Abstract
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and patients with AF are at an increased risk for stroke. Thromboprophylaxis with vitamin K antagonists reduces the annual incidence of stroke by approximately 60%, but appropriate thromboprophylaxis is prescribed for only approximately 50% of eligible patients. Health plans may help to improve quality of care for patients with AF by analyzing claims data for care improvement opportunities.
Objectives
To analyze pharmacy and medical claims data from a large integrated commercial database to determine the risk for stroke and the appropriateness of anticoagulant use based on guideline recommendations for patients with AF.
Methods
This descriptive, retrospective claims data analysis used the Anticoagulant Quality Improvement Analyzer software, which was designed to analyze health plan data. The data for this study were obtained from a 10% randomly selected sample from the PharMetrics Integrated Database. This 10% sample resulted in almost 26,000 patients with AF who met the inclusion criteria for this study. Patients with a new or existing diagnosis of AF between July 2008 and June 2010 who were aged ≥18 years were included in this analysis. The follow-up period was 1 year. Demographics, stroke risk level (CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores), anticoagulant use, and inpatient stroke hospitalizations were analyzed through the analyzer software.
Results
Of the 25,710 patients with AF (CHADS2 score 0–6) who were eligible to be included in this study, 9093 (35%) received vitamin K antagonists and 16,617 (65%) did not receive any anticoagulant. Of the patients at high risk for stroke, as predicted by CHADS2, 39% received an anticoagulant medication. The rates of patients receiving anticoagulant medication varied by age-group—16% of patients aged <65 years, 22% of those aged 65 to 74 years, and 61% of elderly ≥75 years. Among patients hospitalized for stroke, only 28% were treated with an anticoagulant agent in the outpatient setting before admission.
Conclusions
Our findings support the current literature, indicating that many patients with AF are not receiving appropriate thromboprophylaxis to counter their risk for stroke. Increased use of appropriate anticoagulation, particularly in high-risk patients, has the potential to reduce the incidence of stroke along with associated fatalities and morbidities.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia, diagnosed in approximately 1% of the general population.1 It is estimated that AF currently affects more than 2 million people in the United States and more than 4 million across the European Union, with the number of US patients with AF estimated to increase 2.5-fold by the year 2050.1,2
KEY POINTS
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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is responsible for approximately 20% of all strokes; stroke is the third most common cause of US deaths.
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Current guidelines for stroke prevention recommend thromboprophylaxis for all patients with AF who are at high risk for stroke.
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Appropriate thromboprophylaxis is the mainstay of stroke prevention, resulting in approximately 60% ischemic stroke risk reduction.
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In this claims data analysis, however, 65% of patients with AF did not have claims for anticoagulant therapy; the rate was only slightly lower (61%) among patients at high risk for stroke, with only 39% receiving anticoagulation therapy.
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Age played some role in the rate of anticoagulation use: only 16% of patients with AF under age 65 years had claims for an anticoagulant agent compared with 22% for those aged 65 to 74 years and 61% among those aged ≥75 years.
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These findings echo previous findings in the medical literature, suggesting a significant underutilization of anticoagulation therapy in people with AF.
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Although the cost of treating AF is significant—amounting to an estimated $6.65 billion direct cost in 2005—this amount is dwarfed by the treatment of stroke, which in 2010 was estimated at $73.7 billion for direct and indirect costs.
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Quality of care in this patient population can be improved by using software designed to analyze claims data to identify practice patterns and ways to improve treatment adherence.
