Shear wave velocity measurements using acoustic radiation force impulse in young children with normal kidneys versus hydronephrotic kidneys

Abstract

Purpose:

To measure shear wave velocities (SWVs) by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) ultrasound elastography in normal kidneys and in hydronephrotic kidneys in young children and to compare SWVs between the hydronephrosis grades.

Methods:

This study was approved by an institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from the parents of all the children included. Children under the age of 24 months were prospectively enrolled. Hydronephrosis grade was evaluated on ultrasonography, and three valid ARFI measurements were attempted using a high-frequency transducer for both kidneys. Hydronephrosis was graded from 0 to 4, and high-grade hydronephrosis was defined as grades 3 and 4.

Results:

Fifty-one children underwent ARFI measurements, and three valid measurements for both kidneys were obtained in 96% (49/51) of the patients. Nineteen children (38.8%) had no hydronephrosis. Twenty-three children (46.9%) had unilateral hydronephrosis, and seven children (14.3%) had bilateral hydronephrosis. Seven children had ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Median SWVs in kidneys with high-grade hydronephrosis (2.02 m/sec) were higher than those in normal kidneys (1.75 m/sec; P=0.027). However, the presence of UPJO did not influence the median SWVs in hydronephrotic kidneys (P=0.362).

Conclusion:

Obtaining ARFI measurements of the kidney is feasible in young children with median SWVs of 1.75 m/sec in normal kidneys. Median SWVs increased in high-grade hydronephrotic kidneys but were not different between hydronephrotic kidneys with and without UPJO.

Introduction

Numerous studies have been conducted using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) velocity on ultrasound elastography to measure the stiffness of tissue [1-4]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are few studies that have focused on ARFI measurements in pediatric kidneys, primarily due to the absence of ultrasonographic transducer for young children [1,5]. We believe that the newly developed 4-9-MHz high-frequency linear transducer with ARFI may offer a means of measuring shear wave velocities (SWVs) in subjects with a relatively small body size, such as very young children.

Intra-abdominal organs of pediatric patients are often different from organs of adults in terms of size, physiology, and stiffness. Organs growin size and their physiology changes spontaneously as pediatric patients undergo growth and development. It can be assumed that SWVs in pediatric organs are different from SWVs in adult organs, and the measurement of SWVs in pediatric kidneys has not been widely performed [1,6-8]. Establishing standard SWVs for normal kidneys in pediatric patients may help to distinguish pathologic kidneys from normal kidneys, if there is a stiffness change.

Hydronephrosis is a common pathology in pediatric kidneys. It involves the distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by the obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney [9]. In obstructive hydronephrotic kidneys, interstitial fibrosis eventually develops and leads to loss of nephrons and ultimately to impaired renal function [10]. In high-grade obstructive hydronephrosis, increased pelvic pressure can cause renal parenchymal stiffness, which in turn can cause renal interstitial fibrosis. ARFI can measure the stiffness of the tissue, and we can make an assumption that the “stiff” kidney of a hydronephrotic patient will show a high ARFI value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SWVs in young children with normal kidneys and with hydronephrosis, and to determine whether there is a difference between SWVs of each degree of hydronephrosis with or without obstruction.

Materials and Methods

Patients and Controls

This study prospectively enrolled pediatric patients under the age of 24 months who underwent abdominal ultrasonography and ARFI measurements from July to August 2011. The patients enrolled in this study either were referred to evaluate hydronephrosis or were healthy children. This study was approved by the institutional review board of our center, and informed consent was obtained from the parents of all children. Age, sex, height, and weight were recorded for every patient, and the body mass index was calculated from the height and the weight.

Abdominal Ultrasonography and ARFI

One pediatric radiologist with ten years of experience in pediatric ultrasonography performed all the evaluations. Abdominal ultrasonography and ARFI measurements were performed using a 4-9-MHz linear transducer (Acuson S2000, Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA, USA). During abdominal ultrasonography, patients were excluded if they had other renal diseases besides hydronephrosis (such as cystic renal disease or parenchymal echogenicity change) or other pathologic conditions outside of the kidney but within the abdomen. If there were no pathological findings in the kidneys and other solid organs in the abdomen, then the subjects were included in the normal group. A patient with unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis was included in the hydronephrosis group. If hydronephrosis was observed, the degree of hydronephrosis was evaluated on the basis of Onen's [11] hydronephrosis grading system. It was graded from 0 to 4 as follows: 0, no hydronephrosis; 1, dilatation of the renal pelvis alone; 2, additional calyceal dilatation; 3, dilatation plus <50% (mild-tomoderate) renal parenchymal loss; and 4, dilatation plus >50% (severe) renal parenchymal loss (cyst-like kidney with no visually significant renal parenchyma). High-grade hydronephrosis was defined as grades 3 and 4 in Onen’s grading system, which included parenchymal thinning.

The Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification software (Siemens Medical Solutions) was used to measure SWVs with a region of interest (ROI; size, 5 mm × 6 mm) in the bilateral renal parenchyma, including both the renal cortex and the medulla in the axial view (Fig. 1). Three valid measurements were obtained for each kidney at the same portion of the mid-pole, as parallel as possible to the radially arranged tubular system, while the subject breathed freely. The measurements were not completed if the child was unable to tolerate the study. We apply similar amounts of transducer pressure only when necessary to create a gray-scale image in order to avoid substantial preload. Results are expressed as meters per second (m/sec), and the mean of three SWVs were used for the statistical analysis.

Figure 1. Shear wave velocity measurements in a two-month-old girl with hydronephrosis.

Figures show acoustic radiation force impulse measurements with a 4-9-MHz linear transducer using a 5 mm × 6 mm region of interest including both the renal cortex and the medulla with a normal right kidney in the axial view (A) and a hydronephrotic left kidney in the axial view (B). Note that the region of interest includes a calyx in the hydronephrotic kidney, which can cause a partial volume effect.

Final Diagnosis of Each Kidney

We retrospectively determined the final diagnosis of each kidney on the basis of the follow-up imaging studies and medical records, including surgical findings during the two years before August 2013. We reviewed imaging studies such as follow-up ultrasonography (30 patients), Tc-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Tc99mMAG3; 18 patients), dimercaptosuccinic acid scan (20 patients), and voiding cystourethrography (17 patients). Obstructive hydronephrosis was confirmed using Tc99mMAG3 with or without the operation findings. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was evaluated on voiding cystourethrography, and the renal scar change was evaluated on the dimercaptosuccinic acid scan.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver.18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Fisher exact test was used to compare gender prevalence between the normal group and the hydronephrosis group. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the SWVs between the right and the left kidneys. Other continuous data were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Two-sided P-values of <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. All data in the table are reported as median (range) values.

Results

Fifty-two children underwent abdominal ultrasonography. Among these, one patient was excluded due to bilaterally increased renal cortical echogenicity. The remaining 51 pediatric subjects underwent ARFI measurements. Three valid ARFI measurements were performed for both kidneys in 49 patients; these measurements were not possible in two patients due to inability to tolerate the procedure. Only two valid SWVs were measured in the two patients. Finally, 49 patients were enrolled in this study. The overall success rate for obtaining three valid ARFI measurements was 96% (49/51).

There were 36 boys and 13 girls with a median age of 6 months (range, 0 to 23 months). Nineteen patients (eleven boys and eight girls; 38.8%) had no hydronephrosis bilaterally and were included in the normal group. There was no remarkable medical event during follow-up in any of these patients.

Twenty-three patients (18 boys and 5 girls; 46.9%) had unilateral hydronephrosis, and 7 patients (7 boys; 14.3%) had bilateral hydronephrosis. These 30 children were included in the hydronephrosis group. Age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index were not significantly different between the normal and the hydronephrosis groups (Table 1).

Table 1.

Sex, age, height, weight, and BMI in the normal and hydronephrosis groups

Characteristic	Normal group (n=19)	Hydronephrosis group (n=30)	P-value
Sex (M:F)	11:8	25:5	0.052a)
Age (mo)	6 (1-23)	4.5 (0-23)	0.050b)
Weight (kg)	8.4 (2.85-13.7)	7.9 (3.8-11.4)	0.286b)
Height (cm)	70.5 (46-96)	68.5 (49-79)	0.105b)
BMI (kg/m2)	16.9 (9.4-18.7)	17.2 (13.8-19.3)	0.538b)

Values are presented as median (range).

BMI, body mass index;

^a)Fisher exact test.

^b)From Mann-Whitney U test.

Among the 30 children who had hydronephrosis, 18 children with high-grade (grades 3 and 4) hydronephrosis underwent Tc99mMAG3, and 7children were diagnosed with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). They underwent pyeloplasty with routine renal cortex biopsy in one year after ARFI measurements. On pathology, there was mild to severe interstitial fibrosis with or without an ischemic change of the medulla in all seven patients with UPJO.

