therapy | ||||
| ≤3 mo (4 cycles) | 4.5 (2.6, 6.3) | 0.47 | 12.7 (7.5, 17.5) | 0.005 |
| >3 mo (4 cycles) | 4.7 (4.2, 5.3) | 20.5 (13.5, 26.4) | ||
| Clinical benefit from trastuzumab therapy | ||||
| Yes | 4.6 (3.2, 5.3) | 0.73 | 18.0 (11.5, 22.2) | 0.5 |
| No | 5.2 (2.8, 6.8) | 16.6 (11.9, 25.5) | ||
| Time from discontinuation of trastuzumab to initiation of lapatinib therapy | ||||
| ≤1 mo | 4.6 (2.7, 6.0) | 0.68 | 18.0 (13.1, 25.5) | 0.99 |
| >1 mo | 4.8 (3.2, 5.3) | 13.5 (10.3, 22.2) | ||
| PTEN loss | ||||
| Yes | 4.5 (2.8, 5.3) | 0.95 | 14.2 (11.5, 26.4) | 0.6 |
| No | 4.7 (1.7, 9.5) | * | ||
| EGFR expression | ||||
| Positive | 5.5 (4.2, 6.2) | 0.21 | 11.9 (9.2,59.5) | 0.52 |
| Negative | 4.3 (2.2, 4.6) | 21.8 (11.6, 29.9) | ||
| p53 expression | ||||
| Positive | 5.0 (4.2, 6.2) | 0.31 | 11.6 (9.7, 59.5) | 0.84 |
| Negative | 4.2 (1.7, 4.7) | 14.2 (11.8, 29.9) | ||
| Ki-67 index | ||||
| <40% | 4.9 (3.2, 6.1) | 0.008 | 21.8 (11.5, 59.5) | 0.08 |
| ≥40% | 3.5 (1.6, 4.7) | 12.7 (7.0, 25.5) | ||
Note: *Only 3 patients had no PTEN loss and the OSs from 2 patients among these patients were censored data, so there had not the estimated value of the median OS.
Multivariate analysis for the prognostic factors of lapatinib therapy
All of the factors listed in Table 2 were fed into a Cox regression model for multivariate analysis. The analysis revealed that Ki-67 index and liver metastases were the significant prognostic factors for predicting PFS of lapatinib therapy (Table 3). This observation suggests that the risk for disease progression of lapatinib therapy in patients who had Ki-67 index <40% was 59% less than the risk in patients who had Ki-67 ≥40 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI, 0.23–0.74, P = 0.003) (Fig. 1);the risk for disease progression of lapatinib therapy in patients without liver metastases was 43% less than the risk in patients with liver metastases (HR = 0.57, 95% CI, 0.33–0.98, P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis for OS revealed that TTP of trastuzumab therapy, liver metastases, and the number of metastatic sites were three independent prognostic factors of lapatinib therapy in patients with trastuzumab resistance (Table 4). This observation suggests that the risk of death for patients who had TTP of trastuzumab therapy >3 mo (4 cycles) was 54% less than the risk for patients who had TTP of trastuzumab therapy ≤3 mo (4 cycles) (HR = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.28–0.76, P = 0.002); the risk of death for patients without liver metastases was 50% less than the risk for patients with liver metastases(HR = 0.5, 95% CI, 0.3–0.81, P = 0.006); the risk of death for patients had the number of metastatic sites <3 was 45% less than the risk for patients had the number of metastatic sites ≥3 (HR = 0.55, 95% CI, 0.34–0.88, P = 0.014).
Table 3. Multivariate analysis for the prognostic factors of PFS of lapatinib therapy in the patients with resistance to trastuzumab (N = 56).
| Covariate | Effect tested | HR (95% CI)a | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ki-67 index | ≥40% vs <40% | 0.41 (0.23~0.74) | 0.003 |
| Liver metastases | Yes vs No | 0.57 (0.33, 0.98) | 0.04 |
a HR < 1 indicates a lower risk.
Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier estimates for PFS of lapatinib plus capecitabine therapy in patients with trastuzumab resistance. PFS was significantly longer in patients who had a Ki-67 index <40% than in patients who had Ki-67 ≥40% (HR = 0.41, 95% CI, 0.23–0.74, P = 0.003 by Cox regression model).
Table 4. Multivariate analysis for the prognostic factors of OS of lapatinib therapy in the patients with resistance to trastuzumab (N = 56).
| Covariate | Effect tested | HR (95% CI)a | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| TTP of trastuzumab therapy | ≤3 mo (4 cycles) vs >3 mo (4 cycles) | 0.46 (0.28~0.76) | 0.002 |
| Liver metastases | Yes vs No | 0.50 (0.30~0.81) | 0.006 |
| Number of metastatic sites | ≥3 vs <3 | 0.55 (0.34~0.88) | 0.014 |
a HR < 1 indicates a lower risk.
