Table 2.

Abecedarian Intervention, Females: Main Health Results, Biomedical Sweep. This table presents the inference and descriptive statistics of selected outcomes of the Abecedarian Intervention. The first column describes the outcome analyzed. The remaining six columns present the statistical analysis. The columns present the following information: (1) control mean; (2) treatment mean; (3) unconditional difference in means across treatment and control groups. We multiply the difference in means by (−1) when a higher value of the variable in the raw data represents a worse outcome so that all outcomes are normalized in a favorable direction (but are not restricted to be positive). (4) conditional treatment effect controlling for cohort, number of siblings, mother’s IQ and high-risk index at birth, and accounting for attrition using Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW). Probabilities of IPW are estimated using the following variables for the biomedical sweep outcomes: prematurity (gestational age <37 weeks), mother WAIS digit symbol score at recruitment, Achenbach rule breaking problem scale at age 30, and Achenbach substance abuse scale at age 30. The selection of covariates for IPW is based on the lowest Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) among models examining all combinations of covariates that present statistically significant imbalance between attriters and non-attriters. See Supplementary Material Section C and Table S2 for details. (5) one-sided single hypothesis block permutation p-value associated with the IPW treatment effect estimate. By block permutation we mean that permutations are done within strata defined by the pre-program variables used in the randomization protocol: cohort, gender, number of siblings, mother’s IQ, and high-risk index. (6) Multiple Hypothesis stepdown p -values associated with (5). The multiple hypothesis testing is applied to blocks of outcomes. Blocks of variables that are tested jointly using the stepdown algorithm are delineated by horizontal lines. p-values ≤0.10 are in bold type. BMI: Body Mass Index; HbA1C: Glycosylated Hemoglobin; NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program. See Table S12 for complete estimation results.

Variable	Control Mean	Treatment Mean	Difference in Means	Conditional Treatment Effect	Block p-value	Step-Down p-value
Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)	89.227	85.333	3.894	1.204	0.446	0.446
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)	135.636	129.666	5.970	2.185	0.300	0.380
Pre-Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 120 & diastolic bp ≥ 80)	0.727	0.500	0.227	0.101	0.222	0.222
Pre-Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 120 or diastolic bp ≥ 80)	0.909	0.667	.242	0.244	0.042	0.069
Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 140 & diastolic bp ≥ 90)	0.318	0.222	0.096	−0.003	0.375	0.499
Hypertension (systolic bp ≥ 140 or diastolic bp ≥ 90)	0.409	0.500	−0.091	−0.181	0.721	0.721
Lab Tests
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol (mg/dL)	55.318	60.444	5.126	6.002	0.143	0.143
Dyslipidemia (HDL < 50 mg/dL)	0.455	0.278	0.177	0.201	0.099	0.147
Pre-Diabetes (HbA1C ≥ 5.7%)	0.364	0.353	0.011	0.070	0.580	0.580
Vitamin D Deficiency ( < 20 ng/mL)	0.727	0.722	0.005	0.048	0.303	0.303
Obesity
Overweight (BMI ≥ 25)	0.955	0.889	0.066	0.054	0.482	0.690
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)	0.727	0.666	0.061	−0.112	0.790	0.790
Severely Obese (BMI ≥ 35)	0.364	0.223	0.141	0.143	0.354	0.653
Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR)	0.933	0.876	0.057	0.053	0.063	0.101
Abdominal Obesity (WHR > 0.85)	0.762	0.563	0.199	0.198	0.080	0.080
Multiple Risk Factors
Obesity & Hypertension	0.364	0.278	0.086	−0.028	0.501	0.641
Severe Obesity & Hypertension	0.136	0.167	−0.030	−0.066	0.696	0.696
Hypertension & Dyslipidemia	0.182	0.167	0.015	−0.043	0.486	0.725
Metabolic Syndrome (NCEP Definition)	0.190	0.062	0.128	0.057	0.184	0.393
Framingham Risk Score (35)	1.482	1.143	0.339	0.331	0.070	0.070