Among the children in the hydronephrosis group, 16 children underwent voiding cystourethrography and 6 of them had VUR without obstructive lesions. VUR grades were grade 3 in three children, grade 4 in two children, and grade 5 in one child. Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan was performed in the six children with VUR, and three of them had renal parenchymal scar change.

Only follow-up ultrasonography was performed in five children with grade 1 hydronephrosis and one child with grade 2 hydronephrosis; it showed no remarkable change. Remarkable medial events such as urinary tract infection were not observed in these patients during follow-up.

The median SWVs measured in the kidneys of the normal group were 1.80 m/sec for the right and 1.83 m/sec for the left without any statistical difference (P=0.546). By comparing the normal kidneys in the normal group and the hydronephrosis group, we found that the median SWVs were not different in either the right (1.80 m/sec in the normal group vs. 1.74 m/sec in the hydronephrosis group; P=0.796) or the left (1.83 m/sec in the normal group vs. 1.73 m/sec in the hydronephrosis group; P=0.972) kidneys.

Considering both right and left kidneys together of both the normal group and the hydronephrosis group, we found that there were 61 normal kidneys and 37 hydronephrotic kidneys, including 7 obstructive hydronephrotic kidneys. Table 2 presents the comparison of SWVs between normal kidneys and hydronephrotic kidneys. Median SWVs were slightly higher in the hydronephrotic kidneys (1.94 m/sec) than in the normal kidneys (1.75 m/sec) without any statistical significance (P=0.079). However, the median SWVs measured in the high-grade (grades 3 and 4) hydronephrotic kidneys (2.02 m/sec) were higher than that in the normal kidneys (1.92 m/sec) (P=0.027). We also compared the median SWVs of the hydronephrotic kidneys with and without UPJO and found no significant differences (1.98 vs. 1.94 m/sec; P=0.590). The median SWVs of the six kidneys with VUR (2.15 m/sec; P=0.101) and those of the three kidneys with parenchymal scar change (1.68 m/sec; P=0.433) were not different from those of the normal kidneys.

Table 2.

Comparison of ARFI velocities (m/sec) for normal kidneys and hydronephrotic kidneys

ARFI velocities (m/sec)					P-value
Normal kidneys (n=61) 1.75 (0.96-2.59)	Kidneys with hydronephrosis (n=37) 1.94 (0.69-2.72)				0.079a)
	Low grade (n=15) 1.92 (0.69-2.51)		High grade (n=22) 2.02 (1.22-2.72)		0.086b)
	Grade 1 (n=13) 1.94 (0.69-2.51)	Grade 2 (n=2) 1.64 (1.48-1.80)	Grade 3 (n=4) 1.76 (1.64-2.03)	Grade 4 (n=18) 2.09 (1.22-2.72)	0.157b)

Values are presented as median (range).

ARFI, acoustic radiation force impulse.

^a)From Mann-Whitney U test.

^b)From Kruskal-Wallis test.

Discussion

Hydronephrosis is an obstructive or non-obstructive nephropathy that is a commonly identified disease during pediatric abdominal ultrasonography. Congenital obstructive nephropathy constitutes the single most important identifiable cause of renal impairment in infants and children [10-12]. In obstructive nephropathy, interstitial fibrosis eventually develops and leads to a loss of nephrons [10].

Numerous papers that focus on the molecular biological mechanisms associated with renal interstitial fibrosis due to obstructive nephropathy have been recently published [10,13,14]. However, there is limited radiological research on renal interstitial fibrosis in the case of hydronephrosis. This could be attributed to the difficulty of detection, evaluation, and quantification of interstitial fibrosis by radiological methods.

There are many studies that explored ARFI measurements as a means of evaluating tissue stiffness, including several studies on kidneys. Gallotti et al. [6], Eiler et al. [7], and Goertz et al. [8] measured the ARFI velocities of normal kidneys in healthy adults. Further, there have been several trials using ARFI in adult kidneys to evaluate renal masses, to assess renal allograft fibrosis, and to detect chronic kidney diseases [15-17]. However, there is a lack of studies involving ARFI measurements in young children. This could be attributed to the fact that the previously used low-frequency transducer is not effective in the case of such small patients. However, the availability of the 4-9-MHz high-frequency linear transducer makes it possible to measure SWVs in small subjects.

