Abstract
Objective: Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant genes. This study aimed to investigate the association of Nrf2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs35652124 (-653A/G) and rs6721961 (-617C/A), with laboratory data and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 216 HD patients (119 males and 97 females; 60 diabetics and 156 non-diabetics) with mean age of 60.3±13.3 (SD) years, and mean HD duration of 9.10±8.28 years. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) assay.
Results: As for rs35652124, diastolic blood pressure (BP) was significantly high in total AA carriers. β2-microglobulin was significantly low in male AA carriers. Systolic BP, diastolic BP and albumin were significantly high in female AA carriers. As for 6721961, systolic BP and diastolic BP were significantly high in female AA carriers. Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted for age, HD duration, diabetes and Kt/V demonstrated that rs35652124 AA carriers showed higher cardiovascular mortality than (GG+GA) carriers.
Conclusion: Nrf2 SNPs were associated with BP in Japanese HD patients. More notably, rs35652124 was associated with cardiovascular mortality in these patients.
Keywords: Nrf2, polymorphism, hemodialysis, blood pressure, cardiovascular mortality.
Introduction
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a member of the cap'n'collar family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that regulate the expression of many anti-oxidant pathway genes 1. Nrf2 is maintained at basal levels in cells by binding to its inhibitor protein, Kelch-like erythroid-cell-derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)-associated protein 1 (Keap1) 2,3.
Nrf2 protects many cell types and organ systems from a broad spectrum of toxic insults and disease pathogenesis. For example, Nrf2 protects lung from butylated hydroxytoluene-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome 4, hyperoxic injury 5, and bleomycin-mediated pulmonary fibrosis 6. Nrf2 increased sensitivity to acetaminophen-induced centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis and hepatotoxicity 7. Nrf2 also contributes to neuro-protection. Activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway protects neuroblastoma cells from oxidative glutamate toxicity 8 and H2O2-induced apoptosis 9. Nrf2 ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic kidney disease 10. Nrf2 antioxidant functions may be important in vascular diseases 11-13. Indeed, expression levels of Nrf2-regulated heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione peroxidase-1 play a protective role in atherogenesis 13. Thus, Nrf2 is called the “multi-organ protector” 14.
Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the Nrf2 gene 15-19. Of special relevance are the rs35652124 (-653A/G) polymorphism and the rs6721961 (-617C/A) polymorphism, which are located in the promotor region of the gene 16. The rs35652124 and rs6721961 SNPs are predicted to affect Nrf2 myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) and ARE-like promoter binding sites, respectively 15. These SNPs affect efficient binding of proteins such as Nrf2 to the MZF1 and ARE-like promoter binding sites. Thus, Nrf2 autoregulates its transcription, through these promoter regions. Both SNPs were found to reduce the transcription activity of Nrf2, associated with attenuated binding of Nrf2 to the ARE, resulting in decreased Nrf2-dependent gene transcription. Furthermore, a correlation between individuals carrying the rs6721961CA genotype and increased incidence of acute lung injury, has been reported 15. Nrf2 gene SNP rs35652124 was associated with nephritis in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 19, and that it might be a risk factor for developing kidney dysfunction in SLE patients. However, there has been no report on Nrf2 SNPs in hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aimed to investigate the association of Nrf2 gene SNPs, rs35652124 and rs6721961, with various laboratory data, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Japanese HD patients.
Materials and Methods
Study Subjects
This study included 216 subjects (119 men and 97 women) taking HD at Meiyo Clinic, Aichi, Japan. The patients included 60 diabetics and 156 non-diabetics, with mean age of 60.3±13.3 (SD) years, and mean HD duration of 9.10±8.28 years. The allele frequencies of rs35652124 and rs6721961 were compared with 464 subjects taking medical checkup at Nagoya University Hospital. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine in 2004.
Laboratory and CACS Measurement
Blood samples were obtained after 12 hours of fasting. The following biochemical parameters were determined by standard laboratory methods based on Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry (JSCC): total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Coronary artery calcification score (CACS) was measured by using multi-16-detector row computed tomography (Aquilion 16, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) as described previously 20.
