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. 2014 Jan 26;16(7):1083–1091. doi: 10.1093/europace/eut364

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of carvedilol on heart rate. (A) Diagram of the study protocol. Two weeks after the operation, a carvedilol loading study was performed during sinus rhythm. A rapid atrial pacing protocol was then initiated and maintained until the development of persistent (>48 h) AF. Afterwards, the carvedilol loading study was repeated. (B) Heart rate during sinus rhythm before carvedilol (PRE), during carvedilol (CVD), and after carvedilol withdrawal (POST) in phase 1 (sinus rhythm) of the study. (C) Circadian variation of heart rate before, during, and after the administration of carvedilol. b.p.m., beats per minute; CVD, carvedilol. *P < 0.05 vs. PRE; †P < 0.05 PRE vs. CVD; ‡P < 0.05 PRE vs. POST.