Recently, our group demonstrated normal values of SWVs using ARFI in pediatric abdominal organs including kidneys in 202 children with an average age of 8.1±4.7 years [1]. The mean SWVs were 2.19 m/sec for the right kidney and 2.33 m/sec for the left kidney in the above mentioned study. The previously reported mean SWVs in normal adult kidneys were 2.24-2.37 m/sec, with no significant difference between the right and the left kidney [6,8]. The median SWVs in normal kidneys in the present study were 1.75 m/sec without any difference between the right and the left ones. This value is relatively low as compared to that obtained in previous studies. However, this result is comparable with that of our previous study, which concluded that the mean ARFI SWV for the kidneys increased according to age in children less than 5 years of age [1]. In this study, we only included children under the age of 24 months.

Only one study has been performed on the evaluation of diseased kidneys in children. Bruno et al. [5] conducted a study of ARFI measurements in pediatric patients with vesicoureteral reflux. The study suggested that ARFI can provide reliable information about the severity of renal damage and maybe useful in the diagnostic workup in children with a chronic reflux renal disease. However, the patient age in the study ranged from 8 to 16 years. Therefore, our study is the first report evaluating ARFI for hydronephrotic kidneys in young children.

We aimed to correlate SWVs with the hydronephrosis grade. Even though there are hydronephrosis grading systems on ultrasonography [11,18,19], these could not definitely differentiate between obstructive and non-obstructive hydronephrosis. Further, these systems cannot suggest the grade of renal parenchymal fibrosis. If SWVs have a correlation with the renal parenchymal stiffness, its measurement would be helpful in evaluating the status of a patient’s kidney. Further, SWV can show a continuous spectrum of stiffness. On the other hand, the grading system has an ordinal scale that cannot show a continuous value. Therefore, elastography has a possibility of having an additional value to evaluate hydronephrosis. In our study, there was a significant difference in the median SWVs between normal kidneys (1.75 m/sec) and high-grade hydronephrotic kidneys (2.02 m/sec). This suggests that elasticity decreases and stiffness increases in high-grade hydronephrotic kidneys. However, ARFI measurements cannot differentiate the cause of stiffness change such as tissue fibrosis and edema. Further research with a large group of patients and pathologic correlation is needed.

We also compared SWVs for a hydronephrotic kidney with and without UPJO. Further, there were only seven patients proven to have UPJO during the study period. The mean ARFI velocities were 0.69-2.51 m/sec for hydronephrotic kidneys without UPJO and 1.54-2.72 m/sec for those with UPJO; there was no statistical difference. Kidneys with VUR and a parenchymal scar change also exhibited no remarkable difference in SWVs. This could be attributed to the small number of patients, variable interstitial fibrosis of the UPJO group, and heterogeneous parenchymal scar change in the refluxing kidneys. This needs further evaluation with a large number of patients.

This study has several limitations. Almost all previous studies performed in adults measured about 5-10 valid SWVs and used mean values. However, due to the characteristics of the pediatric patient group, only three valid SWVs were obtained in this study. Repetitive measurements over a long time while subjects hold their breath is not possible in many children, particularly young children. Although only three valid ARFI velocities were attempted, two children could not tolerate the examinations and the success rate was 96%. Moreover, subjects were allowed to breathe freely during measurements. Thiscan increase the variability of SWV. The development of a method to measure SWV without breathholding would lead to more reliable results. The second limitation is the representativeness of the ARFI value. To represent a global kidney, measurement should be performed on multiple sites of the kidney, such as the upper, mid-, and lower poles. However, if the upper and lower poles are to be imaged, it is necessary to use a similar angle of incidence in all patients relative to the tubular system to avoid anisotropy issues. It is conceivable that shear waves generated within the kidney move at different velocities depending on the angle of incidence [20]. We tried to measure SWVs at the same portion of the mid-pole from the axial view, as parallel to the tubular system as possible in order to reduce the angle effect. The variation of the depth of the ROI position should also be considered. We targeted renal parenchyma, including both the renal cortex and the medulla, from the axial view in each patient. Therefore, we might expect that the depth of the ROI position would be different between patients and could increase according to the body size. Further study is needed to evaluate the effect of the depth of the ROI position and the body size in children. The fourth limitation is that we considered the contralateral kidneys without hydronephrosis as normal in the hydronephrosis group. Even though we demonstrated no significant difference in SWVs between normal kidneys in the normal group and contralateral kidneys in the hydronephrosis group, there could have been a physiological change in the bilateral kidneys of the hydronephrosis group.

In conclusion, obtaining ARFI measurements of kidneys using a high-frequency transducer is feasible in very young pediatric patients. The median SWV of normal kidneys in children under the age of 24 months was 1.75 m/sec. These velocities increased in high-grade hydronephrotic kidneys but were not helpful in differentiating hydronephrotic kidneys with and without UPJO.