AF is a powerful independent risk factor for stroke. Patients with AF are estimated to have a 5-fold greater risk for stroke than those without AF,3 and AF is thought to have a causative role in approximately 20% of all strokes.4 The individual stroke risk may be estimated using the CHADS2 (C = congestive heart failure, H = hypertension, A = age, D = diabetes, and S2 = stroke/transient ischemic attack) or CHA2DS2-VASc (C = congestive heart failure/left ventricular dysfunction, H = hypertension, A2 = age [≥75 years], D = diabetes, S2 = stroke/transient ischemic attack, V = vascular disease, A = age 65–74 years, and Sc = sex category) classification schemes; classification is based on patient characteristics, with higher scores corresponding to a higher risk for stroke.5,6
The prevalence of AF rises with increasing age. In patients aged <55 years, the prevalence is approximately 0.1%, but this increases to 9.0% in persons aged ≥80 years.1 The cost of treating AF places a significant burden on the healthcare system.7 In 2005, the annual total direct cost of treating patients with AF was estimated to be $6.65 billion.8 This figure, however, is dwarfed by the costs of treating stroke; in 2010, the combined direct and indirect cost of stroke in the United States was estimated to be $73.7 billion.9 The mean individual lifetime cost of ischemic stroke in the United States is estimated to be $140,048.9
Thromboprophylaxis is the mainstay of stroke prevention in patients with AF. Based on clinical practice guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the American College of Chest Physicians, and the European Society of Cardiology, patients with AF should generally receive an anticoagulant (usually a vitamin K antagonist) or antiplatelet regimen (usually acetylsalicylic acid), depending on their risk for stroke and serious bleeding.2,7,10–12 Long-term therapy with a vitamin K antagonist can reduce the risk for stroke by between 62% and 68% in patients with nonvalvular AF.13,14
Despite the availability of appropriate prophylaxis, thromboprophylaxis is prescribed for only approximately 50% of all eligible patients with AF.15 There is a clear need to improve the quality of care for these patients. Current quality measures for providers of treatment for AF broadly assess adherence to 3 primary areas of stroke prevention16:
The use of pharmacologic therapy
Assessment of risk factors for thromboembolism and disease progression
Maintenance of anticoagulant therapy within recommended international normalized ratios (INRs).
Health plans may be able to improve quality of care by using available software to analyze the plan's claims data; the results may help decision makers identify practice patterns among plan clinicians and members, as well as potential opportunities to improve treatment by identifying members’ stroke risk level, those not receiving appropriate, that is, guideline-based, thromboprophylaxis, and/or patients who are not being properly monitored for bleeding risk while taking an oral anticoagulant. Once identified, health plans can design patient and provider quality improvement interventions aimed at improving care for these at-risk populations.
The purpose of this study was to analyze pharmacy and medical claims data using AF-specific software to determine the risk for stroke and guideline-recommended use of anticoagulant therapy in a population of patients with a new diagnosis of AF.
Methods
Data Source
The claims data were obtained from the PharMetrics Integrated Database from July 2008 to June 2010 (IMS Health, Inc; Danbury, CT). This deidentified database includes medical and pharmacy claims of patients enrolled by commercial insurers in the United States. The PharMetrics Integrated Database includes inpatient and outpatient claims, diagnoses, and procedures based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9); Current Procedural Terminology, Fourth Edition codes; and retail and mail-order pharmacy claims in excess of 70 million individuals from more than 100 health plans.17
Study Design and Tools
This study is a descriptive, retrospective claims analysis conducted using the Anticoagulant Quality Improvement Analyzer software, a condition-specific software tool designed to evaluate population characteristics, population health risks, and appropriateness of medication use by allowing health plans to upload their pharmacy and medical claims data via a simple point-and-click method. A randomly selected 10% sample of patients from the PharMetrics Integrated Database was analyzed in this study by using this automated Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant software tool to produce results for a series of predetermined and user-defined measures and to generate actionable, patient/prescriber-level, overall sample-specific reports. A 10% sample of this database was deemed sufficient to provide an appropriate number of patients to accurately represent treatment patterns within the population of patients with AF; indeed, nearly 26,000 patients with AF who met the inclusion criteria for this study were identified in this 10% sample.
Inclusion Criteria
Patients were included in the analysis if they met all of the following inclusion criteria:
Their information was in the PharMetrics Integrated Database between July 2008 and June 2010
They had a follow-up period of 12 months after AF diagnosis
They were aged ≥18 years
They had ≥1 primary or secondary diagnoses of AF
Their pharmacy and medical claims were both recorded in the database.
Variable Descriptions
Comorbidities were identified using ICD-9 Clinical Modification diagnosis codes (Table 1).18 Measurements of stroke risk were based on the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scoring systems.
Table 1.
Comorbid Conditions of Interest
| Comorbidity | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Stroke | 2743 (11) |
| Hypertension | 16,390 (64) |
| Diabetes | 7015 (28) |
| Heart failure | 6457 (25) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 795 (3) |
| Coronary heart disease | 8688 (34) |
| Arrhythmias other than atrial fibrillation | 6933 (27) |
Source: Reference 18.
