Abstract
Objective
To develop a protocol for breaking of seed dormancy and increasing the seed germination rate of Bunium persicum.
Methods
The seeds were treated with 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µmol/L of benzyl aminopurine, gibberellic acid (GA3), thidiazuron (TDZ) and forchlorfenuron. Then, seeds were transferred to two different temperature conditions including room temperature (25 °C) and chilling temperature (2-5 °C).
Results
The treatment of moist seeds with chilling temperature (2-5 °C) broke seed dormancy and showed maximum germination, which was 54.7% after 60 d treatment. Also, the treatment of dry seeds with chilling temperature broke seed dormancy with 9.3% germination rate after 120 d. Treatment of seeds with different level of plant growth regulators showed that under moist-room condition, there was evidence of higher and lower seed germination rate: GA3 (100 µmol/L) with 46.7% and TDZ (50 µmol/L) with 6.67% respectively. In addition, the results showed that under moist-chilling condition, TDZ (6.3 µmol/L) with 53.3% seed germination rate had higher influence on breaking seed dormancy. Treatment of seeds with combination of TDZ and GA3 under moist-chilling condition revealed higher rate of breaking of seed dormancy when 6.3 µmol/L TDZ was combined with 100 µmol/L GA3, showing 93.7% germination rate.
Conclusions
The effect of plant growth regulators coupled with chilling temperature on breaking of seed dormancy could provide a large number of seedlings while the long juvenile time which is the next restricting factor of plantation still remained. Thus, the subsequent growth of seedlings to provide a large number of corms is necessary for successful plantation.
Keywords: Bunium persicum, Seed germination, Thidiazuron, Benzyl aminopurine, Gibberellic acid 3, Forchlorfenuron, Chilling temperature
1. Introduction
Bunium persicum (B. persicum) (Boiss) Fedtsch. is a herbaceous perennial plant distributed in mountainous steppes and shrub lands of Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir and India[1]. This plant is distributed at 1 700-2 900 m in the semi-arid region of Iran. However, March is the rainiest month in the distributed area and annual temperature is about 15 °C. Fruits are edible parts of the plant and are used in treatment for digestive and urinary systems. Hypoglycemic, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and antiasthma activities are some important effects of the plant seeds[2].
Economic plantation of B. persicum is confronted with two major problems including seed dormancy and long juvenile time. The plants show different methods for germination of dormant seeds[3]. Seed dormancy has been classified in many classes including physiological, morphological, morphophysiological, physical and combinational dormancy[4]. Dormancy of B. persicum seeds is an interesting area of research. Some researchers believe that stratification is the only factor to influence the breaking of seed dormancy. In contrast, evidence shows that germination rate is increased in the presence of benzyl aminopurine (BAP) plus polyethylene glycol and gibberellic acid (GA3)[5]. There are some reports of successful application of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) for germination of under stress seeds such as rice seeds[6]. The next important member of these chemical groups, thidiazuron (TDZ), can be used for maturity and germination of seeds in plants such as Paphiopedilum hangianum[7]. In addition, TDZ have been used for the treatment of the immature seeds of Epimedium alpinum[8]. Reports showed that GA3 is a common plant growth regulator (PGR) that regulates the seed development and germination[9],[10]. However, GA3 alone or in combination with chilling treatment are common factors in breaking of seed dormancy[11]. Evidence shows that seed germination of Ferula gummosa increased to 75% when seeds were treated with 2.9 mmol/L of GA3 and under pre-chilling condition[12]. However, seed dormancy is the common problem of the umbelliferous family[13]. Also report revealed that nitric oxide could break dormancy from seeds only when combined with GA3[14]. In Parthenium argentatum, breakage of seed dormancy happened in the present of 0.7-1.4 mmol/L of GA3, light and abscisic acid[15].
