Tai Chi Chuan for Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Coronary Arterial Disease

Abstract

Background

Several studies have shown that Tai Chi Chuan can improve cardiac function in patients with heart disease.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess the effects of Tai Chi Chuan on cardiac rehabilitation for patients with coronary artery disease.

Methods

We performed a search for studies published in English, Portuguese and Spanish in the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. Data were extracted in a standardized manner by three independent investigators, who were responsible for assessing the methodological quality of the manuscripts.

Results

The initial search found 201 studies that, after review of titles and abstracts, resulted in a selection of 12 manuscripts. They were fully analyzed and of these, nine were excluded. As a final result, three randomized controlled trials remained. The studies analyzed in this systematic review included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of coronary artery disease, all were clinically stable and able to exercise. The three experiments had a control group that practiced structured exercise training or received counseling for exercise. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 12 months.

Conclusion

Preliminary evidence suggests that Tai Chi Chuan can be an unconventional form of cardiac rehabilitation, being an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. However, the methodological quality of the included articles and the small sample sizes clearly indicate that new randomized controlled trials are needed in this regard.

Introduction

In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases, in particular coronary arterial disease (CAD), are one of the major causes of morbidity/mortality and are responsible for a significant share of costs associated with hospitalizations in the Sistema Único de Saúde (National Health System) and pharmacological management^1-3. In this context, nonpharmacological approaches such as lifestyle modifications and regular practice of physical exercise have been investigated with the aim of offering patients better treatment and decreasing the overall cost for the Brazilian healthcare system^3,4. Patients who undergo exercise-based therapy are likely to exhibit an improvement in several aspects of cardiopulmonary function, which optimizes the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the ischemic myocardium^5-11.

Some oriental exercises deserve special attention because they are accessible, inexpensive, and can be performed within the community¹². Of the various techniques available, we highlight Tai Chi Chuan (TCC), an ancient Chinese martial art that includes low to moderate intensity traditional aerobic exercises¹³. This practice essentially involves learning a sequence of movements that can vary according to different styles. Most preliminary exercises include circular displacements with circular and spiral body movements. The sequence is nothing more than a basis for detailed work on the body and mind¹². In China, TCC has been used for centuries as an exercise for people of various age groups; it is very popular among the elderly¹⁴. Individuals practice TCC primarily to develop mind-body interaction, breathing and movement control, eye-hand coordination, and a peaceful state of mind. With the aging of the world population and increasing healthcare costs, the interest toward TCC has increased, and it is now used for the management of chronic diseases of various etiologies^14-18.

The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature on studies that examine TCC as a modality for cardiac rehabilitation and raise questions for future research on the use of TCC in CAD patients.

Methods

Eligibility criteria

Randomized clinical trials (RCT) published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese that reported on TCC training in patients aged > 18 years with confirmed CAD were included. It was necessary to include a control group that practiced any type of structured physical exercise (aerobic, resistance, or a combination of both) and/or received counseling for physical exercise.

Structured physical exercise was defined as an intervention wherein patients were engaged in a planned program with individualized exercises under the supervision of qualified professionals. Counseling for physical exercise was defined as an intervention wherein the patients, although not involved or partially involved in supervised physical training, received formal instructions to perform regular exercise with or without individualized prescription.

Exclusion criteria

Studies that examined cardiovascular outcomes in healthy individuals, RCTs conducted in patients with stroke, duplicated publications or substudies of the included studies, and studies with a follow-up duration of < 8 weeks were excluded.