Using the CHADS2 system, each patient was assigned 1 point for each of the following factors: presence of congestive heart failure (CHF), presence of hypertension (ie, systolic blood pressure [BP] >160 mm Hg), age ≥75 years, and presence of diabetes. Two points were assigned for a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
The CHA2DS2-VASc system is another risk factor–based schema for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with AF. It incorporates additional risk factors that are not included in CHADS2. In a validation study, CHA2DS2-VASc was found to be superior to CHADS2 in differentiating patients with high-risk AF from those with low-risk AF.6
Using the CHA2DS2-VASc system, each patient in the present study was assigned 1 point for each of the following factors: the presence of CHF/left ventricular dysfunction; age 65 to 74 years; presence of hypertension (systolic BP >160 mm Hg), diabetes, or vascular disease (coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, aortic plaque); and female sex. Two points were assigned for each of the following factors: age ≥75 years and history of stroke, TIA, and thromboembolism.
Patients with AF were subsequently assigned to 1 of the following categories based on their risk factors for stroke, using both stroke risk assessment scoring systems: low risk (0 points), moderate risk (1 point), or high risk (≥2 points).
Outcomes
Prescribing patterns and outcomes were assessed during the 1-year period after the first occurrence of the diagnosis of AF in the study timeframe. The outcomes based on medical and pharmacy claims that were investigated included anticoagulant use, anticoagulant use by stroke risk score and age, and outpatient anticoagulant use in those hospitalized for stroke. To investigate the appropriate use of anticoagulants, levels of use and time to first gap of ≥60 days in anticoagulant therapy were assessed. Anticoagulant use categorized by stroke risk was assessed by classifying patients into low-, moderate-, and high-risk categories as defined by CHADS2 score. In addition, anticoagulant use by age was assessed in patients aged ≥75 years, 65 to 74 years, and <65 years. In patients who were hospitalized for stroke, the rate of anticoagulant use in the outpatient setting was also investigated.
Results
Patient Demographics
A total of 25,710 patients with AF were analyzed; 58% of the patients were male. The mean age of patients was 71.6 years (74.3 for female patients and 69.7 for male patients). Using the CHADS2 system, the proportions of patients at low, moderate, and high risk for stroke were estimated to be 17%, 28%, and 54%, respectively. Using the CHA2DS2-VASc system, the proportions of patients at low, moderate, and high risk for stroke were estimated to be 7%, 12%, and 81%, respectively (Table 2).
Table 2.
Patient Characteristics
| Demographic characteristics | Patients |
|---|---|
| All patients, N | 25,710 |
| Sex, N (%) | |
| Female | 10,781 (42) |
| Male | 14,929 (58) |
| Average age, yr | 71.6 |
| Female | 74.26 |
| Male | 69.68 |
| Risk score, N (%) | |
| CHADS2 | |
| Low (0) | 4442 (17) |
| Moderate (1 point) | 7313 (28) |
| High (≥2 points) | 13,955 (54) |
| CHA2DS2-VASC | |
| Low (0) | 1672 (7) |
| Moderate (1 point) | 3178 (12) |
| High (≥2 points) | 20,860 (81) |
Anticoagulant Use
Among the total AF population in this study, based on claims data, 9093 (35%) patients with AF received anticoagulant treatment to reduce the risk for stroke and 16,617 (65%) did not (Table 3). Because the data used in this analysis were collected only up to June 2010, newer oral anticoagulant agents were not included. Of the 9093 patients who received an anticoagulant, 4877 (54%) had a gap of ≥60 days in therapy. The mean time from initiation of anticoagulation to interruption of therapy was 166 days.
Table 3.
Anticoagulant Use, by Stroke Risk and Age
| Patients receiving anticoagulant, by CHADS2 risk groupa | Age-group, yr | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <65 (N = 7952) N (%) | 65–74 (N = 6736) N (%) | ≥75 (N = 11,022) N (%) | All age-groups (N = 25,710) N (%)a | |
| High risk | 879 (16) | 1216 (22) | 3319 (61) | 5414/13,955 (39) |
| Moderate risk | 954 (39) | 992 (40) | 529 (21) | 2475/7313 (34) |
| Low risk | 725 (60) | 479 (40) | 0 (0) | 1204/4442 (27) |
| All risk groups | 2558 (32) | 2687 (40) | 3848 (35) | 9093/25,710 (35) |
Percentages represent proportion of patients receiving anticoagulant therapy in that risk group.