Two important cytokinins, BAP and N6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), alone or in combination with chilling temperature have been used to break the seed dormancy of umbelliferous plants[16]. BAP has also been found to be more effective in seed dormancy breaking than kinetin[17]. Moreover, chilling or hot temperature affects the breaking of seed dormancy in many plants. In Ferula asafetida (Apiaceae) chilling temperature breaks seed dormancy while in Hypericum aviculariifolium (Hypericaceae) hot temperature breaks seed dormancy[17]. In B. persicum, application of chilling temperature shortens the seed germination period[18]. Sometimes, chilling temperature is the only treatment for seed dormancy breaking[19]. However, seed dormancy, apart from physical, physiological or morphophysiological types, is one of the most significant problems in domestication of B. persicum. The common factors in breaking of seed dormancy including gibberellins (GA3), cytokinins (BAP) and phenylureas alone or combined with stratification (chilling treatment) are used for increasing the efficiency of breaking the seed dormancy from the plant seeds.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Seed collection
Seeds of B. persicum were collected from the mountains of Kerman, Iran, in June 2008. This area, situated 26 km from Sirch, is called the Bolboloie's Mountains. In this area, the herbs of B. persicum are distributed between 2 800 and 3 100 m from sea level. The area is an arid region and mean of precipitation is about 200 mm/year.
2.2. Seed sterilization method
Seeds were washed under running tap water for six hours. These seeds were shaken for 60 seconds with 70% ethanol followed by shaking in 100 mL of 2 g/L sodium hypochlorite solution with 2 drops of Tween 20 for 15 min. The sodium hypochlorite was removed with three times shaking in sterile distilled water at intervals of 10 min.
2.3. Experimental procedure
2.3.1. Effects of temperature and moisture on breaking of seed dormancy
Although stratification alone influences the breaking of dormancy in B. persicum seeds but the germination rate is low[18]. In this experiment the effects of chilling temperature alone (dry-chilling) and chilling temperature with moisture (moist-chilling) have been studied. For conducting the experiment, three month old seeds were divided into four parts as follows:
1. Two grams of non-sterile seeds were placed in a dark plastic bag and put at 25 °C (dry-room condition).
2. Two grams of non-sterile seeds were placed in a dark plastic bag and put at 2-5 °C (dry-chilling condition).
3. Two grams of sterile seeds were placed on three layers of moist Whatman paper in Petri dishes and put at 25 °C (dark moist-room condition).
4. Two grams of sterile seeds were transferred onto three layers of moist Whatman paper on to Petri dishes and put at 2-5 °C (moist-chilling condition).
At 20-day intervals, 300 non-sterile seeds from dry-room condition (a) and or dry-chilling condition (b) were sterilized. The imbibed seeds were transferred onto three separate Petri dishes with moist-sterile Whatman paper and put at 25 °C temperature in the PROTECH growth chamber, model GC-500. In addition, the same amount of seeds from moist-room condition and also moist-chilling condition was transferred to the growth chamber. The percentage of seed germination was calculated with the following formula:
 |
2.3.2. Effects of plant growth regulators on breaking of seed dormancy
Evidence showed that exogenous chemicals had increased the breaking of seed dormancy in the umbelliferous family[17]. BAP and GA3 are known as important chemicals in the umbelliferous family for this reason[20]. In addition, gibberellins, especially GA3 play a critical role in seed germination and are an important factor in classification of seed dormancy.
In this study, the influence of two natural (BAP and GA3) and two synthesized plant growth regulators including TDZ and CPPU on six-month old seeds of B. persicum has been studied. Seeds were sterilized and transferred to 150 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Each flask included 0, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µmol/L of TDZ, CPPU, BAP or GA3. The flasks were then transferred to a shaker at room temperature. The seeds were shaken at 120 r/min. After 24 h, the seeds were transferred to bottles with provided moisture (Figure 1) and put under two different temperature conditions including room temperature (25 °C) and chilling temperature (2-5 °C) and the germinated seeds were counted.
Figure 1. Seed germination bottle were filled with seeds of B. persicum.
