Myelodysplastic disorders carrying both isolated del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation: concise review, with focus on lenalidomide therapy

Abstract

The concomitant presence of del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation is an infrequent event which occurs in rare patients with peculiar cytogenetic, molecular, morphological and clinical features, resembling those of both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Lenalidomide may induce rapid, profound, and long-lasting responses in a subset of these patients. However, the mechanism(s) by which the drug acts in these conditions remain not completely elucidated. A new case report and a review of all cases published so far in this setting are provided. Furthermore, the possibility of categorizing – from a clinical, pathological, and biological point of view – for at least some of these patients as a potential distinct entity is discussed.

Introduction

The interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 – del(5q) – is the most frequent cytogenetic abnormality occurring in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).¹ It may be present as the sole karyotype aberrancy (sometimes within a clinical picture defined as “5q– syndrome” and characterized by a favorable prognosis) or variously combined with other single or multiple chromosomal alterations.² Complex karyotypes including del(5q), especially if associated with the presence of marrow blasts, confer to MDS patients a poor prognosis.^2,3 From a therapeutic point of view, lenalidomide induces high rates of hematological and cytogenetic responses in anemic, low/intermediate- 1-risk MDS patients with isolated del(5q).⁴

JAK2 is involved in cellular growth factor signaling, and deregulation of JAK2 by chromosomal aberrations may contribute to leukemogenesis. JAK2^V617F mutation, an activating point mutation in the JH2 domain, is mostly seen in BCR/ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), with a percentage of positive cases that is about 95% in polycythemia vera (PV) and 40%–60% in essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF).⁵ Among other myeloid neoplasms, it occurs with high frequency in refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) associated with marked thrombocytosis – a provisional, mixed MDS/MPN disorder which frequently harbors the splicing machinery-associated SF3B1 mutation.^6,7 JAK2^V617F mutation is instead an infrequent event in other “atypical” MPN or in MDS.⁸ Lenalidomide has also shown activity in del(5q) negative myelofibrosis (MF) with JAK2^V617F mutation, determining significant clinical responses and reduction of JAK2^V617F allele burden in these patients.^9,10

Along with RARS associated with marked thrombocytosis, the 2008 World Health Organization’s proposed revision of MDS classification also recognized other cases showing overlaps in morphological, clinical, laboratory, and genetic aspects; in particular, rare MDS with concomitant JAK2^V617F mutation and isolated del(5q) were identified.⁶

Presented here is a brief review on this last topic, starting with the description of a paradigmatic patient who experienced a complete and long-lasting hematological, cytogenetic, and molecular response to lenalidomide.

Case presentation

In February 2010, an 84-year-old man with a previous history of acute myocardial infarctions and peptic ulcer was diagnosed as having both MDS with del(5q) and JAK2^V617F-positive ET in another hospital. Because of relevant thrombocytosis (1,285×10⁹/L), anemia (hemoglobin 80 g/L), and erythromelalgia of the lower limbs, he was initially given hydroxycarbamide (1 g daily orally) plus aspirin and packed red cell transfusions. Due to a progressive increase of platelet count and worsening of anemia, hydroxycarbamide was substituted by pipobroman (50 mg daily orally).

In September 2011, the patient was admitted to the authors’ institute. At entry, hemoglobin level was 66 g/L, mean corpuscular volume 100 fL, platelet count 1,021×10/L, and white blood cell count 4.6×10⁹/L with normal differential. Uric acid was 9.4 mg/dL and a “cystic complex” was found in the right kidney by ultrasound and computed tomography scan. Physical examination did not reveal enlargement of liver or spleen. The bone marrow aspirate was found moderately hypercellular and containing numerous atypical megakaryocytes, mainly characterized by hypolobated nuclei (Figure 1A and B). Blast cells were <1% of global cellularity. No ring sideroblasts were evidenced by Perls’ staining. Histological bone marrow examination confirmed a marked hyperplasia of morphologically abnormal megakaryocytes, which were similar to those observed in the “5q– syndrome”, with slightly reduced erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis, blast cells <5%, and a weak reticulin network (Figure 1D–F).

