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. 2014 May 16;7:91–98. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S61473

Maximizing the benefit of health workforce secondment in Botswana: an approach for strengthening health systems in resource-limited settings

Jessica S Grignon 1,2, Jenny H Ledikwe 1,2, Ditsapelo Makati 2, Robert Nyangah 2, Baraedi W Sento 2, Bazghina-werq Semo 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC4036141  PMID: 24876798

Abstract

To address health systems challenges in limited-resource settings, global health initiatives, particularly the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, have seconded health workers to the public sector. Implementation considerations for secondment as a health workforce development strategy are not well documented. The purpose of this article is to present outcomes, best practices, and lessons learned from a President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief-funded secondment program in Botswana. Outcomes are documented across four World Health Organization health systems’ building blocks. Best practices include documentation of joint stakeholder expectations, collaborative recruitment, and early identification of counterparts. Lessons learned include inadequate ownership, a two-tier employment system, and ill-defined position duration. These findings can inform program and policy development to maximize the benefit of health workforce secondment. Secondment requires substantial investment, and emphasis should be placed on high-level technical positions responsible for building systems, developing health workers, and strengthening government to translate policy into programs.

Keywords: human resources, health policy, health worker, HIV/AIDS, PEPFAR

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Introduction

Health system and human resource constraints in sub-Saharan Africa

Although sub-Saharan Africa has experienced gains in major health indicators since the 1960s postcolonial era, the disparity between the population health of the region and the rest of the world has widened as gains were reversed by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.1,2 Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most severely affected worldwide by HIV/AIDS.3 HIV/AIDS and other health conditions continue to put an enormous burden on low- and middle-income countries, straining already-overstretched health systems.4 A major strain on the systems is a health workforce shortage resulting from increased workloads in providing HIV care and treatment,5,6 health worker emigration to the global market, and underinvestment in human resources because of cuts in public health expenditures.4,5 Sub-Saharan Africa will need to add approximately 1 million workers to meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.5

A variety of health workforce capacity-development strategies have been implemented globally to address health systems challenges in resource-limited settings. These strategies include a focus on restructuring human resources (HR) to enable a skill mix that matches the needs of the population, attracting and retaining health workers to rural areas to manage uneven distribution of HR, and improving access to HR information for evidence-based policy development and implementation.5 Building human and organizational capacity for high performance is important for expansion of quality health services.7 Specific interventions include task-shifting,8–10 preservice and in-service training/mentoring,11 and global health fellowships.7,12,13 Global, donor-supported strategies for the attraction and retention of the health workforce include “pooling mechanisms” that outsource employment,14 “top ups” of government salaries,14–16 and “secondment” of implementing partner staff to the public sector to provide technical support.16

The practice of secondment as a strategy for skills development is generally known as the temporary loan of an individual for mutual organizational and individual benefit.16–22 The secondment strategy implemented by global health initiatives (GHIs), particularly the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), is frequently documented.16,23–28 There is, however, a gap in the literature regarding practical implementation considerations and critical success factors related to the use of secondment as a global health workforce development strategy. The purpose of this article is to present the outcomes, best practices, and lessons learned from the implementation of a PEPFAR-funded health workforce secondment program in Botswana.

Health workforce secondment in Botswana

Botswana, a middle-income country in sub-Saharan Africa, has a national HIV prevalence of 25% among adults of reproductive age (15–49 years).29,30 In 2010, the country’s health workforce included approximately 15,500 health workers, with an estimated shortage of 10,000 health workers.31 Health workforce shortages in Botswana have created major gaps in the availability of quality healthcare because of factors such as increased HIV/AIDS-related workload, emigration and maldistribution of HR, inadequate number of tertiary training institutions, and inadequate plans to attract and retain health workers.29,31 To address HR shortages, the government of Botswana has worked closely with donors to implement a health workforce secondment program.