(A) A thimble has been used to separate seeds from vermiculite. (B) Longitudinal section of bottle showing the position of the seeds surrounded by vermiculite layer.
2.3.3. Effect of GA3 and TDZ combinations on breaking of seed dormancy under chilling temperature
About 10 g seeds were sterilized and transferred into flasks with combinations of different concentrations of TDZ and GA3 including: 0, 3.1, 6.3 and 12.5 µmol/L TDZ and 0, 25 and 50 µmol/L GA3. Seeds were treated for 24 h and transferred onto Whatman paper. The treated seeds with 0.0 µmol/L TDZ and 0.0 µmol/L GA3 were used as control. Then, 100 seeds were transferred to 300 mL sterilized bottles with moist vermiculite. The bottles were put at 2-5 °C. The randomized complete design with three replicates was used. The seeds were observed after two weeks and the number of germinated seeds was compared after 30 d.
2.4. Seedling acclimatization
For hardening, seedlings were planted in 300 mL plastic pots filled with a mix of potting, burnt and high quality black soils in proportions of 1: 1: 1 (v: v: v). The lengths of two month-old seedlings were recorded.
2.5. Statistical analysis
The data were analysed by One-way ANOVA and the least significant difference test (LSD) was at 5% level. SAS version 9.1 and MSTATC computer program were used for significance of rate of seed germination. Results are expressed as mean±SD of independent experiments.
3. Results
3.1. Effects of temperature and moisture on breaking of seed dormancy
The dry and moist seeds did not germinate under room temperature condition, and therefore were dormant[4]. Analysis of variances about the influence of chilling temperature and moisture showed that these factors had a highly significant effect on breaking of seed dormancy (Table 1). Dry seeds at 2-5 °C (dry-chilling condition) germinated from Day 40 and maximum germination was 9.3% after 120 d chilling treatment (Figure 2).
Table 1. Analysis of variance of the effects of temperature and moisture on seed germination of B. persicum.
| Source of Variation | df | SG% after 20 d |
SG% after 24 d |
SG% after 60 d |
SG% after 80 d |
SG% after 100 d |
SG% after 120 d |
|||||||||||
| MS | F value | MS | F value | MS | F value | MS | F value | MS | F value | MS | F value | |||||||
| Te | 1 | 96.30 | 289.0** | 1496.30 | 17956.0** | 2581.30 | 7744.0** | 1776.30 | 3045.1** | 1220.10 | 2928.2** | 1045.30 | 784.08** | |||||
| Mo | 1 | 96.30 | 289.0** | 1496.30 | 17956.0** | 1925.30 | 5776.0** | 800.30 | 1372.0** | 396.80 | 952.2** | 261.30 | 196.00** | |||||
| Te*Mo | 1 | 96.30 | 289.0** | 1496.30 | 17956.0** | 1925.30 | 5776.0** | 800.30 | 1372.0** | 396.80 | 952.2** | 261.30 | 196.00** | |||||
| Error | 8 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 1.33 | |||||||||||
| CV% | 20.38 | 2.59 | 3.94 | 6.28 | 6.40 | 12.37 | ||||||||||||
| LSD | 1.08 | 0.53 | 1.08 | 1.43 | 1.22 | 2.17 | ||||||||||||
df=Degree of freedom, SG%=Percentage of seed germination, Te=Temperature, Mo=Moisture, CV=Coefficient of variation, MS=Mean square, F value=frequency of each value. **Highly significant (P<0.001).
Figure 2. Seed germination of B. persicum under dry-chilling condition for 120 d, followed by transferring to moist-room condition for one month.
(A) Seeds before imbibition. (B) Non-germinated seeds after 40 d treatment. (C) Germinated seeds after 60 d treatment. (D) Germinated seeds after 80 d treatment. (E) Germinated seeds after 100 d treatment. (F) Germinated seeds after 120 d treatment. Scale bar=5 mm.
The seeds under moisture and chilling temperature (moist-chilling condition) germinated from Day 20 and maximum germination was 54.7% after 60 d stratification (Table 2).
