Skip to main content
PMC home page
Disease Markers logoLink to Disease Markers
. 2014 Apr 2;2014:541709. doi: 10.1155/2014/541709

Assessment of Lipocalin 2, Clusterin, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1, Interleukin-6, Homocysteine, and Uric Acid Levels in Patients with Psoriasis

Arzu Ataseven 1,*, Recep Kesli 2, Gulcan Saylam Kurtipek 1, Perihan Ozturk 3
PMCID: PMC3996950  PMID: 24803721

Abstract

Background. Chronic inflammation may play a role in psoriasis pathogenesis. Lipocalin 2, clusterin, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR-1), interleukin-6, homocysteine, and uric acid are inflammatory and/or biochemical markers. However, both the roles of these markers and the pathogenesis of psoriasis are unknown. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of lipocalin 2, clusterin, sTNFR-1, interleukin-6, homocysteine, and uric acid in patients and controls groups. Methods. Fifty-six patients with psoriasis and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. Serum concentrations of the markers were evaluated by ELISA. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was evaluated in all psoriasis patients. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (m) squared. Results. The serum value of lipocalin and sTNFR-1 were significantly higher in psoriasis patients than in controls (resp., P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The others showed no significant differences between psoriasis and the control groups (all of them P > 0.05). The mean PASI score in the patient group was 8.3 ± 6.5. Conclusions. These findings suggest that lipocalin 2 and sTNFR-1 might play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and can be used as markers of the disease.

1. Introduction

Psoriasis is a chronic recurrent autoimmune skin disease which shows multifactorial etiology and polygenic genetic transmission. It is considered that numerous proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12, have the main role on the pathogenesis and they are secreted by T cells infiltrated to the skin, in response to unspecified antigenic stimulus. On the other hand, keratinocyte proliferation is a secondary biological phenomenon [1].

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, is a 25 kDa protein. LCN2 has been defined as an adipokine. It is expressed in liver, lungs, and kidneys, as well as adipocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells [2]. LCN2 is an antimicrobial protein [3]. It is stored in specific granules of the human neutrophil and functions as a modulator of inflammation [4]. LCN2 has been demonstrated to be a proinflammatory molecule causing some to call it a cytokine. LCN2 expression is upregulated in various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, periodontitis, and myocarditis [5].

Clusterin (CLU), also known as apolipoprotein J, is encoded on chromosome 8 in humans. It is excreted from various tissues, such as the brain, neural tissue, liver, adrenal glands, and testes. It can be found in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, mother's milk, semen, and urine [6, 7]. CLU has important functions in a number of physiological processes. Moreover, CLU may play a role in numerous processes, including autoimmunity, inflammation, and immunological activities [8].

Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR-1): tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in various events, such as the induction of other cytokines, cell proliferation, and differentiation [9]. There are two receptors for TNF: tumor necrosis factor receptor- (TNFR-) 1 and TNFR-2. TNFR-1 is expressed ubiquitously and is the major receptor. It mediates the effects of soluble TNF-α on cells [10]. TNF plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, but its mechanism of action is not fully understood [11].

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the most important inflammatory cytokines. It is a component of normal human skin and it has been immunologically detected in basal keratinocytes, endothelial cells, mononuclear cells, and fibroblasts [12]. IL-6 plays a central role in a variety of host defense mechanisms, such as the immune response, hematopoiesis, and acute-phase reactions [13]. The human IL-6 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 7 [14]. IL-6-knockout mice exhibit impaired immune and acute-phase responses [15].

Homocysteineis an α-amino acid [16]. It is not obtained from the diet; it is biosynthesized from methionine [17]. A high level of homocysteine increases susceptibility to endothelial injury, which leads to vascular inflammation. This in turn may lead to atherogenesis, which can result in ischemic injury [18]. Hyperhomocysteinemia represents an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [19]. Psoriasis is a systemic, chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Uric acid (UA) is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides [20].

The aim of this study is to investigate the possible roles of LCN2, an inflammatory adipocytokine; CLU, an enigmatic protein associated with inflammation; sTNFR-1 and IL-6, which are among the proinflammatory cytokines; homocysteine and UA in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, that is, an inflammatory skin disorder.

