JNK3 Is Required for the Cytoprotective Effect of Exendin 4

Abstract

Preservation of beta cell against apoptosis is one of the therapeutic benefits of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) antidiabetic mimetics for preserving the functional beta cell mass exposed to diabetogenic condition including proinflammatory cytokines. The mitogen activated protein kinase 10 also called c-jun amino-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) plays a protective role in insulin-secreting cells against death caused by cytokines. In this study, we investigated whether the JNK3 expression is associated with the protective effect elicited by the GLP1 mimetic exendin 4. We found an increase in the abundance of JNK3 in isolated human islets and INS-1E cells cultured with exendin 4. Induction of JNK3 by exendin 4 was associated with an increased survival of INS-1E cells. Silencing of JNK3 prevented the cytoprotective effect of exendin 4 against apoptosis elicited by culture condition and cytokines. These results emphasize the requirement of JNK3 in the antiapoptotic effects of exendin 4.

1. Introduction

Preservation of mechanisms underlying adaptation of beta cells mass and function is critical for glucose homeostasis, as the decline in functional beta cells mass is a key feature of the development of diabetes [1–5]. The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) plays an instrumental role in the control of beta cell mass and function [6–8]. Alteration of beta cell sensitivity to GLP1 is thought to contribute to the loss of functional beta cell mass in diabetes in both lean and obese individuals [9–11]. Beta cell abnormalities in the GLP1 sensitivity have been associated with a reduction in the GLP1 receptor expression in some animal models of diabetes [12, 13]. Administration of GLP1 improves beta cell survival in animal model of diabetes [14, 15]. A wealth of in vitro and in vivo studies show that this prosurvival effect is achieved by inhibiting beta cells apoptosis elicited by diabetogenic stressors such as proinflammatory cytokines [6, 16–23]. The effect achieved by the GLP1 and its analogs results from the activation of kinases and/or scaffold proteins, which in turn promote an antiapoptotic signaling cascade [6, 18, 19, 24–28]. One of the major kinases activated by GLP1 and its mimetic exendin 4 is the protein kinase B/AKT [16, 17, 27]. Activation of AKT by GLP1 results from the increased abundance of the insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) [27]. In beta cells, the expression of IRS2 is controlled by the mitogen activated protein kinase 10 also called c-jun amino-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) [29, 30]. Silencing of JNK3 by interference RNA dramatically reduces the IRS2 abundance in INS-1E cells [29]. As a result of JNK3 depletion an increase in cytokine-induced apoptosis ensues [29, 30]. In view of these data, the goal of this study was to investigate whether the JNK3 content is associated with beta cell protection achieved by the GLP1 mimetic exendin 4.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Cell Culture, Human Islets Isolation, and Transfection

The rat insulin-secreting cell line INS-1E was maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) (PAA laboratories, GE Healthcare, Velizy-Villacoublay, France), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol, and 10 mM Hepes [31]. Human pancreases were harvested from adult brain-dead donors in accordance with French regulations and with the local Institutional Ethical Committee from the “Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille.” Pancreatic islets were isolated after ductal distension of the pancreas and digestion of the tissue as described previously [32]. All experiments were carried out at least on islets with a purity of and viability >80%. Purified islets were cultured in CMRL 1066 medium (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies) containing 0.625% free fatty acid human serum albumin (Roche Diagnostics), penicillin (100 μUI/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL). The siRNA duplexes directed against JNK3 (siJNK3) or siRNA control against GFP (siGFP) were previously described [29–31]. The siRNA duplexes were introduced using the Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technology, Saint Aubin, France) as described [29, 30].