Figure 1.

(A and B) Light microscopy examination of marrow aspirate at baseline (May Grünwald–Giemsa) showing atypical, hypolobated megakaryocytes (A: original magnification ×50; B: original magnification ×100). (C) After 6 months of lenalidomide therapy, abnormal megakaryocytes disappeared and a scattered lymphocyte infiltration was seen (original magnification ×100). (D–F) Bone marrow trephine image at baseline demonstrating increased cellularity with numerous atypical hypolobated megakaryocytes (D: original magnification ×20, hematoxylin–eosin; E: original magnification ×10, immunoperoxidase staining for von Willebrand factor). Only a few reticulin fibers were present (F: original magnification ×20, reticulin staining).

Both conventional cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of del(5q)(q13q31) as the unique chromosomal abnormality in 25% of metaphases and 50% of analyzed cells, respectively. At molecular level, BCR/ABL1 rearrangement was negative, while the JAK2^V617F mutation was identified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (26.28%). SF3B1 (exons 13, 14, 15, and 16), as well as SRSF2 (P95–), U2AF1 (S34), IDH1 (R132–), IDH2 (R140– and R172–), and DNAMT3A (R882–) genes were analyzed by Sanger sequencing (kinetic 3.1), as previously reported:¹¹ all these genes were found to be not mutated.

According to the World Health Organization, a diagnosis of MDS with isolated del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation was made. The patient initially received packed red cell transfusions and a treatment with anagrelide (500 mg/day); this drug, however, was poorly tolerated.

In October 2011, the patient started lenalidomide 10 mg daily orally for 21 days every 28 days on the basis of a national, named-patient program (data not shown). The drug was well tolerated and platelet count declined rapidly, while hemoglobin levels were raised just after the first month of therapy (hemoglobin 106 g/L and platelet count 231×10⁹/L); a substantially normal whole blood cell count, including disappearance of macrocytosis, was reached 3 months later (Figure 2). Erythromelalgia of the lower limbs also disappeared during the first weeks of therapy.

Figure 2.

Modifications of Hb, WBC, and platelet levels under lenalidomide therapy. Changes in del(5q) metaphases/nuclei and JAK2^V617F allele burden, when available, are also indicated.

Abbreviations: FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; Hb, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell.

After 6 months of lenalidomide, a complete morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular re-evaluation showed the absence of del(5q) in both cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, as well as a remarkable reduction of JAK2^V617F mutation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (0.0215%) (Figure 2). Sequential bone marrow aspirates documented progressive disappearance of atypical megakaryocytes, decrease of cellularity, and the scattered presence of focal polyclonal lymphocyte infiltration (Figure 1C). During the following months, hematological values remained substantially normal, while monitoring of JAK2^V617F mutation evidenced a complete molecular remission (allele burden 0%) in two subsequent controls. At the last follow-up (August 2013), after about 2 years of lenalidomide therapy, hematological values were stable and JAK2^V617F mutation undetectable.

Review

Concomitant presence of del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation: incidence and origin

Looking to the scarce available literature, JAK2^V617F mutation was first found in six MDS patients with isolated del(5q) – five with refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia and one with RARS among a total of 97 MDS patients (6.2%), sixteen of whom had additional chromosomal abnormalities.¹² JAK2^V617F mutant cases showed a trend toward a higher platelet (3/6 >700×10⁹/L) and white blood cell count, as well as a moderate to marked increase in bone marrow cellularity. No response to recombinant human erythropoietin was observed in two of these patients with red cell transfusion-dependent disease, while hydroxycarbamide or anagrelide were employed in two additional patients with elevated thrombocytosis.