2. Materials and Methods

Fifty-six patients and 33 age- and sex-matched healty controls were prospectively enrolled in this study. Participants gave their informed consent before enrollment. Local ethics committee approval was obtained. Medical history and clinical examinations were performed in both psoriasis and control groups. Clinically and/or histopathologically diagnosed psoriasis was evaluated. PASI scores of the patients with psoriasis were recorded. BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2).

2.1. Exclusion Criteria of Patients and Control Groups

Patients who received systemic medication and/or phototherapy were excluded from the study. Other exclusion factors were as follows: BMI ≥ 35, psoriatic arthritis, pregnancy, age < 18 years, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, liver and cardiac failure, acute and chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

2.2. Laboratory Investigations

Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the study and control groups using blood collector tubes. Serum samples were obtained by centrifugation (3500 rpm, 4 min) and were stored in a deep freezer (−80°C) until use. LCN2, CLU, sTNFR-1, IL-6, homocysteine, and UA levels were measured in serum samples from patients and controls. ELISA kits for LCN2 (LCN2 NGAL/Human ELISA Kit, BioVendor R&D Laboratorni Medicina a.s., Karasek, Czech Republic), CLU (CLU (apolipoprotein J) Human ELISA Kit, BioVendor R&D), sTNFR-1 (Human sTNFR (60 kDa) Platinum ELISA Kit, eBioscience, Bender MedSystems GmbH, Vienna, Austria), IL-6 (Human IL-6 (interferon-beta 2, B-cell stimulatory factor 2, and HGF) Platinum ELISA Kit, eBioscience), and a microplate reader (BioTek ELx 800, BioTek Instrumentations, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) were used.

Absorbances for all four tests were read at a wavelength of 450 nm. Assay units were ng/mL for LCN2, CLU, and sTNFR, and pg/mL for IL-6. The limit of detection for LCN-2 was 0.02 ng/mL, the standard curve range was 0.3–10 ng/mL, and the calculated overall intra-assay (within-run) coefficient of variation (CV) was 7.7%. The limit of detection for CLU was 0.5 ng/mL, the detection range was 5–160 ng/mL, and the intra-assay CV was 6.2%. The sensitivity for sTNFR-1 was 0.05 ng/mL, the detection range was 0.08–5 ng/mL, and the intra-assay CV was 1.9%. The sensitivity for IL-6 was 0.92 pg/mL, the detection range was 1.56–100 pg/mL, and the intra-assay CV was 3.4%. Six standards and one blank were used for each of the four tests. Homocysteine assays (Homocysteine, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Marburg, Germany) were performed by a chemiluminescence method using an automated immunoassay device (Immulite 2000 XPi Immunoassay System, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA), and uric acid assays were performed by a photometric method (Dimension EXL, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. Tarrytown, NY, USA) using an automated immunochemistry analyzer manufactured by the same company.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS Portable PASW Statistics 18. Student's t-test and the chi-squared test were used for group comparisions. Correlations between LCN2, CLU, TNFR-1, IL-6, homocysteine, and UA levels were evaluated by Pearson's correlation test. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate significance.

3. Results

The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients and control subjects are summarized in Table 1. There were no significant differences between the groups concerning age, sex, or BMI (P > 0.05).

Table 1.

Demographic and laboratory findings of psoriasis and healthy control groups.

  Psoriasis Control
n 56 33
Age 39.75 ± 18.29 36.18 ± 14.19
Male/female 21/35 11/22
PASI 8.3 ± 6.5  
BMI (kg/m2) 26.7 ± 5.8 25.7 ± 5.1
Lipocalin 2 (ng/mL) 2.54 ± 0.46** 2.07 ± 0.39
Clusterin (ng/mL) 2.55 ± 0.26 2.52 ± 0.18
sTNFR-1 (ng/mL) 0.33 ± 0.15* 0.26 ± 0.06
IL-6 (pg/mL) 0.14 ± 0.3 0.13 ± 0.02
Homocysteine (μmol/L) 13.55 ± 8.3 16.04 ± 9.3
Uric acid (mg/dL) 4.48 ± 1.2 4.20 ± 0.9
Open in a new tab

PASI: psoriasis area severity index; BMI: body mass index.