Genotyping of Nrf2 Gene SNPs
Nrf2 SNPs, rs35652124 and rs6721961, were selected from the HapMap database. The genotyping of these SNPs was performed using polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) assay 21. Confronting pairs of primers are as follows:
rs35652124
Forward primer 1: CTTTTATCTCACTTTACCGCCCGAG
Forward primer 2: GCAGTCACCCTGAACGCCCT
Reverse primer 1: GACACGTGGGAGTTCAGAGGG
Reverse primer 2: GGGGTTCCCGTTTTTCTCCC
The region containing this polymorphism was amplified by PCR with these primers with the initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min followed by 30 cycles at 95°C for 1 min, at 66°C for 1 min, at 72°C for 1 min and additionally at 72°C for 5 min. PCR products were visualized on a 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining. Genotyping was performed as follows; 317, 145 bp for AA genotype, 317, 212, 145 bp for AG genotype, and 317, 212 bp for GG genotype.
rs6721961
Forward primer 1: CCCTGATTTGGAGGTGCAGAACC
Forward primer 2: GGGGAGATGTGGACAGCG
Reverse primer 1: GCGAACACGAGCTGCCGGA
Reverse primer 2: CTCCGTTTGCCTTTGACGAC
The region containing this polymorphism was amplified by PCR with these primers with the initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min followed by 30 cycles at 95°C for 1 min, at 58°C for 1 min, at 72°C for 1 min and additionally at 72°C for 5 min. PCR products were visualized on a 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining. Genotyping was performed as follows; 282, 113 bp for CC genotype, 282, 205, 113 bp for CA genotype, and 282, 205 bp for AA genotype.
Statistical Analysis
Results are expressed as mean±SD. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing was performed by using the X2 test. Student's t test and multivariate analysis adjusted for age and duration on HD were performed in comparison of the mean values between the different genotype groups.
The associations of the SNPs with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were evaluated. In this study, cardiovascular disease was defined as apparent heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease as a primary cause of death. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard analysis were used to examine the impact of these SNPs on survival after adjusting for age and HD duration. Significance was defined as a p value of <0.05. All analysis was done by using SPSS statistics 20 (SPSS Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan).
Results
Incidence of Nrf2 Gene SNPs
Table 1 shows general characteristics of HD patients. Table 2 shows genotype frequencies of Nrf2 gene. A strong linkage was observed between these two SNPs (D´=0.983, r2=0.507). The incidences of genotypes in Nrf2 gene in healthy subjects and HD patients are shown in Table 3. As for HD patients, the allele frequencies of the rs35652124 polymorphism of the Nrf2 gene were 0.574 for the G allele and 0.426 for the A allele, which was not significantly different from healthy subjects. The allele frequencies of the rs6721961 polymorphism of the Nrf2 gene were 0.720 for the C allele and 0.280 for the A allele, which was not significantly different from healthy subjects. The genotype distributions for the rs35652124 and rs6721961 were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.61 and 0.46, respectively).
Table 1.
General characteristics of subjects.