Anticoagulant Use, by Stroke Risk and Age
Based on the CHADS2 scoring system, the rates of anticoagulant use in patients with AF were found to be relatively low, even in patients deemed to be at a high risk for stroke. Overall, based on claims data, only 39% of patients in the high-risk category received an anticoagulant. However, rates varied by age-group, with 16%, 22%, and 61% of patients aged <65 years, 65 to 74 years, and ≥75 years, respectively, receiving an anticoagulant. In the moderate-risk category, 39%, 40%, and 21% of patients by age stratification of <65 years, 65 to 74 years, and ≥75 years, respectively, received an anticoagulant; and in the low-risk category, 60%, 40%, and 0% of patients, respectively, received an anticoagulant (Table 3).
Rate of Outpatient Anticoagulant Use in Patients Hospitalized for Stroke
Based on claims data, the rate of preadmission outpatient anticoagulation was low in patients who were hospitalized for stroke. Of the 616 patients who were hospitalized for stroke, 173 were treated with an anticoagulant in the outpatient setting, representing 28% of the total (Table 4).
Table 4.
Outpatient Anticoagulant Use in 25,710 Patients Hospitalized for Stroke
| Variable | Patients, N (%) |
|---|---|
| Inpatient stroke hospitalization | 616 (2) |
| Untreated with anticoagulant in outpatient setting | 443 (72) |
| Treated with anticoagulant in outpatient setting | 173 (28) |
Discussion
Current medical guidelines for stroke prevention recommend that all patients with AF who are at high risk for stroke receive thromboprophylaxis, unless contraindicated.2,7,11,12 Appropriate thromboprophylaxis has been shown to reduce the risk for ischemic stroke by approximately 60%.13,14 However, studies have shown that nearly 50% of patients with AF do not receive appropriate thromboprophylaxis.15,19,20
In our analysis, 65% of patients with AF captured in the PharMetrics Integrated Database did not have claims for anticoagulation therapy. Even among patients at high risk for stroke, 61% did not have a claim for an anticoagulant. Furthermore, among patients with AF who were subsequently hospitalized for stroke, 72% did not have a claim for an anticoagulant medication in the outpatient setting before hospitalization. Our findings, based on data before the availability of the newer anticoagulant agents, are consistent with the past literature, providing further evidence of the need to improve the management of AF in the outpatient setting.
The ramifications of stroke can be devastating for patients and costly for health plans. Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of long-term morbidity.3 The mean lifetime cost of ischemic stroke in the United States is estimated to be $140,048.9 AF is one of the 20 medical conditions identified by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the National Quality Forum that impose heavy health burdens on patients and collectively account for more than 95% of Medicare's costs.21 These figures highlight the need for improved management of AF to reduce the incidence of stroke.
Several reasons explain why physicians and patients may find it challenging to manage the risk of AF-related stroke effectively. Physicians may struggle with the complexities of stratifying stroke risk in patients with AF. More than a dozen stroke risk–stratification systems for patients with AF have been proposed, based on various combinations of clinical and echocardiographic predictors, and although CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc are the most frequently used systems, none has been convincingly shown to be “the best.”22
Physicians also may have concerns about cognitive and physical impairment having an impact on the decision-making process for elderly patients and may be reluctant to prescribe anticoagulants for this population.23
Risk stratification necessitates an estimate not only of stroke risk but also of risk for bleeding. The risk for bleeding, risk for falls, and patients’ ability to comply with treatment also have been identified as important physician concerns that may lead to a clinical decision to limit anticoagulation therapy in the elderly.24 As the clinician considers bleeding risk, he/she must also differentiate between the likelihood of a minor bleeding event versus a major bleeding episode.