*P < 0.05;  **P < 0.001.

The mean LCN2 level was 2.54 ± 0.46 ng/mL in the patient group and 2.07 ± 0.39 ng/mL in the control group. The mean CLU level was 2.55 ± 0.26 ng/mL in the patients and 2.52 ± 0.18 ng/mL in the controls. The mean sTNFR-1 level was 0.33 ± 0.15 ng/mL in the patient group and 0.26 ± 0.06 ng/mL in the control group. Comparisons of the serum LCN2 and sTNFR-1 levels of the patient and the control groups revealed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, resp.) (Figures 1 and 2). The mean IL-6 level was 0.14 ± 0.3 pg/mL in patients and 0.13 ± 0.02 pg/mL in the control group. The mean homocysteine level was 13.55 ± 8.3 μmol/mL in patients and 16.04 ± 9.3 μmol/mL in the control group. The mean UA level was 4.48 ± 1.2 mg/dL in patients and 4.20 ± 0.9 mg/dL in the control group. There were no significant differences in CLU, IL-6, homocysteine, or UA levels between psoriasis patients and the control group (P > 0.05). The mean PASI score in the patient group was 8.3 ± 6.5. Mean BMI was 26.7 ± 5.8 in patients and 25.7 ± 5.1 in the control group (P > 0.05). PASI showed significant positive correlations with homocysteine (r: 0.334; P: 0.013) and UA (r: 0.268; P: 0.046) levels (Figures 3 and 4). BMI showed significant positive correlations with UA (r: 0.258; P: 0.016) and IL-6 (r: 0.331; P: 0.002) levels (Figures 5 and 6). Other parameters were not correlated with PASI and BMI.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Lipocalin 2 levels in psoriasis and control groups.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

sTNFR-1 levels in psoriasis and control groups.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Positive correlation of uric acid levels and PASI.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Positive correlation of homocysteine levels and PASI.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

Positive correlation of IL-6 levels and BMI.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

Positive correlation of uric acid levels and BMI.

4. Discussion

In this study, we found that serum LCN2 levels were significantly increased in patients with psoriasis compared with healty controls. There are a limited number of previous studies of LCN2 in psoriasis. Kamata et al. [2] found that serum LCN2 levels were significantly higher compared to those in healthy controls. Romani et al. [21] also found significantly higher levels of serum LCN2 compared to healthy controls. These two studies were similar to ours and demonstrated high levels of LCN2. However, a study by El-Hadidi et al. [22] did not show significant differences in LCN2 levels compared to controls. Despite this, the authors noted that tissue LCN2 levels were significantly higher [23]. Another study showed that LCN2 gene expression is induced by IL-17 [24]. Lee et al. investigated psoriasis-like diseases and found that in vitro LCN2 expression was highly increased in calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation [25]. Other researchers also detected increased levels of tissue LCN2 expression using in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical methods [26, 27]. Similar to our findings, the previous studies demonstrated that serum and/or tissue levels of LCN2 were generally increased. There are conflicting results regarding the correlation between LCN2 and PASI [2–4, 21]. These differences can be attributed to several factors. One of the main causes is the fact that LCN2 is secreted from various tissues, such as liver, lungs, and kidneys, as well as adipocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells. Other factors, such as the diversity of patient groups consisting of individuals with different disease durations and severities, past medical history, and medical therapies, may also explain the conflicting results. LCN2 may not completely reflect the degree of skin inflammation of all patients with psoriasis.

