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. 2014 Jun 25;9(6):e100529. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100529

Identification of Endogenous Reference Genes for the Analysis of microRNA Expression in the Hippocampus of the Pilocarpine-Induced Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Mykaella Andrade de Araújo 1, Thalita Ewellyn Batista Sales Marques 1, Jamile Taniele-Silva 1, Fernanda Maria de Araújo Souza 1, Tiago Gomes de Andrade 2, Norberto Garcia-Cairasco 3, Maria Luisa Paçó-Larson 4, Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí 1,*
Editor: Stéphane Charpier5
PMCID: PMC4070922  PMID: 24964029

Abstract

Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) is one of the most powerful techniques for analyzing miRNA expression because of its sensitivity and specificity. However, in this type of analysis, a suitable normalizer is required to ensure that gene expression is unaffected by the experimental condition. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported studies that performed a detailed identification and validation of suitable reference genes for miRNA qPCR during the epileptogenic process. Here, using a pilocarpine (PILO) model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), we investigated five potential reference genes, performing a stability expression analysis using geNorm and NormFinder softwares. As a validation strategy, we used each one of the candidate reference genes to measure PILO-induced changes in microRNA-146a levels, a gene whose expression pattern variation in the PILO injected model is known. Our results indicated U6SnRNA and SnoRNA as the most stable candidate reference genes. By geNorm analysis, the normalization factor should preferably contain at least two of the best candidate reference genes (snoRNA and U6SnRNA). In fact, when normalized using the best combination of reference genes, microRNA-146a transcripts were found to be significantly increased in chronic stage, which is consistent with the pattern reported in different models. Conversely, when reference genes were individually employed for normalization, we failed to detect up-regulation of the microRNA-146a gene in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. The data presented here support that the combination of snoRNA and U6SnRNA was the minimum necessary for an accurate normalization of gene expression at the different stages of epileptogenesis that we tested.

Introduction

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common medically intractable neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of TLE involves abnormal neuronal reorganization occurring over a long period of time following a strong cerebral insult, such as status epilepticus (SE) [1], [2]. These changes can include neurodegeneration, neurogenesis, gliosis, axonal damage or sprouting, dendritic plasticity, inflammation, reorganization of the extracellular matrix and alterations in the molecular structure of cellular components [3]. Evidence is emerging that these processes could be associated with network-wide changes of protein-coding transcript levels. In fact, studies in patients or animal models of TLE show that the global gene expression pattern is significantly altered at time points more closely related to responses to either SE or cumulative chronic spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) [4]–[9]. Therefore, epilepsy research has turned to the question of which regulator factors are involved in the reorganization of gene expression that accompanies the epileptic condition.

MicroRNAs (miRNA) represent a family of small (22–24 nucleotides), endogenous noncoding RNAs that act as small regulatory molecules involved in posttranscriptional gene repression [10]–[16]. miRNAs are involved in numerous physiological processes and increasing evidence suggest that miRNAs are deregulated in several neurological diseases [17]–[21]. Recently, several miRNAs have been found to be differentially expressed in TLE models [22]–[27] encouraging further studies with this approach. Indeed, establishing reliable profiles of miRNA expression in epileptogenesis could be a significant step forward to the understanding of the roles played by these molecules in epileptogenesis.

Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) is one of the most powerful techniques for analyzing miRNA expression because of its sensitivity and specificity [28]–[30]. However, in this type of analysis, the impact of experimental variations, such as pipetting errors, reverse transcription efficiency, qPCR cycling conditions, RNA quality and purity, the stability and heterogeneity of the microRNAs in the sample, age-unmatching of experimental individuals with controls, has to be considered [31], [32]. Also, a suitable normalizer is required to remove as much variation as possible leading to an increase of the accuracy of expression measurements [33]. The impact of using an unstable internal control can lead to inaccurate results and erroneous conclusions. It is essential, therefore, to identify and validate the reference genes prior to their use for normalization in specific experimental set ups.