Search strategy and study selection

We searched the electronic databases MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), EMBASE, LILACS, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane CENTRAL) without data restriction. In addition, we assessed the references cited in the included studies. The literature search was conducted in July 2012, and the review of articles was performed in triplicate by independent investigators. The search strategy via MEDLINE included the following terms: ["Ischemic heart disease"(Mesh) OR "Ischemia, Myocardial" OR "Ischemias, Myocardial" OR "Myocardial Ischemias" OR "Ischemic Heart Disease" OR "Heart Disease, Ischemic" OR "Disease, Ischemic Heart" OR "Diseases, Ischemic Heart" OR "Heart Diseases, Ischemic" OR "Ischemic Heart Diseases"] OR ["Coronary disease"(Mesh) OR "Coronary Diseases" OR "Disease, Coronary" OR "Diseases, Coronary" OR "Coronary Heart Disease" OR "Coronary Heart Diseases" OR "Disease, Coronary Heart" OR "Diseases, Coronary Heart" OR "Heart Disease, Coronary" OR "Heart Diseases, Coronary"] AND ["Tai ji"(Mesh) OR "Tai-ji" OR "Tai Chi" OR "Chi, Tai" OR "Tai Ji Quan" OR "Ji Quan, Tai" OR "Quan, Tai Ji" OR "Taiji" OR "Taijiquan" OR "T'ai Chi" OR "Tai Chi Chuan"].

First, a reference database was created and duplicates were excluded. Subsequently, three independent investigators (CAS, LFF, and JNF) reviewed the titles and abstracts. Abstracts that did not meet the eligibility criteria were excluded, and the full text of Abstracts that did not provide sufficient information about inclusion and exclusion criteria was reviewed. In a second stage, the same reviewers assessed and selected the full texts, blinded to each other's review. Differences among the reviewers were solved by consensus.

Data extraction and quality assessment

The three reviewers used the same standardized forms to independently perform data extraction. We collected data referring to the studies' methodological characteristics, interventions, and outcomes (maximum or peak oxygen consumption, arterial pressure, and heart rate); the differences were solved by consensus.

Assessment of the risk of bias

The quality of the studies in terms of randomization was assessed independently as follows: blinding of the patients and evaluators of outcomes regarding allocation, analysis of intention-to-treat, and report of losses or exclusions. The authors' description of the analysis of intention-to-treat was assumed as a criterion for assurance that both baseline and final evaluations used the same number of patients, excluding those who were lost or eliminated from the study. Studies that did not describe an analysis of intention-to-treat, those that did not describe the total number of patients at the end of the study, and those in which the number of patients at the beginning and end was not the same were considered to not meet this criterion. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook¹⁹. (Table 1).

Table 1.

Criteria for the evaluation of the methodological quality adapted from the Cochrane handbook

Study	The study mentions randomization in the text	Generation of the sequence of randomization	Blinding of allocation	Blinding of the participants and personal evaluations	Blinding of the evaluation of results	The evaluation of results of incomplete data	Selected publications
Channer et al 20	A	NC	NC	NC	NC	I	I
Sato et al 21	A	NC	NC	NC	NC	NC	A
Liu et al 22	A	NC	NC	I	NC	A	A

A, adequate; NC, not clear; I, inadequate

Results

Description of the studies

Our search resulted in 201 abstracts with language restrictions (English, Portuguese, and Spanish). After the titles and abstracts were reviewed, a total of 12 articles met the eligibility criteria and were completely analyzed (Figure 1). Of these 12 articles, nine were excluded: three that did not mention the use of randomization in patient allocation, two in which the control group did not receive guidance with regard to physical exercise, one that was a systematic review, one that was a report of preliminary data, and two that did not provide the full text of the article (one only had the abstract, and we could not buy it or contact the authors). Therefore, three studies were included in this systematic review. The latter included samples of patients diagnosed with ischemic disease who were clinically stable and able to exercise (Table 2). The follow-up duration varied between 2 and 12 months.

Figure 1.

Study selection flowchart.

Table 2.

