Abstract
Background
Anaemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women and iron deficiency is the most important cause. Like many other countries, India has policies to give pregnant women iron supplements. Non-compliance is one important challenging factor in combating anaemia.
Objective
To estimate the compliance for IFA tablets among pregnant women and to study the social factors influencing it.
Methodology
This study included 190 pregnant women seeking ante-natal care in tertiary health centres in the Mangalore city in south India. After Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval, data was collected by personal interview. Missing >2 doses consecutively was considered non-compliance. The data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5.
Results
The mean age of the study population was 25.8 years (SD: 4.1). Most of the subjects consumed mixed diet and 72.1% belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Overall, compliance with IFA tablets was 64.7%. Compliance increased with the increase in age, birth order and single daily dose. Forgetfulness and both perceived as well as experienced side effects of IFA therapy were the important factors for non-compliance.
Conclusion
There was a moderate level of compliance towards IFA tablets with key social and demographic factors playing an important role.
Keywords: Compliance, iron, folic Acid, IFA tablets, demographic, social
Introduction
Anaemia is a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells is insufficient to meet the body physiological needs. It can cause various health complications in every age group including pregnant women, where it can lead to adverse maternal and foetal outcomes1. It is estimated that as many as 20% of maternal deaths are directly caused by anaemia through its complications and it is an associated cause in as many as 50% of maternal deaths worldwide1,2. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines anaemia as blood hemoglobin concentration less than 11gm/dl or hematocrit less than 37% in pregnant women1.
The WHO estimates that 58% of the women in developing countries are anaemic2. The prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women in Karnataka State in India is 62.6%3. Iron deficiency is thought to be the most common cause of anaemia globally, accounting for more than half of anaemia cases in pregnancy1.
Iron, is an essential nutrient, which is required for haemoglobin synthesis, other than the normal well-being, whose demand increases highly during pregnancy and many times does not get supplied through the regular diet. This can be worsened by the loss of appetite during pregnancy4. Therefore the most suitable mass intervention for iron supplementation is administering Iron along with Folic acid in the form of tablets to pregnant women aimed at increasing the haemoglobin concentration, so that the level of anaemia at term could be reduced to the best possible extent5, 6, 7.
Most Ministries of Health in developing countries have policies to give pregnant women either iron by itself or combined with folic acid in tablet form (IFA tablets). The National protocols in India require the provision of 1 tablet containing 100 mg elemental iron and 0.5 mg folic acid for daily consumption to all women during pregnancy for 100 days.
But effectiveness and success of such interventions depend on the compliance to the Iron-folic acid tablets. Compliance describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows a medical advice. Many experts believe that one of the main reasons that national iron supplementation programs have failed is women's “noncompliance”1,5. There are factors including health system and patient factors which determine the compliance, which are not studied extensively5,6. There are no clear cut offs for non-compliance. Missing 2 or more doses consecutively is usually considered as non-compliance4.
Thus compliance is essential for Iron Folic Acid therapy which in turn is influenced by several social and demographic factors. This study was carried out in a tertiary care centers in Mangalore to assess the awareness, practices, level of compliance and the factors affecting the level of compliance among the pregnant women with iron folic acid therapy.
Methods
This hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in the Lady Goschen Hospital and Kasturba Medical College Hospital Attavar, which are tertiary care centers providing Mother and Child Health services affiliated as teaching hospitals to Kasturba Medical College (Manipal University) Mangalore. The study was carried out for a period of two months (January–February 2012). The pregnant women attending the Antenatal Care clinic in the study hospital during the study period were included as the subjects in the study. The sample size was calculated using anticipated 33% non-compliance with IFA tablets4, with 7% absolute precision, 95% confidence interval and 10% non-response error, as 190.
After obtaining clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) and permission from the Hospital Authorities, the hospitals were visited for data collection. The subjects were selected using non-random sampling method (convenient sampling) till the required sample size of 190 was reached. The study subjects were explained about the objectives of the study in their vernacular language in clear words, were provided with the information sheet and a written informed consent was obtained from each of the subjects. Those who were not willing to participate were excluded from the study. The data was collected by using a pretested, semi-structured proforma, which included the demographic information, questions on practices related to Iron Folic Acid therapy, the number of doses including therapeutic purposes, their compliance and factors related to missing of the doses, followed by observing their latest hemoglobin levels from their records at the time of the interview. The socioeconomic status was calculated using Modified Kuppuswamy Scale7 and for analyses, the classes were resorted as Upper and Lower. Missing of two or more doses of IFA was considered as non-compliance 4. Hemoglobin level was classified according to the WHO recommendations.