In previous study, we reported suitable reference genes for mRNA qPCR in two different model of TLE [34]. However, they may be not suitable internal controls for miRNA qPCR analysis. In fact, miRNAs pose a significant challenge for normalization, because they represent perhaps only 0.01% of the mass of total RNA in a sample, and this fraction can vary significantly across different samples [35]. Moreover, the extraction efficiency of miRNA from samples is very different than for much longer RNAs. Some studies have used synthetic miRNA molecules as reference genes [36], despite of the fact that they cannot correct sample-to-sample variation. In epileptic conditions, small RNA molecules have also been used as reference genes, however without a preliminary and systematic evaluation of their suitability [37], [38]. Particularly, for the analysis of the expression of mir146 (used here as target gene) in the epileptogenic process, the U6snRNA has been used as a reference gene, also, without previous validation [22], [39]–[42].

Therefore, to investigate the expression patterns of miRNAs during epileptogenesis, suitable internal controls for miRNA qPCR need to be identified. Here, using a pilocarpine (PILO) model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we investigated five potential reference genes recommended by a leading commercial miRNA assay supplier (Applied Biosystems, 2007), including U6SnRNA (001973 Assay ID), SnoRNA (001718 Assay ID), Y1 (001727 Assay ID), 4.5(S)1 (001716 Assay ID) and 4.5(S)5 (001717 Assay ID). The gene expression levels were investigated by qPCR in the hippocampus of experimental and control animals, followed by a stability expression analysis using geNorm and NormFinder softwares. Finally, as a validation strategy, we used each one of the candidate reference genes to measure PILO-induced changes in miRNA-146a, a gene whose expression pattern variation in PILO-injected model is known [42]. In fact, mir146 is overexpressed in all epilepsy associated condictions tested, including PILO and electrical stimulation TLE models and human TLE with hippocampal sclerosis [22],[39]–[42].

Results

Analysis of candidate reference genes for microRNA qRT-PCR in PILO-induced model of epilepsy

Our main objective was to identify small RNAs which could be used as reference genes in qRT-PCR analysis of hippocampus samples of rats submitted to systemic PILO injection and naive animals. Figure 1 gives the mean of Ct (cycle threshold) values for each one of the five candidate reference genes analyzed, illustrating the levels of these RNAs among the different experimental groups. The analyzed genes displayed a relatively wide range of expression, with mean Ct values between 14.58 (U6SnRNA) and 29.57 (4.5(S)5). Also, with exception of 4.5(S)5, we observed differences in the average levels among the experimental groups.

Figure 1. Levels of five non-coding RNAs candidate reference genes for microRNA qRT-PCR analysis in the hippocampus of the systemic PILO-injected and control rats.

Figure 1

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Values are given in the form of RT-qPCR threshold cycle numbers (Ct values), mean Inline graphic SD (n = 6). ANOVA, * Inline graphic, ** Inline graphic, *** Inline graphic.

Therefore, in order to determine the least variable reference genes in systemic-PILO-injected model, we evaluated expression stability of the five candidate controls in our sample from different periods of the epileptogenic process, using geNorm and Normfinder softwares.

geNorm calculates a gene-stability measure (M) based on the average pairwise variation between a particular gene and all other studied genes. High expression stability is indicated by a low M value as an estimate of combined variation of the individual gene. Successive elimination of the least stable gene ranks the candidate housekeeping genes according to their M values and identifies the two most stable reference genes [43]. The average expression stability values (M values) of the analyzed genes in all tested samples from systemic PILO-injected rats are displayed in Figure 2A. From the most stable to the least stable, the genes were ranked as follows: snoRNA, U6SnRNA, Y1, 4.5(s)5 and 4.5(s)1, being snoRNA and U6SnRNA selected as the best combination of two genes.

Figure 2. Selection of the most suitable reference genes for microRNA qRT-PCR analysis in the systemic PILO-model samples using geNorm analysis.

