Abstract
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have been suggested to be involved in the enzootic cycle of the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This observation raises the question whether they serve as reservoir hosts for A. phagocytophilum and potentially for other tick-borne pathogens of public health relevance. The aim of this study was to investigate wild boars and their ticks from a forest site in southern Germany for the presence of A. phagocytophilum, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), Borrelia spp. of the relapsing fever group, and Babesia spp. Therefore, 24 wild boars collected from October, 2010, to February, 2013, were investigated by molecular methods. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in three out of 24 (12.5%) wild boars and in four out of 16 (25%) ticks. DNA of none of the other pathogens was found in any wild boar, but Rickettsia spp., B. burgdorferi s.l., and Cand. N. mikurensis were found in one of the investigated ticks each. Sequences of the partial 16S rRNA gene of A. phagocytophilum from one spleen and two ticks showed 100% similarity to GenBank entries from human anaplasmosis cases (accession nos. U02521 and AY886761). The sequence from the third tick was 100% similar to sequences obtained from Ixodes ricinus and roe deer from the same study area previously. Detecting a potentially human pathogenic A. phagocytophilum variant in wild boar confirms previous findings and is of public health interest. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. phagocytophilum in wild boars in Germany. Whether wild boars support the enzootic cycle of A. phagocytophilum variants involved in human disease requires further attention in future systematic studies.
Key Words: : Sus scrofa, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ixodes ricinus, Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Germany
Introduction
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have been suggested as being involved in the enzootic cycle of the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in several mammalian species (Michalik et al. 2012). Thereby, the prototype variant of A. phagocytophilum, known to be present in human anaplasmosis cases (GenBank accession no. U02521), has been identified in wild boar (accession no. GU391320) (Michalik et al. 2012). This observation raises the question whether wild boars serve as reservoir hosts for A. phagocytophilum and potentially for other tick-borne pathogens of public health relevance. To our knowledge, there is no information available on tick-borne pathogens in wild boars in Germany. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate wild boars and their ticks for the presence of A. phagocytophilum, Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), Borrelia spp. of the relapsing fever group (aiming at potential detection of B. miyamotoi), and Babesia spp.
Materials and Methods
From October, 2010, to February, 2013, a total of 24 wild boars (Sus scrofa) were sampled. The animals have been professionally hunted in the Angelberger Forst/South Germany. The study site has previously been described in detail (Overzier et al. 2013). Altogether 24 spleen and 21 blood samples (obtained from October, 2010, to January, 2013) as well as 12 skin samples (obtained from May, 2011, to January, 2013) were collected. Additionally, 16 engorged Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from two of the 24 wild boars (8.3%). No ticks were found on the remaining wild boars. DNA was isolated from all tissue samples and ticks. Samples were investigated with molecular methods for the presence of A. phagocytophilum, Cand. N.mikurensis, B. burgdorferi s.l., B. miyamotoi (all materials), Rickettsia spp. (spleen, skin, ticks), and Babesia spp. (blood, spleen, ticks). Additionally, in samples positive for A. phagocytophilum, a part of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Details of the DNA extraction, PCR conditions of A. phagocytophilum, Cand. N. mikurensis, Rickettsia spp., and Babesia spp. as well as the sequencing process have been published elsewhere (Silaghi et al. 2012, Overzier et al. 2013).
B. burgdorferi s.l. were detected with a conventional PCR targeting the rrfA–rrlB (5S 23S rDNA) intergenic spacer (Derdakova et al. 2003) using primers IgsA 5′-CGA CCT TCT TCG CCT TAA AGC-3′, and IgsB 5′-AGC TCT TAT TCG CTG ATG GTA-5′ followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Borrelia spp. of the relapsing fever group were targeted with a probe-based real-time PCR aiming at the 23S DNA with primers RF23sF 5′-CGGTACTCTTCACTATCG GTAGCTT-3′ and RF23sR TGGAAAAGTTAGCCARAG AAGG, as well as probe RF23sP 6FAM-TCCCGTCCTAC TTAGGAACATC-TAMRA (Subramanian et al. 2012), in an AB7500fast using the TaqMan® Fast Universal PCR Mastermix (2×) (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany).
Sequences from this study were deposited in GenBank: A. phagocytophilum wild boar (accession no. KC833754), engorged I. ricinus (KC833751–KC833753), Rickettsia spp. engorged I. ricinus (KC833755), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) engorged I. ricinus (KF859737).
Results
DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in three out of 24 (12.5%) wild boars and in four out of 16 (25%) ticks. The four A. phagocytophilum–positive ticks were from one of the A. phagocytophilum–positive wild boars (Table 1). Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (497 bp) of A. phagocytophilum were obtained from one positive spleen and three ticks. Sequences from the spleen and two ticks showed 100% similarity to GenBank entries from human anaplasmosis cases in the United States and Slovenia (accession nos.U02521 and AY886761) and from wild boars and their engorged I. ricinus ticks in Poland (accesssion nos. GU391320 and GU391319) as well as from questing I. ricinus previously investigated from the same study area in southern Germany (Overzier et al. 2013; accession no. JX627369). The partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of A. phagocytophilum from the third tick was 100% similar to sequences obtained from I. ricinus, from roe deer, and from engorged I. ricinus from roe deer also previously investigated from the same study area in Southern Germany (Overzier et al. 2013; accession nos. JX627371, JX627364, and JX627377). DNA of none of the other pathogens was found in any wild boar tissue samples. However, Rickettsia spp. were found in one out of 16 (6.3%) of the investigated ticks (Table 1). Sequencing of the amplified gltA gene sequence revealed 100% identity to uncultured Rickettsia sp. clone (accession no. JN849396), whereas omp B gene sequencing failed. One further tick each was positive for Cand. N. mikurensis (6.3%) and B. burgdorferi s.l. (6.3%). Sequencing for species identification revealed B. burgdorferi s.s.
