Figure 4.

Causal relationship of prefrontal cortex interlaminar microcircuit to executive control. (A) Diagram shows the interfacing of MIMO model with conformal multiple electrode arrays shown in Fig. 2 between L2/3 and L5 during task performance. Electrical stimulation delivered to multiple electrode array pads in L5 through patterns of pulses (biphasic) recorded and derived from the same L5 locations on successful trials by the MIMO model. (B) Firing of L2/3 and L5 located columnar neurons as shown in Fig. 2 recorded on line and fed to MIMO model shown in A. Shaded areas indicate time of match response execution during delay match to sample trial, and the illustrated firing in L5 which is the same pattern as the delivered stimulation on trials with inappropriate L2/3 firing. (C) Changes in cumulative performance as a function of processing time from match phase onset (‘0’) during trials with stimulation delivered in the manner shown in A and B. (D) Increase in performance across trials with increasing difficulty as a function of the number of match phase distracter images on trials that received MIMO stimulation in the manner shown in A. Asterisk indicates data points of statistical significance p<0.001, ANOVA. Adapted from Opris et al., 2012b and 2013.