Figure 2

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A) Expression stability measurements (M) for the five reference genes analyzed. The x-axis from left to right indicates the ranking of the genes according to their expression stability; lower M values indicate higher expression stability. B) Determination of the optimal number of reference genes for normalization was conducted. The software calculates the normalization factor from at least two genes at which the variable V defines the pair-wise variation between two sequential normalization factors.

To determine the minimum number of reference genes necessary for an accurate normalization, a pairwise variation Vn/Vn+1 analysis was performed (Figure 2B) [43]. Here, the V2/3 value was 0.179 which was nearest to the default cutoff value. Therefore, the normalization factor should preferably contain at least two of the best candidate reference genes (snoRNA and U6SnRNA).

Expression stability of snoRNA, U6SnRNA, Y1, 4.5(s)5 and 4.5(s)1 RNAs was additionally evaluated with NormFinder, another software that uses a model-based approach to measure the variation in gene expression among sample subgroups [44]. NormFinder calculates stability values for each analyzed gene on the basis of inter- and intra-group expression variation. The lower stability values indicate the more stable expressed candidate genes. Results of NormFinder analysis are shown in Figure 3. U6SnRNA, snoRNA, Y1, 4.5(s) variant 1 and 4.5(s) variant 5 appeared as the most stable genes (stability between 0.216 and 0.396). The best combination of reference genes indicated was also snoRNA and U6SnRNA. These data sets are comparable with those obtained using geNorm, with slight differences in the ranking order.

Figure 3. NormFinder analysis of expression stability of candidate reference genes for microRNA qRT-PCR analysis in the systemic PILO-model samples.

Figure 3

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Ranking of candidate reference genes based on stability values calculated by NormFinder software.

Validation of the reference genes

In order to validate the results obtained, we conducted a relative expression analysis of the miRNA-146a gene, whose mRNA expression pattern in the hippocampus of animal models of TLE is known [22], [25], [42], [45], comparing all experimental and control groups. We used each of the five reference genes as internal controls, as well as the combination of three or two genes, recommended by the analysis using both geNorm and NormFinder (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Relative quantities of miR-146a in the hippocampus of the systemic PILO- injected rats upon different normalization approaches.

Figure 4

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qRT-PCR data were normalized by single reference gene and best combination derived by geNorm or NormFinder analysis (mean Inline graphic SD, n = 6). The diagram shows mean levels of miR-146a transcripts in naive animals, epileptogenesis (0 h and 24 h) and chronic period. ANOVA, * Inline graphic, ** Inline graphic, *** Inline graphic.

Using the best combination of three reference genes for normalization, miRNA-146a transcripts were found to be significantly increased in the chronic stage, which is consistent with the pattern reported in different models. Similar expression patterns were generated when either two of the most stable genes were used for normalization. Conversely, when reference genes were individually employed for normalization, we failed to detect upregulation of miRNA-146a in the hippocampus of epileptic rats.

Discussion

Since small changes in the expression of a single miRNA may affect multiple genes, it is not unexpected that accurate measurement of miRNA expression is a critical requisite [33], [46]. Studies that aim to detect subtle changes in miRNA regulation, particularly using qPCR, must use proper reference genes to avoid erroneous conclusions. Currently, the majority of the studies investigating miRNA expression in animal models of TLE have used reference genes without systematic validation of their stability. In fact, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report detailing the identification and validation of suitable reference genes for miRNA qPCR assay, despite the surge of interest in miRNA identification and quantification during the epileptogenic process.

Ideally, reference genes should present high expression stability levels in different experimental conditions [47], [48]. The evaluation of a panel of five candidate reference genes to determine the most reliable one for accurate normalization of gene expression in the systemic PILO-model indicated two (snoRNA and U6SnRNA) as the most stable in the hippocampus of rats from all experimental and control groups. Depending on the software used (geNorm or NormFinder), the rank of these genes on a stability scale was slightly different, probably because of the different mathematical algorithm employed [44], [43].

We also considered whether selecting multiple reference genes in combination is better than selecting a single reference gene alone. The optimal number of reference genes which should be used for accurate normalization was determined by calculating the normalization factor (NF). The use of more than the two most stable reference genes identified (snoRNA/U6SnRNA) is not required as suggested by the V-value (Figure 3).