In 2011, PEPFAR supported more than 150 health worker positions32 through direct salary support for approximately 85 government of Botswana positions and funding for seven implementing partners to employ and second approximately 75 positions to the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Local Government, University of Botswana (UB), and National AIDS Coordinating Agency.33 These secondments included five PEPFAR-identified categories of health workers: clinical care service providers, clinical service staff, managerial and support staff at a facility and community level, managerial and support staff at all levels of government, and community services staff.34

Since 2004, The International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH) in Botswana, a collaboration between the University of Washington and the University of California, San Francisco, has recruited and seconded 46 positions to two national host institutions, MOH and UB. I-TECH Botswana has seconded staff within four PEPFAR-defined health care worker categories. The secondment process is initiated with the development of a job description by I-TECH Botswana in collaboration with the host institution and the donor. Recruitment and candidate selection are also a collaborative effort between these three parties. The successful candidate is hired by I-TECH Botswana and, as an employee, is governed by the organizational policies and structures within I-TECH Botswana as the legal employer and seconding organization. The employee is, however, embedded within the host institution and has a functional supervisor within the host institution to provide day-to-day oversight and guidance.

Outcomes of the secondment program in strengthening the health system

The outcomes of I-TECH Botswana’s PEPFAR-funded secondment program are classified according to the relevant World Health Organization health system building blocks: service delivery, leadership and governance, health workforce, and health information systems (Table 1).35 Although these achievements are not attributable to the work of seconded staff alone, they represent accomplishments related to seconded staff leadership and joint collaborations with host institution colleagues.

Table 1.

International Training and Education Center for Health Botswana seconded positions, by President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief health worker category

Type of health worker, as defined by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief* WHO health system building block† International Training and Education Center for Health seconded positions (number of positions) Outcomes
Clinical care service provider (clinical sites) Service delivery Nurses (10), doctors (2) Conducted 6,573 voluntary medical male circumcision procedures from November 2011 to July 2013 as part of national voluntary medical male circumcision program.‡
Clinical service staff (nonclinical, nonmanagerial) Health workforce Laboratory scientists (3), laboratory technicians (3) Trained 1,827 health workers in laboratory diagnostics from July 2008 to July 2013.
Managerial and support staff at the facility level and community level (nonclinical, clinical service sites, public and private) Service delivery Healthcare assistants (2), site administrators (2) Supported voluntary medical male circumcision service providers.
Managerial and support staff at all levels of government (nonclinical, government sites) Leadership and governance Strategy manager (1), cervical cancer prevention program manager (1), associate professor (1), voluntary medical male circumcision program manager (1) • Established Office of Strategy Management for strategic planning and implementation of 35 strategic projects from August 2011 through July 2013.‡
• E stablished National Cervical Cancer Prevention Program, which developed national cervical cancer prevention and treatment policy/guidelines and health worker training on “see and treat” procedures. Ensured vaccination of 2,023 girls against human papillomavirus as of July 2013 for cervical cancer prevention.§
• Established 4-year Bachelor of Science programs in Cytohistological Sciences and Medical Laboratory Sciences, as well as a 1-year Medical Laboratory Sciences bridging program to upgrade medical laboratory technicians to fully qualified medical laboratory scientists. Medical Laboratory Sciences bridging program has produced 40 newly qualified medical laboratory scientists from 2010 to 2013.**
• Coordinated national voluntary medical male circumcision program and implementing partners.
Health workforce Training assistant (1), program coordinators (3), nurse trainer/mentors (4), doctor trainer/mentors (2), supply chain logistician (1), information technology coordinator (1) • Developed training and curriculum development standards for host institution health worker capacity-building program.
• Trained/mentored 2,111 health workers in tuberculosis/HIV case management from June 2008 to August 2013.††
• Trained/mentored 1,581 health workers in sexually transmitted illness diagnosis and treatment from February 2009 through July 2013.††,‡‡,¶¶
• Developed an HIV/AIDS Web site to provide programmatic resources to health workers within Botswana and general prevention information to the public.
• Provided technical assistance in the procurement of national voluntary medical male circumcision supplies, including mobile trucks and HIV testing kits.
Health information systems Senior M&E specialists (2), surveillance epidemiologist (1), M&E specialists (4), financial officer (1) • Developed M&E frameworks and indicator matrices for national health departments.
• Supported national surveillance activities and operations research initiatives.
• Supported the development of electronic health information systems. Developed an OpenMRS database for real-time updates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patient information. Introduced e-registers that facilitate accurate collection and management of prevention of mother-to-child transmission program data and health outcomes.
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Notes: WHO Health System Building Blocks, and Outcomes, October 2004–July 2013.

