Table 1.

Summary of outbreaks in humans and results of testing for NiV in bats.

Location	Human outbreaks	Results of testing for NiV in bats		Bat species tested
Bangladesh	[41,42,43,82]	Antibodies	[42,49]	Pteropus giganteus
India	[46,83]	Antibodies	[84]	P. giganteus,
		RNA, Antibodies	[66]	P. giganteus
Malaysia	[33]	Antibodies, Virus isolation	[62]	P. vampyrus
		Antibodies	[36 ]	P. hypomelanus , E. spelaea , C. brachyotis , S. kuhlii , P. vampyrus
		Virus isolation	[35]	P. hypomelanus
		Antibodies & RNA	[85]	P. hypomelanus (Antibodies only), P. vampyrus
Singapore	[86]	-		-
Indonesia	-	RNA, antibodies	[64]	P. vampyrus
Thailand	-	Antibodies	[87]	P. hypomelanus, P. vampyrus, P. lylei, H. larvatus,
		RNA	[65 , 87]	P. lylei , H. larvatus
Viet Nam	-	Antibodies	[88]	R. leschenaultia, Cynopterus sphinx
Cambodia	-	Antibodies, virus isolation	[63]	P. lylei
China	-	Antibodies	[67]	R. leschenaultia, H. armiger, H. Pomona, Miniopterus spp., M. daubentonii, M. ricketti, R. affinis, R. sinicus
Papua New Guinea	-	Antibodies	[89,90]	D. magna, P. alecto, P. conspicillatus
East Timor		RNA	[58]	P. vampyrus, R. amplexicaudatus
Madagascar	-	Antibodies	[70]	E. dupreanum, P. rufus,
Ghana		Antibodies	[91]	E. helvum, Epomophorus gambianus, Hypsignathus monstrosus
Africa	-	Antibodies	[60,71]	E. helvum