Despite LCN2 being an adipokine, we found no significant correlation between LCN2 levels and BMI in either patients with psoriasis or in controls. Kamata et al. [2] also found no relationship between LCN2 and BMI in psoriasis patients and controls. Stejskal et al. [28] also reported no correlation between LCN2 and BMI in patients with metabolic syndrome. However, other studies reported different results [22]. Also in psoriasis, LCN2 has been investigated in metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus [22, 29, 30]. There was no significant difference in the serum CLU levels in psoriasis patients compared to healthy controls in our study. To our knowledge, this is the second study to assess CLU levels in psoriasis patients. The first was conducted in 21 psoriasis patients and 11 healthy controls by Garcia-Rodriguez et al. [31], who found lower plasma CLU levels in psoriasis patients. Recent studies found that CLU has anti-iflammatory properties. The severity of autoimmune myocarditis was increased in CLU-deficient mice, and inflammation progressed rapidly [32]. Similarly, CLU was highly expressed in the synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis [33].

The findings concerning CLU levels are contradictory. Its level is increased in some cancers, including prostate, ovary, and bladder cancers, and this increase was associated with a poor prognosis [34]. Fandridis et al. [35] determined that sCLU is involved in both inflammatory and apoptotic molecular processes and noted a high sCLU concentration in human serum and synovial fluid. Wang et al. [36] concluded that decreased CLU levels affect the pathogenesis of SLE due to the diminished protective effects.

Tobisawa et al. [37] retrospectively performed immunostaining in the patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. They claimed that CLU expression could be used as a prognostic marker in early-stage mycosis fungoides to determine the progression to a poor prognosis. Serum CLU levels were found to be higher in patients with systemic sclerosis by Yanaba et al. [38], who noted that the patients with higher CLU levels experienced digital ulcer and pulmonary arterial hypertension less frequently. CLU has a protective role in pulmonary arterial hypertension and digital ulcer. Although the various biological functions of CLU have long been investigated, it remains an enigmatic protein [39]. Hence, additional studies are required to understand the role of CLU as a novel molecule in psoriasis.

In the present study, the soluble TNFR-1 level was higher in psoriasis patients than in controls. There are conflicting results in the literature. Serwin et al. [40] found that serum TNFR-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with psoriasis compared with those in controls. Brotas et al. [41] reported that TNF-α has various effects on the cellular level in psoriasis. Coimbra et al. [42] found no differences in TNF levels between patients and controls. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that TNFR-1 level plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis.

The serum IL-6 levels did not differ between the psoriasis patients and controls in this study. Increased serum levels of IL-6 have been reported in psoriasis patients [43–45]. As in our study, Kaur et al. [46] reported a statistically significant elevation of IL-6 concentration in obese psoriasis patients. However, in psoriasis patients with normal body weights, the increase was not significant. One possible explanation for the absence of high IL-6 levels in our patients is their lower BMI than those in the study of Kaur et al.

In our study, there were no significant differences in serum homocysteine levels between psoriasis patients and healthy controls. Serum homocysteine levels in patients with psoriasis were positively correlated with PASI. Several researchers have demonstrated significantly increased homocsyteine levels in the psoriasis patients compared with controls [19, 47–52]. However, Cakmak et al. [53] in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey, the same region as in our study, reported no significant difference in homocysteine levels between psoriasis patients and controls, although serum homocysteine levels correlated with PASI, in agreement with our findings. The difference in findings may be related to regional and/or genetic differences between psoriasis patients. Few studies have shown a relationship between homocysteine levels and PASI [48, 52, 53]. The increased cardiovascular risk with increasing psoriasis severity might be due to homocysteine.

In the present study, serum UA levels did not differ significantly between psoriasis patients and controls. However, serum UA levels were correlated with PASI and BMI. According to previous reports, serum UA levels can be higher in up to 30–50% of psoriasis patients. This can be attributed to the increased epidermal proliferation and associated DNA destruction in psoriasis [54]. Some studies have reported increased UA levels in psoriasis [55–57]. A positive correlation between UA levels and PASI and BMI has been reported [58].

After 12 weeks of therapy, a significant reduction of mean UA level was observed in psoriasis patients. Moreover, increased UA levels were accompanied by increased serum C-reactive protein levels [59]. In agreement with our findings, Kwon et al. [58] did not find high UA levels in patients with psoriasis. High UA levels might be associated with disease severity; another explanation is nutrition-related factors [60], such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. The absence of increased UA levels in our study might be due to the lower disease severity (the mean PASI score was not high) and BMI values of our patients.

