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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 7.
Published in final edited form as: Analyst. 2014 May 7;139(9):2088–2098. doi: 10.1039/c3an02280c

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Recent advancement for nanotoxicity assessment. (a) Lateral flow immune-strip (FLIS) is very common for pregnancy test and some other biomarker application. LFIS was first time used for evaluation of genotoxicity/DNA damage detection upon NP exposure in reference 70. (b) AFM is used to measure the adhesion force and stiffness of the cell membrane upon diesel NP exposure on human aortic endothelial cells 71. (c) Carbon fiber microelectrode is a very sensitive technique with very high temporal resolution and has been used recently to identify the change in exocytosis behavior of endocrine or immune cells upon NP exposure 72–74.