Figure 2.

Upper panel: Group-by-decision interaction. The abstinent group showed less activation in the bilateral anterior insula during safe decisions but increased activation during risky decisions. The relapse group showed no change in insular activation between risky and safe decisions. Insular activation related to risk processing among the abstinent group mirrored healthy individuals, where activation increases in proportion to risk. Error bars represent standard error. Lower panel: The differential activation between risky and safe decisions (risky–safe) was significantly correlated with risk-taking frequency for both the left and right clusters identified in the LME model shown above, indicating that insular activation during decisions was related to task behavior.