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. 2013 Jan 27;4(2):297–301. doi: 10.1021/ml3004632

Discovery of Indenopyrazoles as a New Class of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 Inhibitors

Hidemitsu Minegishi 1, Shinji Fukashiro 1, Hyun Seung Ban 1, Hiroyuki Nakamura 1,*
PMCID: PMC4027554  PMID: 24900662

Abstract

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The indenopyrazole framework was investigated as a new class of HIF-1α inhibitors. Indenopyrazole 2l was found to most strongly inhibit the hypoxia-induced HIF-1α transcriptional activity (IC50 = 0.014 μM) among all of the known compounds having relatively simple structures, unlike manassantins. Indenopyrazole 2l suppressed HIF-1α transcriptional activity without affecting both HIF-1α protein accumulation and HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization in nuclei under the hypoxic conditions, suggesting that 2l probably affected the transcriptional pathway induced by the HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimer.

Keywords: HIF-1, indenopyrazole, inhibitor, transcriptional activity

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a transcription factor that controls the expression of genes influencing angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, survival, and invasion of solid tumors and is thereby considered to be a central regulator of major adaptive responses to hypoxia in cancer progression.1 HIF-1 is a heterodimeric complex that consists of a hypoxia-inducible HIF-1α subunit and a constitutively expressed HIF-1β subunit.2,3 Under the normoxic conditions, HIF-1α degradation is facilitated by the hydroxylation of proline residues at the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODDD) by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), and the hydroxylated HIF-1α is degraded by the von Hippel Lindau (VHL)-mediated ubiquitin proteasome system.4,5 Under the hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α hydroxylation is impeded due to the reduced PHD activity. The stabilized HIF-1α is accumulated in cytosol and translocated to the nucleus where it dimerizes with HIF-1β. The complex binds to hypoxia response elements (HREs) together with coactivators to activate target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin (EPO), glucose transporters, and insulin-like growth factors.6−8 The fact that HIF-1α is detected at increased levels in many types of human tumors9−14 makes it one of the potential targets of antitumor agents.1,15−17

Various compounds have the potential to inhibit HIF-1 transcriptional activity.17 Such compounds as PX-478,18 PX-866,19 and EZN-296820 are currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trials. We recently found that ortho-carboranylphenoxyacetanilides, which were designed and synthesized based on the structure of CAY10585,21,22 inhibited HIF-1 transcriptional activity through hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation.23 The identification of heat shock protein (Hsp) 60 as the primary target of ortho-carboranylphenoxyacetanilides revealed that Hsp 60 played an important role in the hypoxia-induced HIF-1α accumulation, both directly and indirectly.24 We also found that VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as AAL993, SU5416, and KRN633, suppressed HIF-1α transcriptional activity through the inhibition of Akt and/or ERK phosphorylation signaling pathways.25 From those findings, it occurred to us that other VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors might also have the potential to inhibit HIF-1α transcriptional activity. We also found that indenopyrazoles inhibited VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase activity.26 In this study, we examined the inhibition of HIF-1α transcriptional activity by indenopyrazoles under the hypoxic conditions using the dual luciferase reporter gene assay27 and found that compound 1 (GN2707) significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced HIF-1α transcriptional activity, its IC50 being 0.214 μM (Figure 1). Although compound 1 displayed potent inhibition of HIF-1α transcriptional activity, it was difficult to synthesize derivatives for structure–activity relationship studies due to the low chemical yields at the triketone formation step from corresponding phthalate esters and acetophenones.28 Thus, in this study, we focused on the alternative indenopyrazole framework 2 and synthesized a series of indenopyrazole derivatives.29 We evaluated the synthesized compounds for potential biological activity and found that they were potent inhibitors of the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity with IC50 of nanomolar order. So far, manassantins isolated from the aquatic plant Saururus cernuus are known to most strongly inhibit the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity in a T47D-cell-based dual luciferase reporter assay (IC50 = 3–10 nM).30 Although manassantins are attractive inhibitors for HIF-1-related biological studies, they have complex structures with several chiral centers and thus require a considerable number of synthetic steps.31,32 In this study, we present an alternative inhibitor that is readily available for HIF-1-related biological studies.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Modification of hit compound 1.