The collected data was coded and entered into the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5. The results were expressed as proportions. To compare the differences across the groups, chi square test was used and p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The study included 190 women attending the Antenatal Clinics. The socio-demographic characteristics associated with the compliance towards consumption of IFA tablets is depicted in Table 1. Among the study participants, majority (80.6%) belonged to 21–30 years age group and 72.1% belonged to Lower socioeconomic status. The mean age of the study population was 25.8 years (SD: 4.1). Overall, 84.7% consumed mixed diet and 15.3% had predominant vegetarian diet. Also, 24.2% subjects were anaemic and among them, only 58.7% consumed all the IFA tablets given to them. Also 66.8% of the subjects received the therapy free of cost, since they attended the ANCs in Public Hospitals. In total, 73.2% of the study population was aware about the importance of IFA tablets.
Table 1.
Comparison of socio-demographic factors with the compliance towards IFA tablets among the subjects (n=190)
| Characteristics | Compliant (n=123) |
Non-Compliant (n=67) |
p value | |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
| Age group | <25 years | 57 (57.6) | 42 (42.4) | 0.031* |
| >25 years | 66 (72.5) | 25 (27.5) | ||
|
Socio economic status (SES) |
Upper | 19 (38.8) | 30 (61.2) | 0.001* |
| Lower | 104 (73.8) | 37 (26.2) | ||
| Predominant Diet | Vegetarian | 16 (55.2) | 13 (44.8) | 0.242 |
| Mixed | 107 (66.5) | 54 (33.5) | ||
| Hemoglobin status | Anaemic# | 27 (58.7) | 19 (41.3) | 0.471 |
| Normal | 96 (66.7) | 48 (33.3) | ||
| Order of pregnancy | First | 15 (46.9) | 17 (53.1) | |
| Second and above | 108 (68.4) | 50 (31.6) | 0.020* | |
| Tablets per day | One | 84 (67.7) | 40 (32.3) | 0.235 |
| Two or more | 39 (59.1) | 27 (40.9) | ||
| Cost of the tablets | Free | 89 (70.1) | 38 (29.9) | 0.029* |
| Purchase | 34 (54.0) | 29 (46.0) | ||
-significant at p =0.05, Anaemia – Blood Haemoglobin concentration < 11 gram/dl1
The overall compliance towards IFA tablets among the subjects was 64.7%. As depicted in Table 1, the compliance was higher among the subjects from lower socioeconomic class, with increasing age and birth, which were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The compliance was higher among the subjects with mixed diet. But the difference was not statistically significant. The subjects who received the IFA tablets free of cost had significantly higher compliance (p=0.029) as compared to those from the private hospital who had to spend money for it.
Further, the independent factors contributing towards the compliance were included in the Multiple Logistic Regression analysis and depicted in table 2. The variables included in the regression analysis were age group, socioeconomic status (SES), predominant diet, Haemoglobin status, order of pregnancy, number of IFA tablets per day, cost of the IFA tablets. The findings were similar to that of uni-variate analysis. SES, age group, order of pregnancy and cost of IFA tablets had the highest contribution towards the compliance.
Table 2.
Correlates of Compliance to IFA tablets among the subjects: Step-wise multiple logistic regression analysis (n=190)
| Correlates of Compliance | Odds ratio (Un-adjusted) |
95% CI | Odds ratio (Adjusted) |
95% CI | p value |
| Age group | |||||
| <25 years | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| >25 years | 2.06 | 0.81–3.31 | 2.39 | 0.94–5.59 | 0.001 |
| Socio economic status | |||||
| Upper | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Lower | 6.3 | 2.4–10.2 | 8.2 | 2.8–13.6 | <0.001 |
| Predominant diet | |||||
| Vegetarian | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Mixed | 1.21 | 0.68–2.2 | 1.9 | 1.10–3.82 | 0.04 |
| Hemoglobin status | |||||
| Anaemic | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Normal | 1.32 | 0.79–2.3 | 1.8 | 1.20–4.12 | 0.02 |
| Order of pregnancy | |||||
| First | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Second and above | 4.62 | 0.62–16.34 | 3.67 | 0.45–20.25 | <0.001 |
| Tablets per day | |||||
| Two or more | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| One | 1.2 | 0.3–2.1 | 1.5 | 0.4–2.6 | 0.07 |
| Cost of the tablets | |||||
| Purchase | 1 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Free | 3.4 | 1.2–5.6 | 3.7 | 1.6–5.8 | 0.001 |
The study subjects also had perceived side-effects with IFA, which included vomiting (47.69%), constipation (21.54%) and gastritis (13.84%). The reasons for skipping the IFA doses among the non-compliant subjects are given in table 3. The main reason for skipping the dose is forgetfulness (48.8%) followed by travel, constipation, gastritis, vomiting and others.