2.2. Western Blotting Experiments

INS-1E and isolated human islets cells were scrapped in cold PBS buffer and cell pellets were incubated 30 min on ice in lysis buffer (20 mM Tris acetate pH 7, 0.27 mM sucrose, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT) supplemented with antiproteases and antiphosphatases (Roche, Meylan, France). Cell lysates were centrifugated 15 min at 18,000 g and supernatants were used to analyze proteins. Protein extracts were solubilized in Laemmli buffer (40% glycerol, 20% β-mercaptoethanol, 8% SDS, 0.02% bromophenol blue, 0.25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8) and denatured 10 min at 95°C before loading onto the gel. Proteins were separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and electrically blotted to nitrocellulose membranes. The proteins were detected after an overnight incubation of the membrane at 4°C with the specific primary antibodies against JNK3 (dilution 1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA), JNK2 (dilution 1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA), β-actin (1 : 5000; Sigma, Saint Quentin, France), or α-tubulin (1 : 5000; Sigma, Saint Quentin, France), diluted in buffer containing 0.1% Tween 20 with either 2% milk (for JNK3) or 5% BSA (for JNK2) or 5% milk (for β-actin and α-tubulin). Proteins were visualized with IRDye800 or IRDye700 (Eurobio, Les Ulis, France) as secondary antibodies. Quantification was performed using the Odyssey infrared imaging system (Eurobio) [29, 30].

2.3. Apoptosis Assay

Apoptosis was evaluated in cells transfected with the siRNAs and exposed to a cytokine cocktail (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) of rat IL-1β (10 ng/mL), mouse TNFα (25 ng/mL), and rat IFNγ (150 ng/mL) for 24 h. Apoptosis was determined by scoring cells displaying pycnotic nuclei (visualized with Hoechst 33342) [31]. The counting was performed blindly by three different experimenters.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

ANOVA was used for statistical significance, followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test (Dunnett's test) when experiments included more than two groups. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05 (SAS statistical package; SAS, Carry, NC).

3. Results

3.1. Exendin 4 Increases the JNK3 Abundance in Isolated Human Islets and INS-1E

Several studies, including ours, have shown that the GLP1 receptor agonists prevent apoptosis elicited by prolonged exposure with cytokines [21, 23, 31]. Typically, the cytoprotective effect of the GLP1 mimetic is achieved through induction of key prosurvival proteins [6, 25]. In this regard we questioned whether exendin 4 increased the abundance of JNK3. We found that exposure of isolated human islets cells to exendin 4 elevated the JNK3 abundance as revealed by western blotting analysis (Figure 1(a)). The increase in the JNK3 protein started as early as 2 hr and declined after 4 hr (Figure 1(a)). Induction of JNK3 by exendin 4 was observable at 10 nM but was optimal at 50 nM (Figure 1(b)). Western blotting experiment confirmed elevation of JNK3 protein by exendin 4 in INS-1E cells (Figure 1(c)). However, induction of JNK3 by the GLP1 receptor agonist came later (after 4 hr of incubation) and persisted until 24 h treatment (Figure 1(c)).

Figure 1.

The effect of exendin 4 on the JNK3 content. JNK3 abundance in (a) isolated human islets (from three different donors) cultured with 50 nM exendin 4 for the indicated times or (b) with different exendin 4 concentrations for 4 hrs. (c) INS-1E cells cultured with 50 nM exendin 4 for the indicated times. For western blotting experiments, protein extracts (50 μg) were loaded into a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblotting was achieved using the anti-JNK3 and anti-β-actin antibodies. The data is one representative experiment out of three.

3.2. JNK3 Is Required for the Cytoprotective Effects of Exendin 4 in INS-1E Cells

We next investigated whether JNK3 was required for the cytoprotective effect of exendin 4. To this end, INS-1E cells were transfected with the duplex siRNAs directed against JNK3 mRNA (siJNK3) [29, 30]. The latter efficiently and selectively silenced the expression of JNK3 in INS-1E cells (Figure 2(a)). As anticipated, incubation of the cells with cytokines for 24 hr elicited a 2-fold increase in apoptosis (Figure 2(b)). Exendin 4 efficiently reduced death evoked by culture conditions and cytokines (Figure 2(b)). As previously observed [29, 30], silencing of JNK3 potentiated cytokines-induced apoptosis (Figure 2(b)). In addition, diminution of JNK3 by siJNK3 abolished the protective effects accomplished by exendin 4 (Figure 2(b)). These data point out that JNK3 levels are pivotal for the coupling of exendin 4 and protection of cells against apoptosis evoked by cytokines.