The synthesis of indenopyrazoles is shown in Scheme 1. Indenopyrazoles 2 were prepared from 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ones 3 and phenyl isothiocyanates 4 using the procedure in the literature with modification.29 Compound 2a was identified by comparison with the reported 1H NMR spectra in the literature.29 Indenopyrazoles 2b–g, which have a substituent on aromatic ring A, and indenopyrazoles 2h–l, which have a substituent on aniline ring B, were synthesized from corresponding substituted 1-indanones 3b–g and 4a and substituted phenyl isocyanates 4b–f in a similar manner to the synthesis of 2a, respectively. Furthermore, indenopyrazole 2m, which has substituents on both aromatic rings A and B, was also synthesized by the reaction of 3b and 4f in 62% yield.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of Indenopyrazoles 2a–m.

Scheme 1

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Reagents and conditions: (a) LiHMDS, THF, 12 h. (b) H2NNH2·H2O, AcOH, reflux, 24 h, 43–85%.

Synthesized indenopyrazoles 2a–m were tested for their ability to inhibit HIF-1 transcriptional activity in HeLa cells under the hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen) using the dual luciferase reporter gene assay and their antiproliferative activities toward four human cancer cell lines, HCT116 (human colon cancer), HepG2 (human hepatoma), PC3 (human prostate cancer), and HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) using the MTT assay. 3-(5′-Hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1) and CAY1058521 were used as positive controls for comparison. The results are summarized in Table 1. Indenopyrazole 2a at 30 μM, which has no substituent on aromatic rings A and B, failed to inhibit HIF-1 transcriptional activity. Indenopyrazoles 2b–g, which have a substituent on aromatic ring A, exhibited weak or no inhibition of HIF-1 transcriptional activity (0–41% inhibition at 30 μM). Compounds 2a–g had high antiproliferative activities relative to their HIF-1 transcription inhibitory activities; the IC50 values for the former were lower than 30 μM. On the other hand, compounds 2h–l, which have a substituent on aniline ring B, more strongly inhibited the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity than compounds 2a–g. Indenopyrazoles having the monomethoxy group (2h and 2i), and the dimethoxy groups (2j) attached to aniline ring B inhibited the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity with IC50 = 1.4, 6.1, and 3.2 μM, respectively. The antiproliferative activities of 2h–j toward human cancer cell lines were similar to their HIF-1 transcriptional activities except for PC3 cells. Interestingly, a cyclic ether skeleton on aniline ring B dramatically enhanced the inhibition of the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity (2k–m). Compound 2k having a 3′,4′-methylenedioxy group attached to aniline ring B inhibited the HIF-1 transcriptional activity with IC50 of 0.27 μM. The best result was obtained for compound 2l, which has a 3′,4′-ethylenedioxy group attached to aniline ring B: its IC50 was 0.014 μM, which was 20 times higher than that of compound 2k and 100 times higher than that of YC-1. The methoxy group substitution at 5-position of aromatic ring A of 2l decreased the inhibitory effect on HIF-1 transcriptional activity (2m), revealing that the 3′,4′-ethylenedioxy substituent on aniline ring B is essential for the strong inhibition of HIF-1 transcriptional activity. The antiproliferative activities of indenopyrazoles 2k–m were weaker than their HIF-1α transcription inhibitory activities by 2 orders of magnitude, revealing that indenopyrazoles 2k–m suppressed HIF-1 transcriptional activity without affecting cell viability.

Table 1. Effects of Indenopyrazoles 2 on Proliferative Activitiesa of HCT116, HepG2, PC3, and HeLa Cell Lines and Hypoxia-Induced HIF-1 Transcriptional Activity in HeLa Cellsb.

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a

Cells were incubated with various concentrations (0.1–30 μM) of compounds for 72 h, and cell viability was determined by the MTT assay.

b

HeLa cells stably transfected with HRE-firefly luciferase and cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-renilla luciferase were incubated for 12 h with compounds under the hypoxic conditions. After the supernatant was removed, the luciferase assay was performed using the dual luciferase assay system.

c

Average values ± standard deviations of triplicate samples (n = 3).

d

Percentage (%) inhibition at 30 μM is indicated in parentheses.