*

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief;34

†

World Health Organization;35

‡

International Training and Education Center for Health Botswana;36

C Modise, National Quality Assurance Laboratory, personal communication, August, 2013;

§

M Raesima, National Cervical Cancer Prevention Program, personal communication, August, 2013;

**

I Kasvosve, University of Botswana, personal communication, August, 2013;

††

International Training and Education Center for Health Botswana;39

‡‡

International Training and Education Center for Health Botswana;40

¶¶

International Training and Education Center for Health Botswana.37

Abbreviations: M&E, monitoring and evaluation; WHO, World Health Organization; OpenMRS, Open Medical Record System.

Health service delivery

Sixteen seconded positions within the PEPFAR categories of clinical care providers and support staff have conducted health service delivery. These health workers were deployed at public health facilities as part of a national scale-up of voluntary medical male circumcision, an add-on HIV prevention strategy, and conducted a total of 6573 male circumcisions.36 This represents approximately 37% of all procedures conducted through PEPFAR-supported implementing partners (R Manda, Centers for Disease Control Botswana, personal communication, August, 2013).

Leadership and governance

Four seconded positions have provided support in the area of leadership and governance at national host institutions, guiding new initiatives, coordinating national health programs, and building the capacity of the teams they manage. Some key outcomes have been achieved through seconding a manager to the MOH Office of Strategy Management. Through this position, the MOH has been able to develop its strategic plan, manage implementation of its strategy, and improve governance and control of programs through the implementation of 35 strategic projects.36 Another key outcome has been the establishment of the MOH National Cervical Cancer Program through the secondment of the National Cervical Cancer Program manager and programmatic support from multiple donors and partners. This program has been responsible for developing national cervical cancer prevention and treatment policy/guidelines and a health worker training program on “see and treat” procedures to reduce patient loss to follow-up.36 The program has ensured vaccination against human papillomavirus of 2,023 girls as part of a package of cervical cancer prevention efforts (M Raesima, National Cervical Cancer Prevention Program, personal communication, August, 2013).

Health workforce

A cornerstone of I-TECH’s secondment program has been support for the health workforce building block. In keeping with the PEPFAR commitment to increase the number, quality, and relevance of health workers,11 18 seconded positions have been responsible for building health workforce capacity through preservice training, in-service training, and mentoring. Secondment of an associate professor to UB resulted in the establishment of 4-year Bachelor of Science programs in both cytohistological sciences and medical laboratory sciences, as well as a 1-year medical laboratory sciences bridging program to upgrade medical laboratory technicians to fully qualified medical laboratory scientists.36–38 The medical laboratory sciences bridging program produced 40 newly qualified medical laboratory scientists.38 Sixteen seconded positions have built health workforce capacity through the in-service training and mentoring of 2,111 health workers on the control, prevention, and treatment of tuberculosis;39 1,581 health workers on the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted illnesses;39,40 and 1,827 health workers on strengthening laboratory diagnostics (C Modise, National Quality Assurance Laboratory, personal communication, August, 2013).

Health information systems

Eight seconded positions have contributed to national health information systems. A notable outcome through secondment of a senior monitoring and evaluation (M&E) specialist to the MOH has been the development of M&E frameworks and indicator matrices for national health departments to monitor strategic initiatives. Seconded M&E specialists also strengthened health information systems through initiatives such as the development of an open source medical record system for real-time updates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patient information and the introduction of e-registers to facilitate accurate collection and management of prevention of mother-to-child transmission program data and health outcomes.

Lessons learned and best practices: policy and practice considerations for secondment to strengthen health systems

To achieve health systems gains from a secondment program, there are practical considerations for program implementation. I-TECH Botswana identified lessons learned and best practices to inform policy development and program planning that maximizes the benefit of health workforce secondment as a health systems strengthening approach. The lessons learned and best practices are categorized according to organizational roles and responsibilities, collaboration, and sustainability.

