Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most important factor of gastric disease in clinical practice. Moreover, smoking, stress and a poor diet may be additive factors for gastric damage. With these factors, increasing infection of H. pylori triggers gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. To develop a new protective agent, we are concerned with plant-derived extract. The extract of Coptis chinensis (C. chinensis) and its constituents were investigated to assess their protective activities against gastric damage. The C. chinensis extract showed a scavenging effect against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals, inhibition of H. pylori colonization and antiulcerogenic activities in rat. In particular, palmatine derived from C. chinensis was found to be the novel protective agent. It is better than the C. chinensis extract, berberine, a well-known constituent of C. chinensis. We suggest that palmatine from the root cortex of C. chinensis may be a good candidate for the development of new pharmaceuticals to prevent gastric disease.
Keywords: Coptis Chinensis, Helicobactor pylori, Gastric damage, Palmatine
INTRODUCTION
Stomach diseases including gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer are chronic disorders and cause suffering for many people. These conditions are caused by an imbalance between aggressive factors and protective factors, infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and lifestyle (nutritional deficiencies, smoking, excess alcohol consumption, and stress) (1). H. pylori is a microaerophilic bacterium found in the stomach. The infection rate worldwide is more than 50%, but the infection is usually asymptomatic (2). Since H. pylori is known as a trigger for gastritis and gastric cancer, many researchers are concerned with eliminating or attenuating H. pylori. Antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors or bismuth are used to treat and eradicate H. pylori (3). However, a great proportion of infected individuals are young in age and reinfection and antimicrobial resistance are a problem for treatment. In this regard, plantderived extracts are good candidates for prophylactic agents or medicines for stomach disease. Traditional herbal medicine has been used easily, and has broad-spectrum activities because plant-derived extracts are complex compound.
Coptis chinensis (C. chinensis), a member of Ranunculaceae family, has been utilized in traditional herbal medicine. The rhizome of C. chinensis possesses various pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial (4), antioxidative (5,6), anti-inflammatory (7,8) and anti-diabetes mellitus (9). We focused on these effects of C. chinensis and examined the role of C. chinensis and its constituents (palmatine and berberine) in gastric damage and H. pylori infection.
In this study, we elucidated the effect of C. chinensis and its constituents on stomach disease via antioxidant activity, colony formation of H. pylori and HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models. Finally, we characterized the novel pharmacological active material of C. chinensis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of the plant extract. The root cortex of Coptis chinensis (Huang-lian, voucher specimen No. 2006042) and its constituents were provided from Prof. J. S. Choi (Pukyoung National University, Korea), who identified the specimen (9). The samples were dissolved at the maximal concentration in distilled water and used with serial dilution as soon as possible.
Antioxidant activity. Scavenging of DPPH free radical, nitric oxide radical, and superoxide anion radical were determined, according to a previous study (10). Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control.
Anti-H. pylori activity. H. pylori strain (ATCC 43504) was obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD, USA). Anti-H. pylori activity was examined according to a previous study (11). Briefly, brucella agar medium containing 7% horse serum (7 ml) was added to each sample (1 ml). H. pylori (5 × 105 CFU) was seeded in the sample containing media and then incubated for 3 days in a 37℃ incubator using an anaerobic culture pack (AnaeroPak Campylo: 85% N2, 10% CO2, 5% O2). Viability of H. pylori was determined by colony-counts. Ampicillin was used as a positive control.
Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC). Each sample (1 g) was added to 100 ml of 0.05 M HCl and then incubated for 1 hr at 37℃ with shaking. ANC was determined by titrating with 0.1 M NaOH using methyl orange as an indicator. Hydrotalcite was used as a positive control.
Animals. Sprague-Dawley rats (male, weighing 180~200 g) were purchased from Samyook Animal Laboratories (Kyunggi-do, Korea) and were acclimatized to standard laboratory conditions (24 ± 2℃, 55 ± 5% humidity and 12 hr light/dark cycle) for 14 days in an animal facility at Duksung Women’s University. The experimental procedures for rats were conducted in accordance with the Guidelines of the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Duksung Women’s University. The animals were allowed free access to food (standard pellet diet) and water ad libitum.
HCl/ethanol-induced mucosal membrane lesion. Each sample was orally administered to the rats. After 30 min, 1 ml of HCl/ethanol solution (60% ethanol in 150 mM HCl) was administered orally for the induction of gastric lesions. The rats fasted for 1 hr, and were then anesthetized with ether. Their stomachs were then isolated and fixed in 2% formalin for 30 min. HCl-induced gastric damage was observed in the gastric mucosa as elongated black-red lines parallel to the long axis of the stomach of the rat. The total length (mm) of each lesion was determined. The lesion index was based on the average erosion length per rat. Cimetidine was used as a positive control.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Various radical oxygen species generate cell damage and can induce gastric damage (12). Antioxidant activity protects the stomach from radical oxygen species. C. chinensis extract and its constituents were evaluated for a radical scavenging effect. As shown in Table 1, the antioxidant effect of C. chinensis extract was the most potent. Palmatine and berberine showed a weak scavenging effect. The IC50 of the DPPH-scavenging effect by palmatine and berberine could not be calculated using the maximum treated concentration. Because C. chinensis extract contains several active components, C. chinensis may give rise to the potent antioxidant effect, rather than palmatine and berberine. This result supports the conclusion that C. chinensis possesses an antioxidant effect, in accordance with several reports (13-15).