Table 3.
Reasons for skipping the IFA doses among the subjects (n=67)
| Reasons | No. (%) |
| Forgetfulness | 33 (48.8) |
| Travel | 09 (11.4) |
| Constipation | 08 (10.1) |
| Gastritis | 07 (08.9) |
| Vomiting | 05 (08.6) |
| Others | 05 (08.6) |
Among the study subjects, 96.8% were consuming fruits along with their usual diet. The main reasons for non-consumption of the fruits among the remainder were the cost of fruits, lack of interest and fear of developing Diabetes Mellitus. Overall, 98.9% of the subjects were consuming vegetables.
Discussion
This study found 98% of the subjects consuming the IFA tablets and compliance was (64.7%) which is very similar to a study conducted in Senegal in 20088. The reasons for non-compliance as given by the patients in our study include: the experience of side-effects that they associated with the tablets, misunderstanding that they needed to continue taking the tablets throughout pregnancy and forgetfulness which are similar to the previous studies2, 4. Additional barriers also could include inadequate counseling and distribution of iron tablets, difficult access and poor utilization of prenatal health care services, beliefs against consuming medications during pregnancy, and in most countries, fears that taking too much iron may cause too much blood or a big baby, making delivery more difficult2, 9.
According to our study; about 58.1% subjects consumed all the IFA tablets given to them. This is in accordance with the previous studies done in Karnataka State in 2006 and 200910,11. The demographic characteristics of the subjects in our study are in accordance with the study conducted by Pena-Rosas et al12.
Also our study observed that there are direct and indirect factors affecting the compliance levels. Those women, who are anaemic, had lesser level of compliance and the women who were above 25, and had second pregnancy were more compliant when compared to others. Single doses seemed to have higher IFA compliance levels. This study is very similar to a study conducted among low income group of women in USA during 2005, on pill count adherence to prenatal multivitamin/mineral supplement use in which the researchers reported that ethnicity, null-gravidity, smoking, educational and marital status affected compliance with prescribed medication13. This however needs further evaluation to determine the temporality of association. Add to that the perceived side effects, consciousness about the tablets provided, lack of clarity on the significance of IFA tablets. The present study area reflects a literate population and a prospectively developing region. Despite that there are factors which hinder the compliance of IFA tablets during pregnancy; thereby increasing the chances of skipping the doses. The present study highlights on high proportions of such beliefs and perceptions, similar to the Danish 2012 study14.
Thus there are many barriers to the successful implementation of IFA therapy among pregnant women. There are fears associated with the side effects of IFA tablets either due to perceived or experienced effects, inadequate counseling and information on significance of IFA tablets in pregnancy and the compliance with them. Reasons like forgetfulness and not being able to take the tablets due to travel are the important patient factors influencing the compliance, which need motivation from the pregnant women and demand further in depth behavioural studies. These socio demographic factors influencing the compliance with IFA tablets and thus determining the anaemia status could still be more and adverse in the other parts of the country where, literacy rates and health care delivery system are yet to reach the desired target9.
Limitations
The cross sectional nature of the study does not extend to the information on complete iron intake during pregnancy. There were also chances of recall bias among the study subjects regarding skipping of IFA doses.
Conclusion
The study population had a moderate level of compliance towards IFA tablets in pregnancy. The compliance level is directly influenced by the age, socioeconomic status, cost of the IFA tablets and birth order. Also, perceived side effects, lack of clarity on importance of IFA during pregnancy decreased the overall compliance.
Recommendations
During Antenatal visits, the significance of IFA tablets should be repeatedly explained and enforced on. Health education sessions should be conducted for pregnant mothers on regular basis and the same implementation has to be percolated to all cadres of health service providers.
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