Organizational roles and responsibilities

One best practice for the secondment program was the development of memoranda of agreements (MOAs) to define the respective roles and responsibilities of the seconding organization and the national host institution. MOAs documented mutual expectations of technical assistance contributions, rights to data use, HR management roles, and essential equipment required. An MOA with one national host institution specified the engagement period for each seconded position; as a result, this facilitated seamless transition of all seconded staff to host institution employment. Pursuant to each MOA, a “secondment guide” was developed to provide detailed instructions regarding the supervision of seconded staff pertaining to areas such as compensation, leave management, and professional development. Although MOAs and secondment guides are best practices for role clarification between the seconding organization and host institution, a considerable investment of time and legal counsel was essential, and there were challenges establishing official documentation in a timely manner.

Despite the presence of MOAs, a lesson learned is that ownership of secondments by national host institutions was challenging in some instances. Lack of ownership left seconded staff feeling unclear about their mandate and lines of reporting. Success of the position required continued ownership from all levels of management at the national host institution, and continued relationship-building and collaboration were essential for ensuring ownership.

Collaboration

Many best practices of the secondment program centered on ongoing collaboration among stakeholders. For example, maintaining a strong tripartite relationship among the donor, national host institution, and seconding organization proved critical during the initial planning, recruitment, and management of the secondment. The initial planning stage enabled the donor, national host institution, and seconding organization to discuss and agree on the position mandate and the health systems gap it addressed. A key component of establishing a joint mandate was a mutually agreed-on job description, which adequately served the needs defined by the host institution. This stakeholder team participated in a transparent, joint interview process of all shortlisted candidates, setting the individual up for success in his/her role.

Although the process was successful in defining the position mandate at the start, collaboration between the host institution and seconding organization in relation to HR systems and performance management was also a lesson learned. Secondment creates a two-tier employment system, which can be cumbersome to manage between the seconding organization as the legal employer and the national host institution where the employee carries out his/her duties. This includes duplicate HR systems, processes, and forms. A best practice was to align HR systems as closely as possible with the national host institution to reduce the organizational and individual burden. A best practice was the alignment of performance management tools with the national host institution; by accepting feedback via a host institution’s performance-based reward system, this lessened the burden on supervisors and expedited the seconding organization’s performance appraisal process.

Another best practice in collaboration is regular communication between the seconding organization and the national host institution. Biannual meetings to discuss policy considerations and invite feedback on progress of seconded positions stimulated two-way communication to address implementation issues. Another best practice is to ensure the donor is regularly updated regarding successes and challenges of the seconded position. Regular communication and maintenance of the tripartite relationship throughout the life of the secondment was essential for avoiding “mission creep,” ensuring joint expectations were met, and addressing any shifts in donor priorities with the national host institution.

Sustainability

The importance of outlining the national host institution and donor’s vision for position duration, whether for short-term technical assistance to build capacity and strengthen systems or for absorption into the host institution structure was another lesson learned. When the commitment from the national host institution was unclear and ill-defined related to its specific plans to absorb the position, positions were ended on termination of donor funding. This created a gap in the workforce, which can have a drastic effect on the health system, and the original investment may lose its value. In cases in which the position mandate included skills transfer, it was important to identify who should be gaining the benefits of the mentorship. A lesson learned was that skills may not be adequately transferred to the national host institution if local counterparts were not identified or if staff turnover remained a problem.

The best practice for ensuring sustainability of secondments, particularly midlevel project posts, was to align remuneration packages with national host institutions for positions transitioning to permanent employment by the host institutions. This ensured remuneration was not an inhibiting factor for the national host institution to absorb the position. Despite this best practice, there were factors that negatively affected the ability to plan transitions well, particularly dwindling financial resources for both the national host institution and the donor. A decline in PEPFAR funds accelerated PEPFAR-funded secondment transition planning, and national host institutions have not been able to align HR plans with this development because of limited financial resources and a government-mandated hiring freeze.

Discussion

Secondment is acknowledged in the literature at a policy level as a gap-filling human resources for health strategy practiced by GHIs,16,23,25–28 yet little is documented at the programmatic level regarding functional implementation of donor-funded secondments to maximize their benefit. I-TECH Botswana’s experience demonstrated that secondment can be a successful strategy to strengthen health systems in resource-limited settings.

