Recall radiation dermatitis by sorafenib following stereotactic body radiation therapy

Abstract

We report on a 63-year-old man with a history of hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma with a thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava, who received image-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with helical tomotherapy, followed by sorafenib. A total tumor dose of 48 Gy was delivered by 6 fractions within 2 weeks. The tumor responded dramatically, and the patient tolerated the courses well. Ten days after SBRT, sorafenib (200 mg), at 1.5 tablets twice a day, was prescribed. One week later, grade 2 recall radiation dermatitis subsequently developed in the previous SBRT off-target area. SBRT followed by sorafenib for the treatment of a portal vein thrombosis provided effective results, but the potential risk of enhanced adverse effects between radiation and sorafenib should be considered with caution, especially under a SBRT scheme.

Background

Portal vein thrombosis and inferior vena cava tumor thrombosis are common complications in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that limit the application of surgical resection or transarterial chemoembolization to HCC.^1,2 Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a

“treatment method to deliver a high dose of radiation to the target, utilizing either a single dose or a small number of fractions with a high degree of precision within the body.”³

SBRT has substantial activity against HCC, with a local control rate of 87% at 1 year.⁴ Use of helical tomotherapy (HT) for the treatment of HCC with portal vein thrombosis is clinically feasible and has been investigated.⁵

Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that has been shown to induce tumor cell apoptosis in HCC.⁶ HCC cells damaged by irradiation in vitro show enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)⁷ that can be inhibited by sorafenib and may enhance the efficacy of the radiation, when sorafenib is given following radiation treatment.⁷ However, the side-effects caused by drugs or irradiation are unpredictable. Here, we report a case of triggered recall radiation dermatitis (RRD) from sorafenib administered following SBRT.

Case presentation

A 63-year-old man with a history of hepatitis B virus–related HCC with diaphragm invasion (pT4N0M0, according to the tumor–node–metastasis classification)⁸ was treated surgically with an extended right lobectomy and cholecystectomy. One year later, recurrent HCC, at the junction of segments 2 and 3, was noted and treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. In 2013 September, magnetic resonance imaging showed local recurrence of the HCC, with a thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava. HT liver SBRT with 48 Gy, in six fractions, was delivered within 2 weeks, without complications (Figure 1A). Ten days after SBRT, sorafenib (200 mg), at 1.5 tablets twice a day, was prescribed in a sequential radiation therapy (RT)– sorafenib regimen, which has been demonstrated to provide greater efficacy against HCC than a concurrent RT–sorafenib regimen, both in vitro and in vivo.⁹ One week later, grade 2 RRD¹⁰ subsequently developed in the previous SBRT off-target area (Figure 1B). The patient was given clobetasol propionate topical use ointment three times a day, and the sorafenib prescription was withheld, with symptoms resolving 10 days later (Figure 1C). In the subsequent magnetic resonance imaging report, a partial response of recurrent HCC after SBRT was noted (Figure 2A and B). The highest level of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase after SBRT was 83 (IU/L).

Figure 1.

The correlation in radiation dose and recall radiation dermatitis that followed sorafenib prescription.

Notes: (A) Forty-eight Gy, in six fractions, was delivered by HT liver SBRT. The red area received 100%, the light-blue area received 50%, and the navy-blue area received 40% of the prescribed dose. (B) The photograph of the dermatitis that followed sorafenib prescription shows that it correlated with off-target dose area. (C) The photograph shows the recovered dermatitis after medical management. The white arrow shows the area that received 50% of the prescribed dose; the yellow arrow shows the area that received 40% of the prescribed dose.

Abbreviations: HT, helical tomotherapy; SBRT, liver stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Figure 2.

The finding of magnetic resonance imaging. (A) Pre-SBRT, there was a local recurrence of HCC (white arrow) with thrombus extending into the IVC. (B) Post-SBRT, there was a partial response of the recurrent HCC (yellow arrow).

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IVC, inferior vena cava; SBRT, stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Conclusion

HT liver SBRT delivers doses in an image-guided technique and can be a noninvasive and safe alternative treatment for unresectable HCC.¹¹ The main pattern of hepatic toxicity after SBRT includes elevations in serum liver enzyme or bilirubin levels.^12,13 Other toxicities reported after SBRT have included hepatic pain, gastric ulcer, fatigue, and hematologic dysfunction.^13,14 After SBRT, a partial response with mild elevation in glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase was noted in this patient (Figure 2). No other complications were noted. However, RRD subsequently developed in the 40%−50% isodose area (Figure 1B). RRD is characterized by an inflammatory reaction within a previously irradiated volume after administration of certain promoting agents, such as antineoplastic drugs. It was first described by D’Angio et al¹⁵ and was found to be triggered by dactinomycin. One possible mechanism of action may be that the radiation induces the expression of certain cytokines that are responsible for an inflammatory response, such as interleukin 1, interleukin 6, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and transforming growth factor beta. These cells continue to secrete low levels of cytokines after radiation, and when a precipitating agent is then introduced, these cytokines are upregulated, causing a recall reaction.¹⁶ Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that targets Raf serine/threonine kinases, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 and -3, and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-β, which has been shown to induce tumor cell apoptosis in a HCC model.⁶ Previous reports have touched on the possibility of photosensitivity in sorafenib.^17,18 The histopathological analysis of a sorafenib-induced hand–foot skin reaction revealed keratinocyte damage, keratinocyte vacuolar degeneration, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic bodies, and confluent keratinocyte necrosis, leading to intraepidermal cleavage.¹⁹

VEGF would be increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner after sublethal irradiation damage to HCC cells in vitro, translating to enhanced intratumor angiogenesis in vivo and correlating well with serum VEGF levels.⁷ Sorafenib, as an inhibitor of the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase and VEGFR pathways, might enhance the efficacy of radiation, when administered following radiation. In HCT116 xenograft tumor growth delay experiments in mice, sorafenib altered the radiation response in a schedule-dependent manner.²⁰ Additionally, radiation treatment followed sequentially by sorafenib was found to be associated with the greatest tumor growth delay.²⁰ The current report also shows the benefit of sorafenib following SBRT (Figure 2A and B).

SBRT with HT allows for the maximum dose to the targeting area, with minimization of normal tissue volume exposure to high radiation dose.²¹ However, off-target organs at risk can be impacted by arc therapy, due to the “low-dose bath” phenomenon, and be magnified by agents associated with recall effects.^22,23 Irradiation, both target dose and off-target dose, can modulate the systemic pharmacokinetics in rat’s model^24,25 and a deeper investigation of the molecular mechanisms showed that there was an enhanced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-8 when combined treatments of irradiation and 5-fluorouracil were made.²⁶ Further study of RT–PK phenomenon persistence in target therapy drugs is warranted.

The clinical effects and toxicities of sorafenib administered concurrently or sequentially with RT were reported recently. For hand-foot syndrome, grade 2 or 3 toxicities were higher in the concurrent treatment than in the sequential management.²⁷ Erythematous patch matching the previously irradiated treatment area was also reported after prescription of sequential sorafenib.²⁸ Moreover, there was a significant correlation between serious bowel injury and VEGF inhibitor within 3 months of SBRT.²⁹

After discontinuation of the triggering drug, RRD will subside, but the resolution time is not understood, and the occurrence of RRD may be unpredictable. The role of steroids in managing RRD is unclear; however, they are commonly used for symptom control. The effect of dose reduction on reducing the chance of RRD recurrence also remains unknown. Nevertheless, targeting the tumor and minimizing the exposure of normal tissue will potentially avoid skin complications.