Table 2. Seed germination rate of B. persicum seeds exposed to temperature and moisture conditions for 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 d.
| T (°C) | M | SG% (20 D) | SG% (40 D) | SG% (60 D) | SG% (80 D) | SG% (100 D) | SG% (120 D) |
| 25 | Dry | 0.0 b | 0.0 b | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c |
| 25 | Moist | 0.0 b | 0.0 b | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c | 0.0 c |
| 2-5 | Dry | 0.0 b | 0.0 b | 4.0±0.0 b | 8.0±0.0 b | 8.7±1.6 b | 9.3±1.1 b |
| 2-5 | Moist | 11.3±1.1 a | 44.7±0.6 a | 54.7±1.2 a | 40.7±1.2 a | 31.7±0.6 a | 28.0±2.0 a |
T=temperature, M=moisture, SG%=percentage of seed germination, D=days after treatment. Data have been shown by mean±SD. Mean values±SD within a column with the same letter (a-c) are not significantly different (P≤0.05). n=3.
Results of this experiment showed that breaking of seed dormancy was related to temperature and moisture. In addition, results showed that more exposure time for the seeds under dry-chilling condition increases the germination rate but for seeds under moist-chilling condition, there was a decrease in seed germination rate (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Seed germination of B. persicum under moist-chilling condition for 120 d, followed by transferring to moist-room condition for one month.
(A) Germinated seeds after 20 d treatment. (B) Germinated seeds after 40 d treatment. (C) Germinated seeds after 60 d treatment. (D) Germinated seeds after 80 d treatment. (E) Germinated seeds after 100 d treatment. (F) Seedlings after two months in plastic pod. Scale bar=5 mm.
3.2. Influence of plant growth regulators on breaking of seed dormancy under moist-room condition
Analysis variances showed that PGRs had a high significant influence on breaking of dormancy of B. persicum seeds (Table 3). The results showed that cytokinins, including BAP and synthetic ones TDZ and CPPU have different effects on seed germination. The results indicated that the seeds treated with BAP showed no effect on seed germination under room temperature while TDZ and CPPU influenced seed germination in different concentrations. The maximum seed germination under cytokinins treatments was 23.3% and 20.0% obtained from 12.5 µmol/L TDZ and 6.3 or 12.5 µmol/L CPPU respectively. Also, seeds treated with 100 µmol/L GA3 showed 46.7% seed germination which was the most effective exogenous growth regulator in breaking of seed dormancy and germination (Figure 4).
Table 3. Analysis of variance for the breaking of seed dormancy by various concentrations of PGRs under moist-room condition.
| Source | df | Mean square | F value |
| PGRs | 3 | 665.014 | 132.27** |
| Concentration | 6 | 407.940 | 81.14** |
| PGRs*concentration | 18 | 451.170 | 89.74** |
| Error | 56 | 5.027 | |
| CV (%) | 30.38 | ||
df=Degree of freedom, CV=Coefficient of variation, F value=frequency of each value, **highly significant at P<0.001, LSD=3.67.
Figure 4. Effect of different levels of TDZ, CPPU, GA3, and BAP on seed germination of B. persicum under moist-room condition.
Data were shown as mean±SD. Mean values±SD with the same letter (a-f) were not significantly different (P≤0.05).
3.3. Influence of plant growth regulators on breaking of seed dormancy under moist-chilling condition
The ANOVA table showed that PGRs had a highly significant effect on breaking of seed dormancy and germination (Table 4).
Table 4. Analysis of variance related to the effects of different concentrations of TDZ, CPPU, GA3 and BAP on seed germination of B. persicum under chilling temperature (2-5 °C).
| Source | df | Mean square | F value |
| PGRs | 3 | 985.44 | 70.92** |
| Concentration | 6 | 1965.67 | 141.47** |
| PGRs*concentration | 18 | 341.35 | 24.57** |
| Error | 56 | 13.89 | |
| CV (%) | 22.91 | ||
df=Degree of freedom, CV=Coefficient of variation, F value=frequency of each value, **highly significant at P<0.001, LSD=6.1.