Discussion
Lapatinib, a small-molecule dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of both HER2 and EGFR (HER1), can bind to the intercellular ATP-binding domain of both receptors and inhibit receptor auto-phosphorylation. Therefore, lapatinib prevents receptor activation and leads to the blocking of downstream signal transduction, such as MAPK or PI3K/Akt pathway, which is responsible for modulation of tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis.5,6 Lapatinib is active against trastuzumab-resistant cell lines in preclinical study;7 furthermore, several studies demonstrated that treatment with lapatinib is effective in some patients with HER2-positive MBC resistant to trastuzumab-based therapy,8-11 which may be attributed to differences between the mechanism of trastuzumab and lapatinib in the modulation of cell signaling.12 These data suggest that the clinical use of lapatinib is necessary for continued tumor suppression in HER2-positive MBC with trastuzumab resistance. Cameron reported that lapatinib may be more effective in patients who had received only one prior trastuzumab-containing regimen.13 In spite of this, to date the analyses about the prognostic factors in patients receiving the second line targeted therapy (lapatinib) to treat HER2-positive MBC after resistance to the first line targeted therapy (trastuzumab) are insufficient. In the present study, prognostic factor analysis has been conducted to determine whether parameters of prior therapy or related biomarkers would predict differential PFS or OS from subsequent lapatinib in patients with primary or acquired resistance to trastuzumab.
The univariate analysis and the multivariate analysis relating to OS revealed that TTP of prior trastuzumab therapy, liver metastases and the number of metastatic sites were three independent prognostic factors of lapatinib therapy in patients with trastuzumab resistance.The risk of death for patients who had TTP of trastuzumab therapy >3 mo (4 cycles) was 54% less than the risk for patients who had TTP of trastuzumab therapy ≤3 mo (4 cycles) (HR = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.28–0.76, P = 0.002). The current data confirmed that a shorter TTP of prior trastuzumab therapy was associated with a shorter overall survival of subsequent lapatinib treatment, that is to say, the patients who had short TTP of prior trastuzumab therapy would have short overall survival from the total anti-HER2 therapy and poorer prognosis.
The proliferation biomarker Ki-67 is suggested to be a prognostic factor for breast cancer in a lot of studies.14 The cut-off of Ki-67 in several survival analysis of different cancers was 40%. In anorectal malignant melanoma, with a cut-off point of 40%, patients with lower Ki-67 scores showed survival advantage over those with higher Ki-67 scores by multivariate analysis.15 In rectal/recto sigmoid cancer, Ki-67 was divided into high (>40%) and low (≤40%) expression and high expression of Ki-67 was associated with better survival.16 In breast cancer, the median Ki-67 index of HER2-positive tumors was 40%, and patients with a high Ki-67 index had significantly poor disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival.17 Thus, in our study, according to median Ki-67 value, we used 40% as the cut point of Ki-67.
The results of our study suggested that Ki-67 index and liver metastases were the significant prognostic factors for predicting PFS of lapatinib therapy in the univariate analysis and the multivariate analysis. The risk for disease progression of lapatinib therapy in patients who had a Ki-67 index <40% was 59% less than the risk in patients had Ki-67 ≥40 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI, 0.23–0.74, P = 0.003); thus, high Ki-67 index was correlated with poor prognosis in patients in lapatinib treatment. On the other hand, there were no significant correlations between patient survival and other biomarkers such as PTEN, EGFR, and p53 status in lapatinib therapy. The proliferative gene Ki-67, as a prognostic and predictive marker, was understood well recently in breast cancer. In endocrine therapy, changes in proliferation biomarker Ki-67 have been proposed as a surrogate marker of clinical activity.18 Dowsett et al. draw the conclusion that Ki-67 as a marker of treatment benefit and predictor of long-term outcome and Ki-67 as a marker of acquired resistance of endocrine therapy.19 Our study supported that the Ki-67 index was the significant prognostic factors for predicting PFS of lapatinib therapy and high Ki-67 index was correlated with poor prognosis.
In conclusion, in patients with trastuzumab resistant tumors, PFS was longer in patients with a low vs. high Ki-67 with lapatinib plus capecitabine treatment, which is a potential biomarker to indicating the benefit from changing to lapatinib therapy for HER2-positive MBC patients after occurring the resistance to trastuzumab therapy.