In order to evaluate the functional significance of the results obtained for reference genes, we conducted a relative expression analysis of the miR-146a gene, whose pattern is already described for the PILO-injected model. miR-146a can be induced by different pro-inflammatory stimuli and has been shown to be upregulated in experimental models of epilepsy, as well as in human TLE. Indeed, in PILO and electrical stimulation TLE models, prominent upregulation of miRNA-146a was evident at 1-3 week after SE and persisted in the chronic phase [22], [39]–[42]. In human TLE with hippocampal sclerosis, increased astroglial expression of miR-146a was observed mainly in regions where neuronal cell loss and reactive gliosis occurred [22]. Similarly, Iyer et al. [45] showed an overexpression of mir-146a in epilepsy-associated glioneuronal lesions. It remains unclear how the induction of mir146 expression may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of TLE. Thus, Iyer et al. [45] observed that seizures alone may not account for changes in miR-146a expression. Moreover, emerging data suggest that miR-146a is induced as a negative-feedback regulator of the glial-mediated inflammatory response associated to the epileptogenic process [22], [42], [45]. This is in line with other studies supporting an immunomodulatory role ascribed to miR-146a in several human neurodegenerative diseases associated with a strong inflammatory component [49], [50]. In fact, upregulation of miR146a has been detected in active multiple sclerosis lesions [51], in human Alzheimer disease (AD) brain [52] and in prion disease [50], [53], indicating an underlying common inflammatory response to different neurological insults. Accordingly, when normalized using the best combination of two or three reference genes, we observed that miR-146a transcript levels were significantly increased in the chronic stage. Interestingly, under our experimental conditions, the use of a reference gene individually for normalization leads to the relative transcript levels of the mir-146a gene to be different from those obtained with the best combinations of genes, and hence probably less accurate. This suggests, therefore, that an appropriate normalization strategy for miRNA expression during epileptogenesis requires the use of two or more reference genes.

Curiously, in previous studies, under the same experimental conditions, in order to normalize protein-coding RNA expression, the use of just one of the stable reference genes produced a reliable measurement [34]. These differences could be explained by the use of different methods for sample processing, including RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. For instance, in order for the specific detection of mature mirs using TaqMan MicroRNA assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), the reverse transcription step is performed separately for each gene, which may result in higher methodological variations. This is supported here by the comparative analysis of the raw Ct values, which showed for all candidate reference genes significant differences among experimental groups, with an exception for 4.5(S)5. Some authors also observed that the normalization factor for analysis of miRNA expression should preferably contain at least three of the best candidate reference genes; also non-coding RNAs presented better expression stability than protein coding RNAs [54]. However, this cannot be inferred to be true for other experimental conditions. In fact, four independent studies using RT-qPCR showed the up-regulation of miR-146a in the hippocampus of rat and human with epilepsy, even using a normalization approach based on only one reference gene (U6snRNA) and without prior stability analysis [22], [40]–[42]. In our study, the U6snRNA had the most stable expression levels during epileptogenesis as pointed out by NormFinder analysis. However, the normalization with U6SnRNA alone leads to the increased expression profile without significance. These findings emphasize that a normalization strategy for a pathology model may not be appropriate in a different experimental condition related to the same pathology.

Finally, we recognize that the effort, cost, and sample requirements necessary for the experimental selection of miRNA normalizers is not always possible. In such cases, the data presented here suggests that the combination of snoRNA and U6SnRNA is likely a more reasonable choice than using a randomly selected reference gene for the investigation of epileptogenesis.

Materials and Methods

Animals

Experiments were conducted in Wistar male rats (n = 42) from the main breeding stock of the Federal University of Alagoas. All rats were 90-100-days-old and weighted from 200 to 250 g. They were kept at 22°C in groups of four per cage with free access to food and water, in a 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 08:00). All experimental procedures were performed according to the Brazilian Society for Neuroscience and Behavior, which are based on international guidelines of the ethical use of animals, such as those from the Society for Neuroscience. The protocols were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas (Permit number: 01146a2/2010-83). All efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and to avoid any unnecessary suffering.