Secondment goes beyond “gap-filling” to strengthening the system

Secondments offer a structured approach to building the capacity of the health workforce. Although position mandates differ, seconded positions not only fill the human resources gap for the period of funding provided but also develop the capacity of the health system by training and mentoring other health care workers, implementing national health strategy, and strengthening M&E systems for evidence-based planning. These system-strengthening benefits have been noted in relation to secondment programs in South Africa,15 Scotland,41 and the United Kingdom.19,20 A desirable attribute of secondment experienced by I-TECH Botswana was the ability to recruit and attract international human resources for high-level technical expert positions in cases where technical skills were scarce locally. Mayhew et al also highlight the important role that high-level secondments played in strengthening health systems in South Africa.15 This enabled national host institutions to attract highly skilled individuals who were qualified to build the capacity of counterparts. A critical attribute of secondment is enabling flexibility within the system: when national host institutions are constrained by hiring freezes, they are able to engage human resources for health to plan initiatives and develop systems for the future.

Maximizing the benefit of secondment requires investment and management

To maximize the potential benefit of a global health workforce secondment program, it requires substantial investment on the part of the seconding institution in areas such as leadership, supervision, legal counsel, and stakeholder involvement. The importance of these attributes of a successful secondment experience were also highlighted by Dryden and Rice in relation to a program in the United Kingdom.17 The best practices and lessons learned indicate that ensuring clarity of organizational roles and responsibilities is critical to a successful program.

The importance of clarifying of roles and responsibilities has also been noted in relation to multiple different systems, such as health information systems42 and healthcare delivery systems,43 as well as in the use of secondment programs to strengthen human resources for health systems.21 Furthermore, strengthening stakeholder collaboration and ensuring sustainability of the intervention were also found to be important. These findings are similar to those reported from Zambia by Hanefeld and Musheke, who also found that if the long-term funding of seconded position is not considered, then there can be negative consequences within the health systems.16

One of the key findings of I-TECH Botswana’s program was the importance of tripartite collaboration (donor, seconding organization, and host institution) and documentation of respective organizational roles and responsibilities through MOAs, which has been reported by others in the literature.15,21 Through the implementation of this secondment program in Botswana, as well as through work reported by others, there are multiple factors facilitating health worker retention and sustainability of secondment, including provision of clearly defined job descriptions,19 a vision beyond the period of secondment,44 systematic documentation of national host institution plans to absorb seconded positions, and early identification of counterparts for skills-transfer.

Recommendations

With a decline in host government budgets and GHI funding, particularly for secondments,32 the benefits of these positions must be maximized to sustain improvements in health system capacity to meet Millennium Development Goals. Emphasis should be placed on high-level technical positions responsible for strategic planning, building systems, transferring skills, and developing the capacity of health workers. Key focal areas should be strengthening government capacity in HR planning and policy development and translating policy into program implementation, particularly with regard to management, deployment, and retention of newly trained health workers.11,44 GHIs should consider the importance of documenting commitments with host institutions, in terms of the vision, mechanisms, and parameters of a secondment program before designation of funds to promote sustainability. Further research is needed regarding GHI-funded secondments from the perspectives of national host institutions, seconding organizations, and donors to implement evidence-based human resources for health strategies that best meet host government needs into the future.

Limitations

A limitation of this article is that it only presents the experience of a single organization in a single resource-limited setting. It does not represent the views of the national host institutions or donors. There may be attributes of the program that are specific to the Botswana context. The specific programmatic outcomes achieved by the seconded staff are limited in generalizability. Nevertheless, the best practices and lessons learned help fill a void in the literature regarding practical implementation considerations and success factors related to the use of secondment as a global health workforce development strategy.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the contributions of I-TECH seconded staff and stakeholders from MOH, UB, Centers for Disease Control Botswana, and I-TECH, who provided important information for this manuscript. This work was supported by PEPFAR through funding to the University of Washington and I-TECH from the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration Global HIV/AIDS Bureau (cooperative agreement U91 HA06801), and from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cooperative agreement U2 GPS001824).

Footnotes

Author contributions

Jessica S Grignon participated in management of the secondment program and manuscript writing. Jenny H Ledikwe participated in supervision of seconded staff and manuscript writing. Robert Nyangah participated in supervision of seconded staff and manuscript revision. Baraedi W Sento and Ditsapelo Makati participated in manuscript revision. Bazghina-werq Semo participated in oversight and management of the secondment program and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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