Figure 2.

Impact of the JNK3 silencing on the protective effects of exendin 4. INS-1E cells were transfected with the siRNA duplex directed against JNK3 (siJNK3) or control siRNA (siGFP, Ctrl). (a) For western blotting analysis of the JNK3 level, total proteins were prepared 48 hr after transfection. Immunoblotting was done using the anti-JNK3, anti-JNK2, and anti-α-tubulin antibodies (b) for scoring death; the cells were preincubated 24 hr after transfection with 50 nM exendin 4 for 8 hr. The rate of apoptosis was scored by counting pycnotic nuclei in INS-1E cells exposed for 16 hr to the cocktail of cytokines including 10 ng/mL IL-1β, 15 ng/mL TNFα, and 150 ng/mL IFNγ. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.

4. Discussion

There is a growing body of evidence that the GLP1 and its mimetics trigger cytoprotective effects on beta cells by stimulating the abundance of antiapoptotic proteins [6, 17, 25–27, 31, 33]. Several reports have now delineated a role for JNK3 as a key player in protecting beta cells against apoptosis [29, 30]. A hallmark of this claim is that selective silencing of JNK3 increases apoptosis induced by cytokines [29, 30]. Inversely, we questioned whether the JNK3 content could be stimulated by the GLP1 mimetic exendin 4. We found that exposure of isolated human islets to exendin 4 increases the JNK3 protein content. Although the antiapoptotic mechanisms activated by the GLP1 mimetics are globally similar between human islets and the rat insulin-secreting INS-1E cells [6, 17, 25, 26, 31], the spatial and temporal regulation of certain pathways evoked by GLP1 and its analogs may be species-specific. Different temporal activation of the antiapoptotic ERK pathway between isolated human islets and INS-1E cells has been shown in response to RF26a RFamide peptide [34]. While ERK is activated by the peptide in human islets and INS-1E cells, peptide-induced ERK activation is more prolonged in INS-1E cells [35]. One study has shown that beta cells behaviour in response to GLP1 is different between human and rodent islets [36]. GLP1 promotes cooperation and connectedness between beta cells within human islets whereas it does not do this in rodent cells [36]. This difference may elicit some changes in the spatial and temporal regulation of genes expression and pathways. In this regard, we observed that induction of JNK3 content by exendin 4 was faster and declined more rapidly in human islets when compared to INS-1E cells.

The induction of JNK3 in human islets and INS-1E cells led us to ask whether such phenomenon contributed to the protective effects elicited by exendin 4 against apoptosis. One clue was that the increase of JNK3 content in cultures of INS-1E cells for 24 h was associated with a significant reduction in apoptosis under normal culture condition. This antiapoptotic effect achieved by the GLP1 mimetic was abolished when JNK3 content was reduced by siRNA. We have previously published that cytokine treatment of INS-1E cells with cytokines worsens death caused by apoptosis [31]. The rise of death induced by cytokines is alleviated by coculturing the cells with exendin 4 [31]. The experiments unveiled that protection of INS-1E cells by exendin 4 against cytokine-induced apoptosis is abolished when the JNK3 abundance is attenuated.

Several key transcription factors and signalling proteins including protein kinase A (PKA), PKB/AKT, PKC-zeta, ERK, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and epidermal growth factor receptor are involved in the cytoprotective effects achieved by the GLP1 mimetics [6, 18, 19, 24–26]. Abdelli and coauthors have shown a reduction in the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and Akt activation upon silencing of JNK3 [29, 30]. However, JNK3 is mainly localized in the nucleus of beta cells [29, 30], suggesting that IRS2 cannot be the only target of the kinase. Future studies are needed to identify other targets of JNK3 that are required for the antiapoptotic effects of exendin 4. Such investigation could uncover novel protective pathways of beta cells and eventually lead to innovative antidiabetic therapeutic targets.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Authors' Contribution

Hélène Ezanno and Valérie Pawlowski equally contributed to the work.