Table 1.
Antioxidant effect of C. chinensis extract and its constituents
| Material | IC50 (μg/ml) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| DPPH | NO | Superoxide radical | |
|
| |||
| C. chinensis extract | 35.44 | < 9 | 19.11 |
| Palmatine | > 300 | 23.24 | 27.00 |
| Berberine | > 300 | 184.33 | 22.16 |
| Ascorbic acid | < 1 | < 1 | < 1 |
H. pylori is well-known as an inducing factor of gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. Because blocking H. pylori activity protects against gastric damage, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of C. chinensis extract and its constituents against H. pylori (Table 2). C. chinensis extract (100 μg/ml) completely inhibited the colonization of H. pylori. We found that the novel constituent containing anti-H. pylori activity is palmatine. In particular, the anti-H. pylori activity of palmatine and berberine (16 μg/ml) was similar to that of ampicillin (positive control). This data indicated that palmatine and berberine derived from C. chinensis play a major role in its antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. The anti-H. pylori activity of berberine coincided with another study that berberine originated from different herbal extracts has anti-H. pylori activity (16).
Table 2.
Antimicrobial activity of C. chinensis extract and its constituents against H. pylori
| Material | Dose (μg/ml) | Colonization§ |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Control | - | ++++ |
| C. chinensis extract | 10 | +++ |
| 50 | ++ | |
| 100 | - | |
| Palmatine | 4 | ++ |
| 16 | - | |
| 32 | - | |
| Berberine | 4 | ++ |
| 16 | - | |
| 32 | - | |
| Ampicillin | 1 | ++ |
| 10 | - | |
§Colony count: +++, 4~5 × 105 CFU; ++, 2~4 × 105 CFU; +, 0~2 × 105 CFU; –, none.
Gastric acid is an aggressive factor that causes gastric damage. A protective agent against gastric damage should decrease the aggressive factors as well as increase the inhibiting factors. The acid neutralizing capacity of C. chinensis extract and its constituents was determined. As shown in Table 3, C. chinensis extract and palmatine slightly decreased NaOH consumption by 9.7% compared with the control. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of berberine was 6.9%.
Table 3.
Acid neutralizing capacity of C. chinensis extract and its constituents
| Material | Volume of NaOH consumption (μl) | Inhibition (%) |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Control | 120.0 ± 1.00 | - |
| C. chinensis extract | 108.3 ± 2.89* | 9.7 |
| Palmatine | 108.3 ± 1.53* | 9.7 |
| Berberine | 111.7 ± 2.89 | 6.9 |
| Hydrotalcite | 10.0 ± 0.77** | 91.7 |
Significant difference, *p< 0.05, **p< 0.001, compared to the control.
In vitro assay results elucidated the protective activities of C. chinensis extract and its constituents. We investigated its constituents for the protection of gastric damage in animal models. Control group (HCl/ethanol administration for 1 hr) induced gastric lesions (87 ± 13.51 mm), but palmatine (100 mg/kg) pre-treated rats showed a 45.9% decrease in gastric lesion length (Table 4). Palmatine proved to be as protective as cimetidine (200 mg/kg), which is known as a general treatment for gastric damage. This suggests that palmatine is the good candidate for a protective drug for gastritis and gastric ulcers. The inhibitory effect of berberine was about 10% weaker than that of palmatine. The data coincide with Li’s report that C. chinensis (120 mg/kg) protected from ethanol-induced gastric damage and its effect was greater than berberine (100 mg/kg) (17).
Table 4.
Effect of active constituents on HCl/ethanol induced gastric lesions
| Material | Dose (mg/kg) | Lesion index (mm) | Inhibition rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Control | 87.0 ± 13.51 | - | |
| Palmatine | 50 | 52.2 ± 11.25* | 40.1 |
| 100 | 47.1 ± 6.8** | 45.9 | |
| Berberine | 50 | 60.5 ± 13.49* | 30.5 |
| 100 | 56.8 ± 13.44* | 34.8 | |
| Cimetidine | 200 | 45.7 ± 0.30** | 47.5 |
The values are mean ± SEM of 6 animals.
Significnat difference, *p< 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to the control.
We evaluated the activities of C. chinensis extract and its constituents in various gastric damage models. Anti-H. pylori activity and antiulcerogenic activity were indicated. Most of all, the novel effect of palmatine was identified. In addition to berberine, the anti-H. pylori activity of palmatine elucidated the protective effect of C. chinensis on gastric damage. We suggest that palmatine derived from C. chinensis plays a major role in the protection and therapy of H. pylori-induced gastritis and gastric ulcer.
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