| Total | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 216 | 119 | 97 | |
| Age | (year) | 60.3±13.3 | 58.7±13.3 | 62.4±13.1 |
| HD-duration | (year) | 9.10±8.28 | 8.75±8.53 | 9.54±7.99 |
| Diabetes | (yes / no) | 60 / 156 | 43 / 76 | 17 / 80 |
| Systolic BP | (mmHg) | 143.2±23.9 | 148.2±21.5 | 136.3±25.5 |
| Diastolic BP | (mmHg) | 75.3±13.5 | 76.8±13.3 | 73.3±13.5 |
| Red blood cell | (×106/μl) | 3.28±0.37 | 3.34±0.39 | 3.21±0.34 |
| Hematocrit | (%) | 31.7±3.1 | 32.2±3.2 | 31.0±2.8 |
| White blood cell | (×103/μl) | 5.87±1.71 | 6.12±1.79 | 5.55±1.56 |
| Platelet | (×103/μl) | 183±55 | 183±56 | 182±55 |
| LDH | (IU/l) | 349±70 | 344±65 | 355±76 |
| ALP | (IU/l) | 166±76 | 149±57 | 187±90 |
| Total protein | (g/l) | 70.0±4.6 | 70.4±4.7 | 69.4±4.4 |
| Albumin | (g/l) | 41.3±3.6 | 41.9±3.5 | 40.5±3.5 |
| Total cholesterol | (mmol/l) | 4.40±0.93 | 42.1±0.91 | 4.63±0.90 |
| Triglyceride | (mmol/l) | 1.55±1.20 | 1.67±1.49 | 1.41±0.66 |
| HDL cholesterol | (mmol/l) | 1.14±0.33 | 1.05±0.28 | 1.24±0.35 |
| LDL cholesterol | (mmol/l) | 2.58±0.76 | 2.44±0.68 | 2.74±0.81 |
| Uric acid | (μmol/l) | 490±79 | 499±86 | 479±68 |
| HbA1c | (%) | 7.36±1.40 | 7.40±1.51 | 7.29±1.14 |
| Calcium (Ca) | (mmol/l) | 2.14±0.23 | 2.14±0.24 | 2.14±0.22 |
| Phosphorus (P) | (mmol/l) | 1.91±0.37 | 1.94±0.43 | 1.88±0.29 |
| Ca×P | (mmol/l)2 | 4.09±0.97 | 4.16±1.08 | 4.02±0.82 |
| Homocysteine | (μmol/l) | 37.0±22.7 | 38.9±22.8 | 34.6±22.5 |
| Malondialdehyde | (mg/l) | 1.68±0.29 | 1.68±0.31 | 1.69±0.26 |
| Lipid peroxides | (μmol/l) | 1.23±0.86 | 1.17±0.69 | 1.30±1.03 |
| Carboxymethyl lysine | (mg/l) | 9.85±2.05 | 9.74±2.13 | 9.99±1.94 |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | (nmol/l) | 21.9±54.6 | 19.8±43.1 | 24.5±66.2 |
| β2-microglobulin | (mg/l) | 32.8±7.3 | 32.4±7.8 | 33.3±6.8 |
| Pentosidine | (mg/l) | 0.446±0.149 | 0.451±0.164 | 0.440±0.129 |
| Indoxyl sulfate | (mg/l) | 35.4±14.7 | 36.5±14.5 | 34.0±14.9 |
| High-sensitive PTH | (ng/l) | 19233±15787 | 21496±17857 | 16510±12464 |
| Troponin T | (μg/l) | 0.031±0.056 | 0.038±0.066 | 0.023±0.038 |
| CACS | (mm3) | 1283±1914 | 1432±2061 | 1099±1710 |
| Kt/V | 1.34±0.24 | 1.23±0.20 | 1.49±0.19 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD.
Table 2.
Genotype frequencies of Nrf2 gene.
| rs6721961 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CC | CA | AA | Total | ||
| rs35652124 | GG | 73 | 0 | 0 | 73 |
| AG | 31 | 70 | 1 | 102 | |
| AA | 10 | 13 | 18 | 41 | |
| Total | 114 | 83 | 19 | 216 | |
Table 3.
Comparison between HD patients and healthy controls in each genotype of Nrf2 gene.
| Healthy subjects | HD patients | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs35652124 | GG | 162 | 73 | |
| GA | 204 | 102 | ||
| AA | 98 | 41 | ||
| A allele percentage | 43.1% | 42.6% | 0.694 | |
| rs7895833 | CC | 256 | 114 | |
| CA | 161 | 83 | ||
| AA | 47 | 19 | ||
| A allele percentage | 27.5% | 28.0% | 0.608 | |
Association of Nrf2 Gene SNPs with Various Variables
Table 4 shows association of SNP rs35652124 with variables in HD patients. In total patients, diastolic blood pressure (BP) and albumin were significantly high in AA carriers. Troponin T was significantly low in AA carriers. In male patients, β2-microglobulin, CACS and troponin T were significantly low in AA carriers. In female patients, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and albumin were significantly high in AA carriers.
Table 4.