Lane and Lip note that “physicians may not adhere to the guidelines because they are either not aware of them or their knowledge of them is poor.”25 They also suggest that failure to adhere to clinical practice guidelines “may be because the guidelines are deficient in terms of evidence-based information,” and physicians may feel that this limits the applicability of these guidelines to certain patients.25
Patients, as well as healthcare providers, may fail to adhere to published guidelines for anticoagulation therapy in AF. For example, we found that 54% of patients in our study had a gap in therapy of >60 days. Such treatment gaps may have numerous causes. Often, patients have a limited understanding of the value of vitamin K antagonist therapy for stroke prophylaxis, and many are unaware of the risks associated with overanticoagulation or underanticoagulation. As a result, INR monitoring visits at anticoagulation clinics are frequently missed, INR values are frequently out of range, and dose adjustments are often required, particularly in the elderly.26 In addition, treatment with a vitamin K antagonist is also often perceived as a burden on lifestyle, restricting diet, social life, career, independence, and physical activities.26
Despite the increasing prevalence of AF and related complications, there has been limited focus on quality improvement activities in outpatients. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's National Quality Measures Clearinghouse identifies 45 heart failure–specific quality measures and 71 diabetes-specific measures, but only 6 AF-related measures, all of which address stroke prevention.27
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 called on the Institute of Medicine to recommend a list of priority topics in comparative effectiveness research (research designed to inform healthcare decisions by providing evidence on the effectiveness, benefits, and harms of different treatment options) that deserve federal support. AF is within the top quartile of priorities.28 The software tool used in this study offers an effective and easy-to-use method for retrospectively analyzing claims data, helping to identify patients with AF who are at high risk of stroke, and highlighting whether healthcare providers are managing that risk appropriately based on guideline recommendations.
Health plans; Pharmacy & Therapeutics committees; and medical, pharmacy, and quality improvement directors may find it beneficial to use the findings generated by this software to implement targeted educational programs for patients and healthcare providers regarding the importance of stroke prevention among patients with AF and recommended guidelines to determine the need for anticoagulant prophylaxis.
Limitations
There are a number of limitations to this study. First, we cannot guarantee the completeness and accuracy of the medical claims data used in this analysis. Claims-based analyses rely on data that are used primarily for administrative (ie, billing, payment, and operations) purposes. The data do not, therefore, necessarily reflect all of the clinical variables taken into account by physicians when making treatment decisions; therefore, some clinical characteristics (eg, INR, contraindications to anticoagulant therapy) will not have been captured, and there is the potential for some patients to have been misclassified in claims data that are included in the PharMetrics Integrated Database.
An assessment of bleeding risk should be part of a patient assessment before starting anticoagulation therapy. Our analysis did not include bleeding risk, resulting in a potential overestimate for undertreatment. Furthermore, the data captured in this analysis cover only a short period of patients’ medical histories; the information was limited to prescribing patterns and outcomes during the 1 year after the diagnosis of AF. The data may have omitted relevant risk-related events that occurred before the diagnosis of AF (eg, a previous stroke), and this might have led to underestimations of stroke risk scores.
Another area that is not captured by the medical claims database is over-the-counter medication use. Therefore, there are no data regarding the use of aspirin.
Finally, this analysis considered only patients for whom both medical and pharmacy claims data were available. Patients who had only medical or only pharmacy data included in the database were discounted, and this might have affected the overall results.
Conclusions
Given the enormous clinical and economic impact of AF-related stroke, AF is an ideal target for quality improvement efforts. Based on medical and pharmacy claims data obtained from the PharMetrics Integrated Database, our analysis showed that 54% of patients diagnosed with AF were at a high risk of stroke according to CHADS2 criteria. Of these patients, 61% did not have a claim for anticoagulant therapy. Furthermore, among patients who were hospitalized for a new stroke, more than 70% did not have a claim for an anticoagulant agent in the outpatient setting. This claims-based analysis supports the findings seen in the past literature that many patients with AF are not receiving appropriate thromboprophylaxis to counter their risk for stroke.15,20
Anticoagulant use for the prevention of stroke in patients with AF appears suboptimal. Increased use of appropriate anticoagulation therapy has the potential to reduce the incidence of stroke, along with associated fatalities and morbidities.
Biography
Barb Lennert
Author Disclosure Statement
Dr Patel, Dr Macomson, Dr Nelson, Dr Mody, and Dr Schein are employees of Janssen and shareholders of Johnson & Johnson; Ms Lennert is an employee of Xcenda; and Dr Owens is a consultant to Allergan, Auxilium, Biogen Idec, Boston Scientific, CardioDx, Eli Lilly, Eyetech, Genzyme, Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, and Q Pharma.
Contributor Information
Aarti A. Patel, Associate Director, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ.
Barb Lennert, Senior Director, Xcenda, LLC, Palm Harbor, FL.
Brian Macomson, Principal Liaison, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ.
Winnie W. Nelson, Director of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ.
Gary M. Owens, President, Gary Owens Associates, Glen Mills, PA.
Samir H. Mody, Director of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ.
Jeff Schein, Senior Director, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ.
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