In another series from the Mayo Clinic, JAK2^V617F mutation was detected in five out of 78 (6.4%) MDS patients carrying isolated del(5q); allele burden ranged from 1%–10% and no significant relevance on clinical phenotype, blood counts, or prognosis was found.¹³ Interestingly, one of these patients also showed the presence of MPL^W55L mutation. In a subsequent study, the same group found that the incidence of JAK2^V617F by mutation screening was 14.5% in 138 patients with isolated del(5q), including higher risk MDS variants and some cases of acute myeloid leukemia or MPN.¹⁴ In one patient with PV, an additional mutation of JAK2 exon 12 was found. In this study, leukocytosis, higher blast count, and IDH mutation – but not JAK2^V617F mutation – negatively affected the prognosis of patients with myeloid malignancies carrying isolated del(5q).

More recently, using a highly sensitive molecular method, Geyer et al found evidence of heterozygous JAK2^V617F mutation in four out of 17 (23.5%) newly diagnosed MDS patients with del(5q).¹⁵ One of these patients had del(5q) as single anomaly (“5q– syndrome”). In another one with refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia it was associated with trisomy 8. The remaining two patients (one with refractory anemia with blast excess-type 2 and one with therapy-related MDS) showed del(5q) or monosomy 5, respectively, within the context of a complex karyotype. Of note, marrow proliferative features were seen only in the first two patients.

Among MPN, del(5q) can be only rarely found in MF. A retrospective review of 939 cases identified only eight patients (0.8%) who carried del(5q), three of whom also showed JAK2^V617F mutation.¹⁶ All three of these patients (one post-ET MF, one post-PV MF, and one PMF) had a complex karyotype and two of them had an excellent response to anti-JAK2 inhibitors. A literature review indicated that isolated del(5q) is also uncommon in JAK2^V617F-positive ET.¹⁷ In these cases, the disease often shows mixed features of both ET and “5q– syndrome”. Interestingly, in a retrospective analysis performed within a single center in Hong Kong, the occurrence of JAK2^V617F was found particularly high (three out of eight patients, 37.5%) in the Chinese female MDS population with isolated del(5q), thus suggesting a possible ethnic effect.¹⁸ Two of these patients had “5q– syndrome” and one had refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia.

From a biological point of view, Ingram et al investigated a MDS patient with JAK2^V617F mutation and isolated del(5q) by processing progenitor cell cultures (granulocyte/monocyte colony-forming units and erythropoietin-independent erythroid burst-forming units) as well as fractionated CD34+ progenitor cells, using cytogenetic and molecular approaches.¹² Although the results of this report raise the potential that some CD34+ cells may harbor both genetic defects, genetic derivation of the clones was not investigated. Indeed, although these authors evidenced that JAK2^V617F mutation may be an early event in these patients arising in a pluripotent stem cell and that del(5q) may be present in the same CD34+ progenitor cells, they also noticed that not all del(5q) cells are necessarily JAK2^V617F mutant.

More recently, Sokol et al investigated the clonal origin of JAK2^V617F mutation in a patient with del(5q) MDS presenting with thrombocytosis and normal hemoglobin.¹⁹ These authors detected the presence of both genetic abnormalities del(5q) and JAK2^V617F early in the course of disease, before the development of anemia. Furthermore, although cytogenetic analysis revealed the del(5q) in 15%–30% of bone marrow metaphases, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of progenitor colonies identified no clonogenic cells harboring the cytogenetic abnormality despite demonstration of the JAK2^V617F mutation. Interestingly, in this study JAK2^V617F mutation was detected in at least two distinct multipotent stem cell progeny that lacked del(5q), suggesting that del(5q) and JAK2^V617F existed in progenitors derived from genetically independent clones. The evidence of JAK2^V617F clones lacking del(5q) implies independent acquisition of the genetic abnormalities in discordant clones; however, this does not completely exclude the possibility that both del(5q) and JAK2^V617F clones may emerge as progeny of a genetically unstable hierarchal stem cell.

Effects of lenalidomide in patients with concomitant presence of del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation

Lenalidomide is a very effective treatment for lower risk MDS with isolated del(5q). However, the efficacy of lenalidomide as a single agent in MDS with isolated del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation has been described in only two patients so far (Table 1).^20,21 Interestingly, in addition to good response to lenalidomide, the posted two cases and current case also shared morphological and clinical features, such as macrocytic anemia, remarkable thrombocytosis, no splenomegaly, hypercellular marrow with increased number of hypolobated megakaryocytes, no evidence of relevant fibrosis or ring sideroblasts, and a favorable outcome.