Variables according to polymorphism in Nrf2 gene.
| rs35652124 | rs6721961 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GG+GA | AA | p value1 | p value 2 | CC+CA | AA | p value1 | p value 2 | ||
| Total | |||||||||
| n | 175 | 41 | 197 | 19 | |||||
| Diastolic BP | (mmHg) | 74.2±13.1 | 79.9±14.2 | 0.024 | 0.047 | ||||
| Albumin | (g/l) | 41.0±3.5 | 42.4±3.9 | 0.018 | ns | ||||
| Homocysteine | (μmol/l) | 37.62±23.61 | 30.03±7.14 | 0.002 | ns | ||||
| Troponin T | (μg/l) | 0.035±0.060 | 0.016±0.032 | 0.006 | ns | 0.033±0.058 | 0.014±0.018 | 0.001 | ns |
| Male | |||||||||
| n | 99 | 20 | 108 | 11 | |||||
| HD-duration | (year) | 9.25±8.73 | 3.83±3.56 | 0.001 | - | ||||
| Homocysteine | (μmol/l) | 39.89±23.67 | 28.94±6.73 | 0.001 | ns | ||||
| β2-microglobulin | (mg/l) | 33.3±7.6 | 27.9±7.8 | 0.007 | 0.034 | ||||
| CACS | (mm3) | 1605±2165 | 579±1186 | 0.003 | ns | 1533±2130 | 444±630 | <0.001 | ns |
| Troponin T | (μg/l) | 0.042±0.070 | 0.019±0.036 | 0.030 | ns | 0.041±0.069 | 0.013±0.019 | 0.002 | ns |
| Female | |||||||||
| n | 76 | 21 | 89 | 8 | |||||
| Systolic BP | (mmHg) | 132.6±26.9 | 150.3±26.9 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 133.6±23.3 | 163.1±32.6 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP | (mmHg) | 70.1±11.8 | 85.1±13.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 72.3±13.1 | 82.9±15.3 | 0.048 | 0.039 |
| Platelet | (×103/μl) | 185±56 | 146±14 | <0.001 | ns | ||||
| Albumin | (g/l) | 40.1±3.5 | 42.1±3.5 | 0.020 | 0.013 | ||||
1 Unadjusted analysis (Student's t-test or Welch's t-test)
2 Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, HD-duration, diabetes (yes or no) and Kt/V
ns: not significant
We performed multivariate analysis adjusted for age, duration on HD, diabetes (yes or no) and Kt/V. In total patients, diastolic BP was significantly high in AA carriers. In male patients, β2-microglobulin was significantly low in AA carriers. In female patients, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and albumin were significantly high in AA carriers.
Table 4 shows association of SNP rs6721961 with variables in HD patients. In total patients, homocysteine and troponin T were significantly low in AA carriers. In male patients, HD duration, homocysteine, CACS, and troponin T were significantly low in AA carriers. In female patients, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and albumin were significantly high in AA carriers. Platelet was significantly low in AA carriers.
We performed multivariate analysis adjusted for age, duration on HD, diabetes, and Kt/V. In female patients, systolic and diastolic BP levels were significantly high in AA carriers. Platelet was significantly low in AA carriers. In male patients, however, there were no significant differences in the variables between the genotypes.
Survival Analysis of Nrf2 Gene SNPs
Figure 1 shows estimates of survival by the recessive model of rs35652124 genotype (A: all-cause, B: cardiovascular). The cumulative all-cause mortality values of genotype (GG+GA) and genotype AA were 32.7% and 36.8%, respectively. The cumulative cardiovascular mortality values of genotype (GG+GA) and genotype AA were 13.5% and 28.9%, respectively. In this model, cardiovascular mortality was significantly high in AA carriers of rs35652124 compared with (GG+GA) genotype (p=0.032). Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted for age and HD duration demonstrated that AA carriers showed significantly high cardiovascular mortality compared with (GG+GA) carriers (odds ratio=2.834, p=0.006). This trend was more prominent in female patients. The cumulative cardiovascular mortality values of genotype (GG+GA) and genotype AA in female were 13.2% and 42.1% (p=0.007), respectively. Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted for age and HD duration demonstrated that the odds ratio of AA carriers/(GG+GA) carriers was significantly high (odds ratio=5.856, p=0.001).
Figure 1.