Table 1.
Results of the PCR Screening for Tick-Borne Pathogens in Wild Boar in Southern Germany, 2010–2013
| Wild boar positive for | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wild boar ID no. | Anaplasma phagocytophilum | Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis | Rickettsia spp. | Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato | Relapsing fever group Borrelia | Babesia spp. | No. of ticks from wild boar | No. of ticks positive for pathogens |
| TW22 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW23 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW25 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW32 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 40 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 42 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 43 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 46 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 47 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 48 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 50 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 51 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 71 | Positivea | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | 15 | 4 x A. phagocytophilum 1 x Rickettsia spp. 1 x Cand. Neoehrlichia mikurensis |
| TW 89 | Positiveb | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | 1 | 1 x Borrelia burgdorferi sensu strictu |
| TW 99 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 106 | Positivec | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 114 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 122 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 133 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 137 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 152 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 156 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 157 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| TW 158 | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | n.d. | |
| All wild boar | 3/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 16 | |
Positive in spleen and skin, negative in blood.
Positive in spleen and blood, negative in skin.
Positive in spleen, negative in blood and skin
n.d., not detected.
Discussion
No evidence for the involvement of wild boars and their ticks in the natural cycle of Cand. N. mikurensis, B. burgdorferi s.l., B. miyamotoi, Rickettsia spp., and Babesia spp. was obtained in this study. However, due to the low sample size, their potential involvement in the life cycles of these pathogens cannot be excluded. A. phagocytophilum has previously been detected in wild boars from several countries (e.g., Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovenia) with prevalence ranging from 6.2% to 14.3% (Petrovec et al. 2003, Michalik et al. 2012, Žele et al. 2012). Therefore, our detected prevalence lies within the range of the previously detected rates.
To our knowledge, we have detected A. phagocytophilum for the first time in wild boars in Germany. We identified a potentially human pathogenic A. phagocytophilum variant in wild boar that is of public health interest. The presence of A. phagocytophilum in 12.5% of wild boars and 25% of their ticks compared to 99% of roe deer and >85% of their ticks from the same study area (Overzier et al. 2013) is in line with the theory of a lower impact of wild boars as reservoir hosts for A. phagocytophilum (de la Fuente and Gortazar 2012, Galindo et al. 2012). On the contrary, a stable cycle of A. phagocytophilum involving wild boars was previously discussed, because a similar prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was detected in wild boars in Slovenia over several years (Strasek Smrdel et al. 2009, Žele et al. 2012). A similar stable cycle may develop in Germany because the A. phagocytophilum positive ticks were collected from A. phagocytophilum–positive wild boar and as such the pathogen may be disseminated further. So far, only the human pathogenic prototype variant was detected in wild boar and it is thus far not known if wild boars are susceptible to only this one A. phagocytophilum variant. It will be necessary to find out if wild boars develop clinical signs of granulocytic anaplasmosis and how long the infection persists in these animals, which are occurring more and more close to or in urban settlements. Whether wild boars support this enzootic cycle of A. phagocytophilum variants involved in human disease, and whether they consequently pose a threat to human health requires further attention in future systematic studies.
Acknowledgments
The authors address special thanks to Georg Böck, Jr. for providing the wild boar samples and Claudia Thiel and Tim Tiedemann for assistance in laboratory work. This study was partially funded by European Union grant FP7-261504 EDENext and is catalogued by the EDENext Steering Committee as EDENext123 (www.edenext.eu/). The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
References
- de la Fuente J, Gortazar C. Wild boars as hosts of human-pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:2094–2095 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Derdakova M, Beati L, Pet'ko B, Stanko M, et al. . Genetic variability within Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies established by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the rrfA-rrlB intergenic spacer in Ixodes ricinus ticks from the Czech Republic. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:509–516 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Galindo RC, Ayllon N, Smrdel KS, Boadella M, et al. . Gene expression profile suggests that pigs (Sus scrofa) are susceptible to Anaplasma phagocytophilum but control infection. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:181. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Michalik J, Stańczak J, Cieniuch S, Racewicz M, et al. . Wild boars as hosts of human-pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:998–1001 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Overzier E, Pfister K, Herb I, Mahling M, et al. . Detection of tick-borne pathogens in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), questing ticks (Ixodes ricinus) and ticks infesting roe deer in southern Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:320–328 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petrovec M, Sixl W, Schweiger R, Mikulasek S, et al. . Infections of wild animals with Anaplasma phagocytophila in Austria and the Czech Republic. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 990:103–106 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Silaghi C, Woll D, Mahling M, Pfister K, et al. . Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in rodents in an area with sympatric existence of the hard ticks Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus, Germany. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Subramanian G, Sekeyova Z, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Multiple tick-associated bacteria in Ixodes ricinus from Slovakia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 3:406–410 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strasek Smrdel K, Bidovec A, Malovrh T, Petrovec M, et al. . Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild boar in Slovenia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15(Suppl 2):50–52 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Žele D, Avberšek J, Gruntar I, Ocepek M, et al. . Evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in game animals from Slovenia. Acta Vet Hung 2012; 60:441–448 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]