Results of seed germination under room and chilling temperature conditions showed that chilling temperature at 2-5 °C (stratification) increase the percentage of seed germination of three-month-old seeds. Accordingly, the combination of stratification and PGRs on six months old seeds was studied. The results showed that stratification alone is able to break seed dormancy, although it was less than that of three-month-old seeds. Germination of seeds was recorded after 30 d inoculation. The results showed that TDZ at 6.3 µmol/L highly influenced breaking of seed dormancy with higher seed germination of 53.3%. In addition, 12.5 µmol/L TDZ, 12 µmol/L BAP, 25, and 50 µmol/L GA3 influenced seed germination with rate of 36.7%, 36.7%, 30%, and 30% respectively (Figure 5). Results of this experiment showed that stratification of dormant seeds (moist-chilling condition) was the main factor in breaking of seed dormancy (control). In addition, results revealed that under moist-chilling condition, cytokinins and gibberellins (GA3) had more influence on breaking of seed dormancy and germination. Furthermore, results showed that under that condition, BAP influenced seed germination with maximum rate of 23.3% at 6.3 µmol/L. It should be mentioned that under stratification condition, lower concentration of growth regulators gave a higher effect on breaking of seed dormancy and seed germination. Thus, it seemed that stratification was the main factor in seed germination and growth regulators were co-factors in B. persicum seed germination.
Figure 5. Effect of different levels of TDZ, CPPU, GA3, and BAP on seed germination of B. persicum under moist-chilling condition.
Data were shown as mean±SD. Mean values±SD with the same letter (a-f) were not significantly different (P≤0.05).
3.4. Effect of TDZ and GA3 on seed germination
In the previous experiments, the findings were: 1. B. persicum seeds were dormant and did not germinate under normal physical conditions (proper light and room temperature). 2. The moisture and chilling temperature were two important factors in breaking of seed dormancy. 3. GA3 at 50 and 100 µmol/L showed maximum effect on breaking of seed dormancy at moist-room condition. 4. TDZ at 3.1 and 6.3 µmol/L showed maximum effect on breaking of seed dormancy under moist chilling condition.
In this experiment, the synergic effect of GA3 and TDZ under moist chilling condition was investigated (Figure 6). Analysis of variance showed that GA3 and TDZ have a highly significant influence on breaking of seed dormancy and seed germination (Table 5).
Figure 6. Germinated seeds under treatment with chilling temperature and a combination of TDZ and GA3.
(A) 0.0 µmol/L TDZ+0.0 µmol/L GA3, (B) 0.0 µmol/L TDZ+25 µmol/L GA3, (C) 0.0 µmol/L TDZ+50 µmol/L GA3, (D) 3.1 µmol/L TDZ+0.0 µmol/L GA3, (E) 3.1 µmol/L TDZ+25 µmol/L GA3, (F) 3.1 µmol/L TDZ+50 µmol/L GA3, (G) 6.3 µmol/L TDZ+0.0 µmol/L GA3, (H) 6.3 µmol/L TDZ+25 µmol/L GA3, (I) 6.3 µmol/L TDZ+50 µmol/L GA3, (J) 12.5 µmol/L TDZ+0.0 µmol/L GA3, (K) 12.5 µmol/L TDZ+25 µmol/L GA3, (L) 12.5 µmol/L TDZ+50 µmol/L GA3. Seed length=5 mm.
Table 5. Analysis of combinational variance of the effect of TDZ and GA3 on seed germination of B. persicum under stratification condition (2-5 °C).
| Source of variation | df | Mean square | F value |
| TDZ | 3 | 6454.89 | 367.10** |
| GA3 | 2 | 3854.86 | 219.23** |
| TDZ*GA3 | 6 | 789.97 | 44.93** |
| Error | 24 | 17.58 | |
| CV% | 6.68 | ||
df=Degree of freedom,CV=Coefficient of variation, F value=frequency of each value, **highly significant, LSD=1.706.