Studies that compared Tai Chi Chuan to structured physical training or counseling for physical activity in patients with ischemic cardiac disease

Study	Total number of individuals (men/women)	Age (years)	Main diagnosis	Intervention/control	Duration (months)	Mean Delta in the Tai Chi Chuan group
Channer et al 20	126 (90/36)	56 (39 - 80)	Acute myocardial infarction	Tai Chi Chuan, aerobic exercise, Health and relaxation education group	2	Heart rate: +2 bpm
						Systolic arterial pressure: −3 mmHg
						Diastolic arterial pressure: −2 mmHg
Sato et al 21	20 (13/7)	68 ± 4	Coronary arterial disease	Tai Chi Chuan Usual care group with physical activity counseling	12	Peak oxygen consumption: +0,1 L.min-'
						Heart rate: −4 bpm
						Systolic arterial pressure: −6 mmHg
						Baroreflex sensitivity: +2,2 ms/mmHg;
						variability in heart rate
						Low frequency: -16ms2
						High frequency: +18ms2
Liu et al 22	30 (18/12)	ND	Post-event or heart surgery	Tai Chi Chuan Cardiac rehabilitation group	3	Chair stand: +3 repetitions
						Sit and stand test: +3 repetitions
						Step test: +29 repetitions
						8-foot up-and-go: -1s
						One-leg stand: +29s

NA: not available.

Risk of bias

Of the studies included in the systematic review, 100% were randomized. None of them described the blinding of allocation, blinding of patients and researchers, or blinding of the evaluators of outcomes in detail. None of the studies made explicit use of the intention-to-treat principle in their statistical analyses.

Effects of interventions

In the first clinical trial, Channer et al²⁰ randomized patients with acute myocardial infarction into a group that practiced TCC, a group that practiced conventional aerobic exercise, and a control group that was given health and relaxation advice. After 2 months, the TCC and aerobic exercise groups exhibited a decreased systolic arterial pressure. Patients in the TCC group, in addition to a decrease in resting heart rate after exercise, exhibited greater adherence to the training sessions. There was no comparison between groups.

In the study by Sato et al²¹, the randomized subjects in the TCC group exhibited a significant increase in baroreflex sensitivity after 12 months of follow-up, whereas those in the control group did not. The results were adjusted for age, gender, ejection fraction, and body mass index. Changes in the parameters of heart rate variability did not exhibit differences between the groups.

The third RCT included in this review assessed outcomes related to the patients' functional capacity. After 3 months of follow-up, the participants in the TCC group exhibited an increase in the chair stand test score and one-leg stand test time and were faster than individuals in the control group in the 8-foot up-and-go test. In addition, the TCC group exhibited increased flexibility and an increased number of repetitions in the step test²².

Discussion

Summary of the evidence

The results of this systematic review suggest that the use of TCC as an exercise and cardiac rehabilitation strategy can have beneficial effects in CAD patients. However, evidence from the western literature is limited, and the studies lack methodological rigor as well as more relevant outcomes.

Positive aspects

This systematic review had some strengths. First, it was a focused review. Second, it was based on a comprehensive and systematic bibliographic search. Third, it employed methodology that used explicit and reproducible eligibility criteria. Lastly, it was conducted in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team of researchers (physicians, physiotherapists, and physical exercise counselors).

Limitations

This systematic review also has some limitations. Because most of the results reported were positive, the possibility of publication bias cannot be ruled out. Moreover, we observed that these RCTs were methodologically limited by a certain degree of measurement bias because there was no reference to blinding (patients, therapists, and evaluators) or confidentiality regarding blinding of allocation. Finally, our search was restricted to studies published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is possible that articles on TCC as a form of CAD rehabilitation have been published in Mandarin or in other languages.

Conclusions

This review analyzed the literature on the beneficial use of TCC, a nonconventional therapy, for the rehabilitation of patients with CAD through a systematic search of various electronic databases. However, the methodological quality of the included articles and the small size of the samples indicate a clear need for new randomized clinical trials on this subject. It is worth noting that, because of the small number of studies published in this area of knowledge and the limited variety of outcomes, it was not possible to conduct a systematic review with a meta-analysis.