Among the synthesized indenopyrazoles, 2l most strongly inhibited the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity. Then, we examined the effects of 2l on the hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation by Western blot analysis and the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFR mRNA by RT-PCR analysis in HeLa cells. The results are shown in Figure 2. Interestingly, 2l did not suppress HIF-1α protein accumulation up to the concentration of 1 μM. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis revealed that 2l inhibited the hypoxia-induced VEGF mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner in the range of 0.001–1 μM. However, the HIF-1α mRNA expression levels were not affected by 2l. These results clearly indicate that 2l inhibits the hypoxia-induced VEGF expression without suppressing HIF-1α mRNA expression as well as HIF-1α protein accumulation.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Effects of compound 2l on HIF-1α protein and mRNA expression under the hypoxic conditions. HeLa cells were incubated for 4 h with compound 2l at different concentrations under the hypoxic conditions. (a) HIF-1α protein expression was detected by immunoblot analysis with the specific antibody. CAY10585 was used as a positive control for the inhibition of HIF-1α protein expression. Tubulin was used as an internal control. (b) mRNA levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, and GAPDH were detected by RT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control.

As indenopyrazole 2l was found to inhibit the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity without suppressing HIF-1α protein accumulation, we next examined the effect of 2l on the localization of HIF-1α protein in HeLa cells under the hypoxic conditions. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the basal level of HIF-1α protein was low under the normoxic conditions, but the accumulated HIF-1α protein was translocated into nuclei under the hypoxic conditions (Figure 3a). Treatment with CAY10585 at 30 μM potentially suppressed HIF-1α protein accumulation and nuclear translocation under the hypoxic conditions. Interestingly, the treatment with 2l at 1 μM did not affect the localization of HIF-1α protein, which was translocated into nuclei under the hypoxic conditions. To confirm whether indenopyrazole 2l inhibited HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization, we performed immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis. As shown in Figure 3b, HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization was detected by immunoprecipitation using HIF-1α antibody. Whole cell lysates and immunoprecipitation products were immunoblotted with HIF-1α, HIF-1β, and tubulin antibodies. Although HIF-1α and HIF-1β proteins were detected in whole cell lysates, those proteins were also detected in immunoprecipitation products, and the inhibition of HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization by 2l was not observed in HeLa cells under the hypoxic conditions. Together, the results indicate that indenopyrazole 2l inhibits the hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity without affecting HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization in nuclei. Furthermore, we examined immunoprecipitation by anti-HIF-1α antibody to confirm whether indenopyraziole 2l inhibits the interaction between HIF-1α and p300, since indenopyrazole 2l did not inhibit the formation of HIF-1α/β heterodimer complex. However, the interaction was not affected by 2l (the data not shown).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Effects of indenopyrazole 2l on the localization of HIF-1α protein and HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization under the hypoxic conditions. HeLa cells were incubated for 4 h with compound 2l under the hypoxic conditions. (a) HIF-1α protein localization was detected by immunofluorescence measurement with the specific antibody. Nuclei were visualized by staining with DAPI. (b) HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization was detected by IP using HIF-1α antibody. Whole cell lysate (WCL) and IP products were immunoblotted with HIF-1α, HIF-1β, and tubulin antibodies.

In conclusion, we investigated the indenopyrazole framework as a new class of HIF-1α inhibitors. Indenopyrazole 2l was found to most strongly inhibit the hypoxia-induced HIF-1α transcriptional activity (IC50 = 0.014 μM) among all of the known compounds having relatively simple structures, unlike manassantins. Indenopyrazole 2l suppressed HIF-1α transcriptional activity without affecting both HIF-1α protein accumulation and HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimerization in nuclei under the hypoxic conditions, suggesting that 2l probably affected the transcriptional pathway induced by the HIF-1α/HIF-1β heterodimer. The mechanism underlying the inhibition of the hypoxia-induced HIF-1α transcriptional activity by 2l is under investigation in our laboratory.

Supporting Information Available

Experimental procedures and references. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

Author Present Address

† Biomedical Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-806, Korea.

This work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Chemical Biology of Natural Products” from The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

ml3004632_si_001.pdf (190.2KB, pdf)

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Supplementary Materials

ml3004632_si_001.pdf (190.2KB, pdf)

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