Patients and Methods
Study population
The major eligibility criteria included the following: female, aged 18–75 y; histologically confirmed metastatic and invasive breast cancer; presence of a HER2-positive tumor, defined as immunohistochemistry (IHC) test +++ or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test-positive (HER2/CEN-17 > 2.2) (Abbott Laboratories); has progressed after treatment with regimens that included an anthracycline, a taxane, and developed resistance to trastuzumab-based regimen, which was defined as “tumor progression of metastatic breast cancer occurred during trastuzumab treatment”; according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria, has at least one measurable lesion; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0–2; the left ventricular ejection fraction assessed using echocardiography is equal to or larger than the lower limit of normal value; the key indicators for blood test, liver, and kidney function are in the normal range. The institutional review board of Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences approved the study protocol. All patients gave written informed consent.
Major ineligibility criteria included the following: presence of central nervous system metastases with symptoms (the patients whose central nervous system metastasis was stabilized after treatment were included); presence of gastrointestinal functional damage or disease that can significantly affect the absorption of orally administered lapatinib or capecitabine; has active heart disease or cardiac dysfunction; or has other types of malignant tumors.
Treatment and assessment
All patients received trastuzumab 8 mg/kg IV with first dose followed by trastuzumab 6 mg/kg IV every 21 d. All patients with resistance to trastuzumab received therapy consisting of lapatinib (1250 mg/d, oral) plus capecitabine (2000 mg/m2/d; oral; on days 1–14) in a 21-d cycle.
Before entering into the study,all patients received a baseline assessment, including a complete medical history and physical examination, chest CT, abdominal CT or MRI scan, bone scan, and other appropriate procedures were also performed as needed. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated once every 6 wk (2 cycles of treatment) during the treatment according to the RECIST 1.1 criteria. Of the lesions observed prior to treatment, the short axis of two measurable lesions from each metastasized organ up to a total of five lesions was selected as target lesions. In cases of partial or complete response, a confirmative CT scan was performed 4 wk later, and this was followed by a CT scan after every two treatment cycles. Tumor-related symptoms were assessed at baseline and before each cycle. The efficacy criteria included complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), stable disease (SD), and progression disease (PD). The study index included the PFS, defined as the time from initiation of study medication until the earliest date of disease progression or death from any cause; the OS, defined as the time from initiation of study medication until death due to any cause.
Biomarker analysis
Tumor samples from the patients’ metastatic cancer mass after progression of the trastuzumab therapy but before starting the lapatinib treatment were evaluated by the pathology department of our institution for expression of EGFR, PTEN, P53, and Ki-67 by IHC. The biopsy sites included liver (18, 32%), lung (3, 5%), lymph node (22, 40%), breast (7, 12.5%), soft tissues (4, 7%; chest wall, 3; cervical part, 1), brain (2, 3.5%).
The operation of IHC was in accordance with the standard procedures. Paraffin-embedded 4 um thick tissue sections were dewaxed and rehydrated. Slides were incubated with the primary antibodies for 30 min at room temperature. The four antigens were detected with the following primary antibodies: EGFR, PTEN, P53, and Ki-67 (Beijing Zhongshanjinqiao Biotech. Co. Ltd).Then the slides were incubated for 5 min in 3% H2O2 and were washed in TBS and incubated with the primary antibody diluted in TBS with 0.5% casein and 5% normal goat serum, for 60 min at room temperature. In the negative controls, an irrelevant primary antibody was used.
PTEN was scored semiquantitatively using the immunoreactive score (IRS), which was calculated by multiplying the percentage of PTEN-positive cells (scored 0–4) with the PTEN staining intensity (0–3). PTEN loss was defined as an IRS < 9.20 Tumors were considered EGFR positive if the percentage of positive tumor cells was ≥1%. Only clear staining of the tumor cell membranes was scored positive; diffuse cytoplasmatic or granular staining was diagnosed as negative. p53-positive was indicated by the homogeneous and diffuse staining, or focal staining in >5% of tumor cells. Ki-67 index was determined to be low-intermediate if the proportion of cells was <40% and high if the proportion was ≥40% by counting at least 500 tumor cells.21
Statistical analysis
Prognostic factors related to PFS or OS of the lapatinib plus capecitabine regimen were assessed in patients with resistance to trastuzumab. The log-rank test was used for univariate analysis, and a Cox regression model was employed for multivariate analysis. The Kaplan–Meier method was applied for delineation of the survival curve. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were calculated with SPSS 16.0 statistical analysis software.
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Footnotes
Previously published online: www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cbt/article/27624
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