Survival curves of all-cause mortality (A) and cardiovascular mortality (B), calculated by the Kaplan Meier method, based on the SNP rs35652124. (GG+GA) genotype: solid line, AA genotype: broken line. ns: not significant.
Figure 2 shows estimates of survival by the recessive model of rs6721961 genotype (A: all-cause, B: cardiovascular). There was no significant difference in the mortality between the genotype groups.
Figure 2.
Survival curves of all-cause mortality (A) and cardiovascular mortality (B), calculated by the Kaplan Meier method, based on the SNP rs6721961. (CC+CA) genotype: solid line, AA genotype: broken line. ns: not significant.
Discussion
The novel findings of the present study are: 1) systolic and diastolic BP levels were significantly high in rs35652124 AA carriers and rs6721961 AA carriers in HD patients, especially in female patients, and 2) cardiovascular mortality was significantly high in rs35652124 AA carriers in HD patients, especially in female patients. Thus, Nrf2 gene SNPs, rs35652124 and rs6721961, were associated with BP in Japanese HD patients. More notably, SNP rs35652124 was associated with cardiovascular mortality in these patients.
The present study revealed that cardiovascular mortality as well as systolic and diastolic BP was significantly high in A allele carriers of rs35652124. This tendency was more prominent in female patients. We consider that high cardiovascular mortality in the A allele carriers of rs35652124 might be due to high BP, because hypertension causes a variety of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction.
A recent study demonstrated association between Nrf2 polymorphism and hemodynamic parameters. Polymorphisms (rs35652124 and rs6721961) within the Nrf2 promoter were associated with impaired forearm vasodilator responses in an endothelial-independent manner, suggesting an important role of Nrf2 in the regulation of vascular function in humans 16. These vascular responses have been shown to correlate with vasodilator responses in coronary arteries, and predict the risk of developing cardiovascular disease 22. The present study suggests that different transcription activity due to Nrf2 gene polymorphisms might affect BP by modulating protection against cellular oxidative stress. Wu et al. demonstrated that oxidative stress is associated with elevated BP 23. Imbalance between production and scavenging of superoxide anion results in hypertension by the inactivation of nitric oxide, and the increased oxidative stress from the resultant peroxynitrite promotes inflammatory processes such as atherosclerosis.
Marzec et al. reported that Nrf2 activity was low in G allele carriers of rs35652124 and A allele carriers of rs6721961 15. We hypothesized that cardiovascular mortality might be higher in G allele carriers of rs35652124 and/or A allele carriers of rs6721961. However, contrary to our hypothesis, the present study revealed that cardiovascular mortality was lower in G allele carriers of rs35652124, but not in A allele carriers of rs6721961. Thus, low activity of Nrf2 as shown in G allele carriers of rs35652124 seems to be associated with low cardiovascular mortality.
Sussan et al. reported that Nrf2 knockout mice surprisingly have a decreased susceptibility to ApoE-mediated atherosclerotic plaque formation, and suggested that the pro-atherogenic effect of Nrf2 may be mediated via positive regulation of the scavenger receptor (CD36) 24. Nrf2-mediated CD36 expression is a major pathway by which modified LDL becomes incorporated into atheroma. In Nrf2 deficiency, even in greater oxidative stress, atherosclerosis is reduced. Barajas et al. also found that Nrf2 knockout mice unexpectedly exhibited reduction in the degree of aortic atherosclerosis compared with wild-type controls, and therefore concluded that Nrf2 expression promotes atherosclerotic lesion formation, by a combination of systemic metabolic and local vascular effects 25. Decreased atherosclerosis in the Nrf2 knockout mice correlated with lower plasma total cholesterol levels. Thus, Nrf2 is pro-atherogenic, despite its antioxidative function. These findings might explain why low activity of Nrf2 as shown in G allele carriers of rs35652124 was associated with low cardiovascular mortality in our patients.
In conclusion, Nrf2 SNPs, rs35652124 and rs6721961, were associated with BP in Japanese HD patients. More importantly, Nrf2 SNP rs35652124 was associated with cardiovascular mortality in these patients. Further study on Nrf2 SNPs with a larger group of HD patients might be necessary to confirm our findings.
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