The results showed that the maximum seed germination, 93.7%, was from treatment of seeds with 6.3 µmol/L TDZ and 50 µmol/L GA3. The minimum synergism was from treatment with 3.1 µmol/L TDZ and 25 µmol/L GA3 (Table 6).
Table 6. The responses of seed germination and the seedling length of B. persicum to different level of TDZ and GA3.
| TDZ concentration (µmol/L) | GA3 concentration (µmol/L) | Seed germination (%) | Seedling length after two months acclimatization (mm) |
| 0 | 0 | 16.67±3.09 g | 50.55±3.09 a |
| 0 | 25 | 30.00±3.33 f | 49.20±3.38 a |
| 0 | 50 | 13.33±0.80 g | 49.85±2.94 a |
| 3.1 | 0 | 14.00±1.00 g | 48.00±2.79 a |
| 3.1 | 25 | 25.00±3.61 f | 48.10±2.77 a |
| 3.1 | 50 | 72.33±2.52 c | 50.30±4.07 a |
| 6.3 | 0 | 53.33±2.52 d | 50.30±2.87 a |
| 6.3 | 25 | 90.67±3.51ab | 49.60±3.47 a |
| 6.3 | 50 | 93.67±3.51 a | 50.00±2.94 a |
| 12.5 | 0 | 40.33±2.52 e | 50.30±3.33 a |
| 12.5 | 25 | 68.00±3.00 c | 50.20±2.53 a |
| 12.5 | 50 | 86.00±2.65 b | 50.6 0±4.58 a |
Data have been shown as mean±SD. Mean values±SD within a column with the same letter (a-g) are not significantly different (P≤0.05). n=3.
3.5. Acclimatization of one-month-old seedlings
The seedlings were transferred to 300 mL plastic pots filled with potting, burnt and high quality black soils in a ratio of 1: 1: 1 (v: v: v) (Figure 7). All seedlings showed normal growth. Also, the variance analysis of data showed that the effect of TDZ and GA3 on seedlings length was not significant (Table 7). It is therefore, suggested that TDZ and GA3 have no effect on the normal growth of seedlings.
Figure 7. Seed acclimatization of B. persicum after treatment with chilling temperature and a combination of TDZ and GA3 in the 300 mL pots.
(A) 3.1 µmol/L TDZ+0.0 µmol/L GA3, (B) 3.1 µmol/L TDZ+25 µmol/L GA3, (C) 3.1 µmol/L TDZ+50 µmol/L GA3, (D) 6.3 µmol/L TDZ+0.0 µmol/L GA3, (E) 6.3 µmol/L TDZ+25 µmol/L GA3, (F) 6.3 µmol/L TDZ+50 µmol/L GA3, (G) 12.5 µmol/L TDZ+0.0 µmol/L GA3, (H) 12.5 µmol/L TDZ+25 µmol/L GA3, (I) 12.5 µmol/L TDZ+50 µmol/L GA3.
Table 7. Analysis of variance about the effects of different levels of TDZ and GA3 on seedling length of B. persicum after one month acclimatization.
| Source of variation | df | Mean square | F value |
| TDZ | 3 | 6454.89 | 367.10** |
| GA3 | 2 | 3854.86 | 219.23** |
| TDZ*GA3 | 6 | 789.97 | 44.93** |
| Error | 24 | 17.58 | |
| CV% | 6.68 | ||
df=Degree of freedom, CV=Coefficient of variation, F value=frequency of each value, **highly significant, LSD=1.706.