PILO injection

Animals were injected intra-peritoneally with scopolamine butyl bromide (1 mg/kg; ip) in order to reduce peripheral cholinergic effects, followed by PILO (ip) in a dose of 320 mg/kg after 30 min. All animals that had SE were rescued with diazepam (DZP) (5 mg/kg; ip), 90 min after SE establishment. Out of 36 PILO-injected rats, 18 died during the experiments, and 18 developed SE. From the third day after SE, animals (chronic group) were individually placed in acrylic cages and their behavior was recorded on videotapes for up to 6 hours per day. Three groups of rats subjected to SE were used: animals sacrificed immediately (n = 6), twenty four hours (n = 6) and 9–14 weeks after SE (n = 6). All animals from this last group showed two or more SRS with seizure severity scores equal or greater than 3, according to the scale of Racine [55]. Naive rats were used as control group (n = 6).

RNA extraction and RT-qPCR

Rats were guillotined and the brains were immediately dissected on ice. Hippocampi were rapidly frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until RNA isolation. Total RNA was purified using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, CA, USA), following the manufacturers protocol. The quality of total RNA was assessed by analysis of the ratio of 28S to 18S ribosomal RNAs after electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel. miRNA expression was analyzed using Taqman microRNA assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Gene-specific reverse transcription (RT) for miR and snRNAs was performed using Inline graphic of purified total RNA, Inline graphic of 100 mM dNTPs (with dTTP), Inline graphic Inline graphic MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase, Inline graphic Inline graphic RT Buffer, Inline graphic Inline graphic RNase Inhibitor, Inline graphic Inline graphic TaqMan microRNA RT Primer and Inline graphic nuclease free water. Fifteen microliter reaction was incubated for 30 min at 16°C, 30 min at 42°C, and 5 min at 85°C to inactivate reverse transcriptase. Realtime PCR reaction, including Inline graphic of RT product, Inline graphic nuclease free water, Inline graphic TaqMan Inline graphic Universal PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems) and Inline graphic TaqMan microRNA Assay containing PCR primers and TaqMan probes, was run in triplicate on the StepOnePlus (Applied Biosystems) at 95°C for 10 min followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 15s and 60°C for 1 min.

Determination of reference gene expression stability

To assess the stability of candidate reference genes, two commonly used approaches, geNorm (http://medgen.ugent.br/~jvdesomp/genorm/) and NormFinder (http://www.mdl.dk/publicationsnormfinder.html) algorithms, were utilized. For this, Ct values were converted into relative quantities via the delta-Ct method using the sample with the lowest Ct as calibrator, in accordance with the Inline graphic method [56].

geNorm uses an algorithm to calculate the M value, a gene expression stability factor defined as the mean pairwise variation for a given gene compared to the remaining tested genes. Hence, a lower M value indicates higher stability of the reference gene. The program also estimates the pairwise variation between two sequential calculations of normalization factors (NF) including an increasing number of genes. This defines the minimal number of genes required to calculate a robust normalization factor. NormFinder uses an ANOVA-based model to estimate intra and inter-group variation, and combines these estimates to provide a direct measure of the variation in expression for each gene.

Reference gene validation

miRNA-146a transcripts were used as the target gene in order to validate the best reference genes for normalization of relative expression in epileptogenesis induced by PILO. Its relative quantity in each sample was normalized either to the most stable combination, in accordance with geNorm and NormFinder analyses, or to each of the five reference genes independently, using the Inline graphic method [56].

Statistical analysis of data from different animal groups was done using the multiple comparative Tukey-Kramer test (InStat, version 3.01).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Evelin Antoniele da Silva and João Pedro Rodrigues for helping with the stablishment of experimental model group and Felipe Carlos Lima dos Santos for helping with the manuscript formatting.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), FAPEAL (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas), CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) and FAEPA-HCRP (Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino Pesquisa e Assistência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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