Table 1.

Summary of published cases of hematological disorders with concomitant presence of del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation treated with lenalidomide

Ref	Age/sex	Diagnosis	Previous treatment	Lenalidomide	Hb pre/post (g/L)	Platelet count pre/post (×109/L)	Splenomegaly	Cytogenetics pre/post (% abnormal metaphases)	JAK2V617F pre/post (% allele burden)	Bone marrow pre/post	Duration of response
19	85/F	MDS	Transfusions	10 mg/day for 21 days every 28 days plus aspirin	79*/129	971/161	No	Isolated del(5q) 90/24	Positive°/not reported	Increased cellularity with hypolobated megakaryocytic hyperplasia, ring sideroblasts not reported/normocellular with 30% of normal megakaryocytes and mild eosinophil increase	>9 months
20	54/F	MDS, low IPSS risk	Hydroxycarbamide	10 mg/day for 21 days every 28 days plus G-CSF	88*/127	1,482/110	No	Isolated del(5q) 75/0	18.74/0.017	Rich cellularity with moderate trilineage dysplasia, erythroid hypoplasia, and outstanding large mononuclear megakaryocytic hyperplasia, no ring sideroblasts/normal cellularity and morphology	>15 months
This case report	85/M	MDS with isolated del(5q) and JAK2V617F	Transfusions Hydroxycarbamide Pipobroman, anagrelide	10 mg/day for 21 days every 28 days	66*/116	1,021/186	No	Isolated del(5q) 25/0	26.28/0	High cellularity with most megakaryocytes resembling “5q-syndrome”, no significant increase of reticulin network, no sideroblasts/reduction of atypical megakaryocytes, decrease of cellularity, focal polyclonal lymphocytes	>23 months
21	82/F	AML from MDS	None	10 mg/day	99/“normal”	Not reported/“normal”	Not reported	Isolated del(5q) 55/0	Positive°/not reported	34% myeloblasts/5% myeloblasts	5 months
22	75/M	Post-PV MF	Phlebotomy	10 mg/day for 6 months	94/156	831/101	Yes/reduced after lenalidomide	Isolated del(5q) 100/0	4/<1	Post-PV MF/resolution of hypercellularity, abnormal megakaryopoiesis, and myelofibrosis	21 months^
22	69/F	Post-PV MF	Phlebotomy Hydroxycarbamide Interferon	10 mg/day, then 5 mg/day	121/149	130/120	Yes/reduced after lenalidomide	Complex karyotype including monosomy 5 95/55	>80/8	Cellularity 90%, reticulin fibrosis 3+/cellularity 60%, reticulin fibrosis 1–2+	>12 months
22	63/M	PMF	Recombinant human erythropoietin	10 mg/day, then 5 mg/day	TD/145	351/160	No	Isolated del(5q) 85/30	4/4	Cellularity 80%, reticulin fibrosis 3+/cellularity 50%, reticulin fibrosis 1+	>14 months
15	34/F	Post-PV MF	Pomalidomide Chlorambucil Hydroxycarbamide	Not specified	64/“no response”	16/“no response”	Yes/not reported after lenalidomide	Complex karyotype including del(5q) Unspecified/not reported	Positive°/not reported	Post-PV MF/not reported	No response§

Notes:

^*Macrocytosis

^°proportion of mutant alleles not available

^{^}relapse as acute erythroleukemia with complex karyotype, reappearance of JAK2^V617F mutation, and no response to lenalidomide retreatment

⁺disappearance of constitutional symptoms

^§improvement of anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly after treatment with CEP-701 (JAK2 inhibitor).

Abbreviations: AML, acute myeloid leukemia; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; Hb, hemoglobin; IPSS, International Prognostic Scoring System; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; MF, myelofibrosis; PMF, primary myelofibrosis; PV, polycythemia vera; Ref, reference; F, female; M, male; TD, transfusion dependent.