In conclusion, LCN2 and sTNFR-1 likely play meaningful roles in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis. CLU, IL-6, homocysteine, and UA levels did not differ between the patient and healthy control groups. However, in psoriasis patients, the homocysteine and UA levels were correlated with the PASI score, an index of disease severity. The increased cardiovascular risk with increasing psoriasis severity might be caused by homocysteine.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

  • 1.Ceyhan AM, Yildirim M, Ceyhan BM, Sütçü R. Serum neopterin and TNF-α levels in psoriasis and their correlation with disease severity. Turkderm Deri Hastaliklari ve Frengi Arsivi. 2012;46(1):7–10. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Kamata M, Tada Y, Tatsuta A, et al. Serum lipocalin-2 levels are increased in patients with psoriasis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2012;37(3):296–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04265.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Flo TH, Smith KD, Sato S, et al. Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. Nature. 2004;432(7019):917–921. doi: 10.1038/nature03104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Cowland JB, Borregaard N. Molecular characterization and pattern of tissue expression of the gene for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin from humans. Genomics. 1997;45(1):17–23. doi: 10.1006/geno.1997.4896. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Chakraborty S, Kaur S, Guha S, Batra SK. The multifaceted roles of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) in inflammation and cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2012;1826(1):129–169. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Calero M, Rostagno A, Frangione B, Ghiso J. Clusterin and Alzheimer’s disease. Sub-Cellular Biochemistry. 2005;38:273–298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Nuutinen T, Suuronen T, Kauppinen A, Salminen A. Valproic acid stimulates clusterin expression in human astrocytes: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience Letters. 2010;475(2):64–68. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Falgarone G, Chiocchia G. Chapter 8: clusterin: a multifacet protein at the crossroad of inflammation and autoimmunity. Advances in Cancer Research. 2009;104:139–170. doi: 10.1016/S0065-230X(09)04008-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Rothe J, Gehr G, Loetscher H, Lesslauer W. Tumor necrosis factor receptors-structure and function. Immunologic Research. 1992;11(2):81–90. doi: 10.1007/BF02918612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Kinloch RD, Lee CM, van Rooijen N, Morgan ET. Selective role for tumor necrosis factor-α, but not interleukin-1 or Kupffer cells, in down-regulation of CYP3A11 and CYP3A25 in livers of mice infected with a noninvasive intestinal pathogen. Biochemical Pharmacology. 2011;82(3):312–321. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Kumari S, Bonnet MC, Ulvmar MH, et al. Tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling in keratinocytes triggers interleukin-24-dependent psoriasis like skin inflammation in mice. Immunity. 2013;39:899–911. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Castells-Rodellas A, Castell JV, Ramirez-Bosca A, Nicolas JF, Valcuende-Cavero F, Thivolet J. Interleukin-6 in normal skin and psoriasis. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1992;72(3):165–168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.van Snick J. Interleukin-6: An overview. Annual Review of Immunology. 1990;8:253–278. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.001345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Sehgal PB. Interleukin-6: molecular pathophysiology. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1990;94:2S–6S. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Fattori E, Cappelletti M, Costa P, et al. Defective inflammatory response in interleukin 6-deficient mice. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1994;180(4):1243–1250. doi: 10.1084/jem.180.4.1243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Salanti G. Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009;(4) doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006612.pub2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Selhub J. Homocysteine metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition. 1999;19:217–246. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Brian Boudi F. Noncoronary atherosclerosis overview of atherosclerosis. Medscape. 2013 [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Brazzelli V, Grasso V, Fornara L, et al. Homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels in psoriatic patients and correlation with disease severity. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 2010;23(3):911–916. doi: 10.1177/039463201002300327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.McCrudden FH. Uric Acid. BiblioBazaar; 2008. [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Romani J, Caixas A, Ceperuelo-Mallafre V, et al. Circulating levels of lipocalin-2 and retinol-binding protein-4 are increased in psoriatic patients and correlated with baseline PASI. Archives of Dermatological Research. 2013;305:105–112. doi: 10.1007/s00403-012-1306-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.El-Hadidi H, Samir N, Shaker OG, Otb S. Estimation of tissue and serum lipocalin-2 in psoriasis vulgaris and its relation to metabolic syndrome. Archives of Dermatological Research. 