4. Discussion
Seed germination behavior shows that stratification is the most effective factor and imbibed seeds germinate with the highest rate only occur in chilling temperature. It indicates that respiratory systems, including the citric acid cycle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway and or protein synthesis do not start in dry seeds at room temperature[21]. Normally by seed imbibition, respiration and protein synthesis will provide necessary energy (adenosine triphosphate) for germination[22]. Evidence shows that under moist-chilling condition many genes in dormant seeds are active and some of these genes are under control of plant hormones[23]. Thus, maybe low percent of germination in imbibed seeds under room temperature is related to inner cell membrane of mitochondria. Since only pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis are active, cell membrane related photosynthesis, that is, citric acid cycle is not active. In fact, under chilling temperature, cell membrane structure permits respiratory enzymes to retain their active structure.
The effect of GA3 on seed germination under room temperature condition showed that seed dormancy in B. persicum was from intermediate physiological type to non-deep complex morphophysiological dormancy[4]. According to Hossain et al., by exogenous application of GA3, not only the ratio of endogenous germination promoters (such as GA3) to germination inhibitors increased, but also, the cell metabolism increaseed[16]. Therefore, it is suggested that high seed germination under moist-chilling condition pre-treated with combination of TDZ and GA3, is related to increasing in the ratio of GA3 and or activity of endogenous phytohormones. In addition, according to Ferreira et al., the effect of TDZ on breaking of seed dormancy could be related to increasing the endogenous auxins and cytokinins of the seeds[24].
These results show that seed germination of B. persicum depends on the age of seeds after harvesting. Seeds in the early harvesting time (three months old) were under physiological dormancy. However, behavior of seed germination changed after six months and seed dormancy changed to morphophysiological dormancy. This result was consistent with results showing effects of stratification and chemicals on seed germination of B. persicum[18].
The aim of this project was to determine the factors associated with propagation of B. persicum by seed intermediate. The seeds are dormant and our finding suggests that breaking of seed dormancy could be helpful for domestication of this wild plant. The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study. The first major finding is that 60 d stratification alone causes 54.7% seed germination. Seed germination increases to more than 93.67% when seeds are treated with a combination of GA3 and TDZ under 2-5 °C stratification after one month. Future studies are needed to decrease the juvenile time for successful domestication of B. persicum.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to send gratitude to Universiti Putra Malaysia for supporting the project via Research University Grant Scheme (Vote No. 9322400) and Dr. Zand, the Deputy Minister and Head of Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, and also Dr. Bahman Panahi, the Dean of Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre for providing the seeds.
Comments
Background
Economic plantation of B. persicum is confronted with two major problems including seed dormancy and long juvenile time. Seed dormancy has been classified in many classes including physiological, morphological, morphophysiological, physical and combinational dormancy. Dormancy of B. persicum seeds is an interesting area of research.
Research frontiers
The present study makes an attempt to investigate the effect of temperature and moisture, different plant growth regulators as well as combinations of GA3 and TDZ under chilling temperature on breaking of B. persicum seed dormancy.
Related reports
Some researchers believe that stratification is the only factor to influence the breaking of seed dormancy. In contrast, it is reported that germination rate is increased in the presence of BAP plus polyethylene glycol and GA3. There are some reports of successful application of CPPU for germination of under stress seeds such as rice seeds. Some reports showed that GA3 is a common plant growth regulator that regulates the seed development and germination. Also another report revealed that nitric oxide could break dormancy from seeds only when combined with GA3.
Innovations and breakthroughs
In this research work, authors found that the moisture and chilling temperature were two important factors in breaking of seed dormancy. In addition, authors investigated the synergic effect of GA3 and TDZ on breaking of B. persicum seed dormancy under moist chilling condition.
Applications
The findings of this study suggest that breaking of seed dormancy could be helpful for domestication of this wild plant B. persicum.
Peer review
This is a valuable research work in which authors investigated the effect of temperature and moisture, different plant growth regulators as well as combinations of GA3 and TDZ under chilling temperature on breaking of B. persicum seed dormancy. The methods adopted are appropriate and the findings are interesting.
Footnotes
Foundation Project: Supported by Universiti Putra Malaysia, the project via Research University Grant Scheme (RUGS) (Vote No. 9322400).
Conflict of interest statement: We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
References
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