Regarding patients with other types of diagnosis (Table 1), a transient, near complete hematological response and a complete cytogenetic remission after lenalidomide monotherapy was observed in an elderly female patient with minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia arising from a JAK2^V617F-positive, del(5)(q13q33) MDS.²² The treatment was administered for 5 months and was then followed by progression with clonal evolution. Lenalidomide therapy also induced cytogenetic and molecular remissions in three patients with JAK2^V617F-positive MF (two with isolated del[5q] and one with chromosome 5 monosomy plus other cytogenetic abnormalities).²³ Two of these patients had post-MPN MF and one had PMF. Marked improvement of anemia was seen in these subjects, one of whom had been already reported,⁹ while splenomegaly significantly reduced when present. One patient experienced a complete cytogenetic remission and two experienced a partial cytogenetic remission. Bone marrow JAK2^V617F allele burden decreased in two patients. Remission was maintained after >1 year of treatment in two cases, while the third subject developed a picture of acute erythroleukemia which did not respond to retreatment with lenalidomide. Finally, one patient with post-PV MF, JAK2^V617F mutation, and del(5q) in the context of a complex karyotype, did not respond at all to lenalidomide but had a dramatic improvement of cytopenia and splenomegaly after administration of CEP-701 anti-JAK2 inhibitor.¹⁶ Interestingly, complete hematological response, disappearance of constitutional symptoms and improvement in marrow fibrosis was observed after lenalidomide therapy in a 54-year-old female patient with post-ET MF carrying a double cytogenetic abnormality (del[5q] and t[1;12]) associated with MPL mutation but not JAK2^V617F mutation. The response was longer than 3 years, although the patient did not achieve cytogenetic response and del(5q) abnormality was persistently detected in serial bone marrow analyses.¹⁶

Conclusion

The simultaneous presence of del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation is a rare event which occurs prevalently in patients with a possibly “mixed” and still not well-defined MDS/MPN disorder. However, it would seem possible to identify some cases characterized by peculiar cytogenetic, molecular, morphological, and clinical findings (Table 2) and a relatively favorable prognosis (the first three patients of Table 1). The mechanism(s) by which lenalidomide seems to be particularly able to induce rapid and long-lasting responses in these conditions are still not completely understood. As in other neoplastic disorders, lenalidomide could suppress the malignant clone(s) by a direct cytotoxic effect or by an indirect immunomodulatory activity. According to the hypothesis of two genetic aberrations overlapping in the same clone,¹² the efficacy of lenalidomide in suppressing the del(5q) clone would induce a parallel reduction of JAK2^V617F allele burden. Alternatively, in the case of an independent acquisition of the two genetic abnormalities,¹⁹ a different activity of lenalidomide on the JAK2^V617F mutated clone should be hypothesized as probably it occurs in patients with JAK2^V617F-positive MF^9,10 or RARS associated with marked thrombocytosis^24,25 who may show variable clinical and molecular responses to lenalidomide but are not harboring del(5q). Both these mechanisms, however, could be not mutually exclusive.

Table 2.

Main characteristics of myelodysplastic disorders with concomitant del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation

Cytogenetics

• Isolated del(5q)

Genetics

• JAK2V617F mutation (moderate allele burden)

Clinical findings

• Macrocytic anemia

• Relevant thrombocytosis

• No splenomegaly

• No constitutional symptoms

• Favorable prognosis

• Responsiveness to lenalidomide (hematological, cytogenetic, and molecular responses)

Marrow morphology

• Increased cellularity

• Increased number of atypical, hypolobated megakaryocytes

• Absence of ring sideroblasts

• No significant fibrosis (PMF or post-PV/ET MF should be excluded)

Abbreviations: ET, essential thrombocythemia; MF, myelofibrosis; PMF, primary myelofibrosis; PV, polycythemia vera.

It is probably too early to categorize MDS with concomitant evidence of del(5q) and JAK2^V617F mutation as a distinct entity and more work is needed to draw definitive conclusions. However, combined cytogenetic and molecular screening of these markers in patients who clinically correspond to those already described should be recommended in order to improve clinical management and biological knowledge in this field.