2014;306(3):239–45. doi: 10.1007/s00403-013-1414-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Guttman-Yassky E, Lowes MA, Fuentes-Duculan J, et al. Low expression of the IL-23/Th17 pathway in atopic dermatitis compared to psoriasis. Journal of Immunology. 2008;181(10):7420–7427. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7420. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Shen F, Hu Z, Goswami J, Gaffen SL. Identification of common transcriptional regulatory elements in interleukin-17 target genes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2006;281(34):24138–24148. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M604597200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Lee JH, Kye KC, Seo EY, et al. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2008;23(2):302–306. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.2.302. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Seo SJ, Ahn JY, Hong CK, et al. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in skin epidermis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2006;126(2):510–512. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Mallbris L, O’Brien KP, Hulthén A, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a marker for dysregulated keratinocyte differentiation in human skin. Experimental Dermatology. 2002;11(6):584–591. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.110611.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Stejskal D, Karpíšek M, Humenanska V, et al. Lipocalin-2: development, analytical characterization, and clinical testing of a new ELISA. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 2008;40(6):381–385. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1062746. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Wu G, Li H, Zhou M, et al. Mechanism and clinical evidence of lipocalin-2 and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein linking obesity and atherosclerosis. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2013 doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2493. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Xiao Y, Xu A, Hui X, et al. Circulating lipocalin-2 and retinol-binding protein 4 are associated with intima-media thickness and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE. 2013;8 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066607.e66607 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Garcia-Rodriguez S, Arias-Santiago S, Perandres-Lopez R, et al. Decreased plasma levels of clusterin in patients with psoriasis. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104:497–503. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2012.11.019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.McLaughlin L, Zhu G, Mistry M, et al. Apolipoprotein J/clusterin limits the severity of murine autoimmune myocarditis. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000;106(9):1105–1113. doi: 10.1172/JCI9037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Devauchelle V, Essabbani A, de Pinieux G, et al. Characterization and functional consequences of underexpression of clusterin in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Immunology. 2006;177(9):6471–6479. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Blumenstein B, Saad F, Hotte S, et al. Reduction in serum clusterin is a potential therapeutic biomarker in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with custirsen. Cancer Medicine. 2013;2:468–477. doi: 10.1002/cam4.93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Fandridis E, Apergis G, Korres DS, et al. Increased expression levels of apolipoprotein J/clusterin during primary osteoarthritis. In Vivo. 2011;25(5):745–749. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Wang L, Erling P, Bengtsson AA, Truedsson L, Sturfelt G, Erlinge D. Transcriptional down-regulation of the platelet ADP receptor P2Y12 and clusterin in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2004;2(8):1436–1442. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00854.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Tobisawa S, Honna M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Saijo Y, lizuka H. Prognostic factors in 105 Japanese cases of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: clusterin expression as a novel prognostic factor. Journal of Dermatological Science. 2013;71:160–166. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.04.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Yanaba K, Asano Y, Tada Y, Sugaya M, Kadono T, Sato S. A possible contribution of elevated serum clusterin levels to the inhibition of digital ulcers and pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Archives of Dermatological Research. 2012;304:459–463. doi: 10.1007/s00403-012-1219-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Bettuzzi S. Chapter 1: introduction. Advances in cancer research. 2009;104:1–8. doi: 10.1016/S0065-230X(09)04001-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Serwin AB, Sokolowska M, Chodynicka B. Soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor type 1 in psoriasis patients treated with narrowband ultraviolet B. Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine. 2005;21(4):210–211. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00164.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Brotas AM, Cunha JM, Lago EH, Machado CC, Carneiro SC. Tumor necrosis factoralpha and the cytokine network in psoriasis. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2012;87:673–681. doi: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000500001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Coimbra S, Oliveira H, Reis F, et al. Interleukin (IL)-22, IL-17, IL-23, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in patients with psoriasis before, during and after psoralen-ultraviolet A and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy. British Journal of Dermatology. 2010;163(6):1282–1290. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09992.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Alenius G-M, Eriksson C, Dahlqvist SR. Interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha—Markers of inflammation in patients with psoriatic arthritis? Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 2009;27(1):120–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Koliadenko VH, Chernyshov PV. Interleukin-6 as a marker of the activity of a pathological process in patients with psoriasis. Likars’ka Sprava. 2005;(5-6):80–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Arican O, Aral M, Sasmaz S, Ciragil P. Serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-18 in patients with active psoriasis and correlation with disease severity. Mediators of Inflammation. 2005;2005(5):273–279. doi: 10.1155/MI.2005.273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Kaur S, Zilmer K, Kairane C, Kals M, Zilmer M. Clear differences in adiponectin level and glutathione redox status revealed in obese and normal-weight patients with psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology. 2008;159(6):1364–1367. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08759.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Tobin AM, Hughes R, Hand EB, Leong T, Graham IM, Kirby B. Homocysteine status and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis: a case-control study. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2011;36(1):19–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03877.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Malerba M, Gisondi P, Radaeli A, Sala R, Calzavara Pinton PG, Girolomoni G. Plasma homocysteine and folate levels in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology. 2006;155(6):1165–1169. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07503.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Vanizor Kural B, Örem A, Çimşit G, Uydu HA, Yandi YE, Alver A. Plasma homocysteine and its relationships with atherothrombotic markers in psoriatic patients. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2003;332(1-2):23–30. doi: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00082-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Refsum H, Helland S, Ueland PM. Fasting plasma homocysteine as a sensitive parameter of antifolate effect: a study of psoriasis patients receiving low-dose methotrexate treatment. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1989;46(5):510–520. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1989.179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Karabudak O, Eralp Ulusoy R, Akyol Erikci A, Solmazgul E, Dogan B, Harmanyeri Y. Inflammation and hypercoagulable state in adult psoriatic men. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2008;88(4):337–340. doi: 10.2340/00015555-0456. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Richetta AG, Mattozzi C, Macaluso L, et al. Homocysteine plasmatic status in patients with psoriasis. European Journal of Dermatology. 2011;21(4):621–623. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2011.1455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Cakmak SK, Gul U, Kilic C, Gonul M, Soylu S, Kilic A. Homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels in psoriasis patients. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2009;23:300–303. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03024.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Christophers E, Mrowietz U. Psoriasis. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, et al., editors. Dermatology in General Medicine. 6th edition. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill; 2003. pp. 407–427. [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Gisondi P, Targher G, Cagalli A, Girolomoni G. Hyperuricemia in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2014;70:127–130. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Grzybowski G, Fafara I, Zaba R, Wierusz-Wysocka B. Evaluation of glucose, insulin, C-peptide uric acid serum levels in patients with psoriasis. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski. 2001;11(66):495–498. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Severin E, Nave B, Ständer M, Ott R, Traupe H. Total antioxidative capacity is normal in sera from psoriasis patients despite elevated bilirubin, tocopherol and urate levels. Dermatology. 1999;198(4):336–339. doi: 10.1159/000018171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Kwon HH, Kwon IH, Choi JW, Youn JI. Cross-sectional study on the correlation of serum uric acid with disease severity in Korean patients with psoriasis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2011;36(5):473–478. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03988.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Isha I, Jain VK, Lal H. C-reactive protein and uric acid levels in patients with psoriasis. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2011;26(3):309–311. doi: 10.1007/s12291-011-0132-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Angelopoulos TJ, Lowndes J, Zukley L, et al. The effect of high-fructose corn syrup consumption on triglycerides and uric acid. Journal of Nutrition. 2009;139:1242S–1245S. doi: 10.3945/jn.108.098194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Disease Markers are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES