OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO BODY FLUIDS AND BEHAVIORS REGARDING THEIR PREVENTION AND POST-EXPOSURE AMONG MEDICAL AND NURSING STUDENTS AT A BRAZILIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the frequencies and characteristics of occupational exposures among medical and nursing students at a Brazilian public university, in addition to their prevention and post-exposure behavior. During the second semester of 2010, a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was completed by 253/320 (79.1%) medical students of the clinical course and 149/200 (74.5%) nursing students who were already performing practical activities. Among medical students, 53 (20.9%) suffered 73 injuries, which mainly occurred while performing extra-curricular activities (32.9%), with cutting and piercing objects (56.2%), in the emergency room (39.7%), and as a result of lack of technical preparation or distraction (54.8%). Among nursing students, 27 (18.1%) suffered 37 injuries, which mainly occurred with hollow needles (67.6%) in the operating room or wards (72.2%), and as a result of lack of technical preparation or distraction (62.1%). Among medical and nursing students, respectively, 96.4% and 48% were dissatisfied with the instructions on previously received exposure prevention; 48% and 18% did not always use personal protective equipment; 67.6% and 16.8% recapped used needles; 49.3% and 35.1% did not bother to find out the source patient's serological results post-exposure; and 1.4% and 18.9% officially reported injuries. In conclusion, this study found high frequencies of exposures among the assessed students, inadequate practices in prevention and post-exposure, and, consequently, the need for training in “standard precautions” to prevent such exposures.

INTRODUCTION

While performing their activities, healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of occupational exposures, which can be caused by needle stick injuries (NSIs), sharp object injuries and body fluids being in contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin. In the United States, it is estimated that 503,000 cutting and piercing injuries (385,000 of which were in hospitals) and 146,000 mucocutaneous exposures occurred among HCWs in 2000²¹. In addition, among these professionals, it is estimated that 100,000 sharp injuries (SIs) occur in the United Kingdom³⁹ and 500,000 NSIs occur in Germany hospitals²⁸ every year, where nearly 160 HCWs retire annually as a result of infections acquired through occupational transmission⁸. However, it is estimated that more than 90% of occupational exposures which occur worldwide occur in developing countries⁴⁹.

Approximately 60 pathogens can be transmitted through occupational exposures, including viruses, bacteria, parasites and yeasts, and hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency (HIV) viruses account for the majority of cases worldwide³⁸. After parenteral exposure with a contaminated needle or sharp object infected with HIV, HCV or HBV, the risk of infection is 0.3%, 1.8% and approximately 30%, respectively, among susceptible individuals⁵. It was estimated that, as a result of occupational exposures, 16,000 HCV infections, 66,000 HBV infections and 1,000 HIV infections occurred worldwide in 2000²³. Due to the risk of acquiring infections that can be transmitted by body fluids, the occupational exposures can result in social stigmas³⁰, in addition to psychological stress, with negative repercussions on family, social and professional relationships.

Medical and nursing students develop their skills by performing procedures in which they need to handle cutting and piercing objects with possible accidental contact with body fluids. In some studies, it was reported that medical²⁸ and nursing students⁴⁷ have higher risks of suffering occupational exposures than graduate professionals. There are several factors that can contribute to this greater vulnerability among students, such as lack of experience, skills or knowledge about how to handle certain instruments; anxiety; tiredness; lack of tutorial support; lack of care of oneself or other professionals, among others^24,25,27,30.

The frequencies of the occupational exposures among medical and nursing students described in several studies vary according to the geographical area of the world where the study was conducted and according to the methodology used during data collection. Some studies took into consideration all injuries occurring among clinical course students, whereas others only considered the injuries that occurred in the last year or last semester of the undergraduate course or only those that had been officially reported. Additionally, certain studies took into consideration only NSIs and/or SIs. Thus, frequencies of occupational exposures varied between 11% and 74.4% among medical students^{1,6,8,15,16,20,26–29,31,42,43,45} and between 8.8% and 61.5% among nursing students^{7,10,32,34,37,41,46,47,49}.

In Brazil, there are few studies that assess the frequencies and characteristics of occupational exposures among medical²⁴ and nursing students^3,17,25; in some studies, the officially reported exposures were evaluated^33,35. Knowing the characteristics of such injuries can contribute to the implementation of strategies for their prevention. The present study aimed to assess the following among medical and nursing students of a Brazilian public university: 1) the frequencies of occupational exposures; 2) some characteristics of these exposures and the post-exposure actions taken 3) whether the students had received appropriate orientation about their behavior in relation to the prevention of such exposures; and 4) whether they had knowledge about the major risks involved in these exposures and the post-exposure actions to be taken.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Setting: This cross-sectional study was performed at the end of the second semester of 2010, in the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (FAMED/UFU), in the city of Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. The FAMED/UFU offers three courses: medicine, nursing and nutrition. The curriculum of the undergraduate medical course is comprised of 12 semesters, the first four of which are pre-clinical and the other eight are clinical. The internship corresponds to the period between the 10^th and 12^th semesters. Medical students can also participate in extracurricular training programs, which are recognized by the FAMED/UFU and where practical activities are developed. The curriculum of the undergraduate nursing course was comprised of eight semesters at the time of data collection; in the following year, two more semesters were included. From the 4^th semester on, nursing students perform practical activities, and the period between the 6^th and 8^th semesters corresponded to the curricular training program, which mainly included practical activities. Medical and nursing students enrolled in the course semesters, described in the present study, perform practical activities in the different levels of the Health Care Network, including the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia (HC-UFU in the Portuguese acronym).

Subjects and data collection: During the second semester of 2010, there were 320 undergraduate medical students enrolled in the clinical period of their course and 200 nursing students enrolled in the 4^th semester or higher, and all of them were invited to participate in this study. During these periods, medical and nursing students are susceptible to the occurrence of occupational exposures, as they participate in practical activities where they handle cutting and piercing objects or where they may be in contact with body fluids. Students were approached in classrooms or at the HC-UFU, between activities.

First, the study objectives were explained and participants' anonymity was guaranteed. Next, a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was given to each student, including 26 questions to collect socio-demographic data (sex, age, course, semester of enrollment) and several characteristics of possible occupational exposures. The students were asked to report any occupational exposure that had occurred since the beginning of their course. With regard to potentially contaminating injuries, the following data was collected: their frequencies, the material involved (cutting and/or piercing injuries with used hollow needles, suture needles or sharp material, or body fluids being in contact with mucous membranes), affected body area, whether the student was performing or assisting the procedure, hospital site where the injury occurred, frequency of use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and whether there was tutorial support at the moment of exposure.

In addition, data were collected about the reasons attributed to the occurrence of exposures, and on the actions taken after the exposure, such as informing a preceptor and reporting to the Specialized Safety Engineering and Occupational Medicine Service of the HC-UFU (SESMT in the Portuguese acronym). Also, they were asked whether post-exposure the student's and patient's serological tests for HBV, HCV and HIV were performed, whether the students bothered to find out the results of such tests, whether the tests of any source patient was positive for some of these viruses (yes or no), and whether chemoprophylaxis was necessary.

All the students were also asked whether previous instructions on occupational exposure prevention had been satisfactorily received, in addition to instructions on how to act in case of any exposure, what viruses can be transmitted through such injuries and the actions to be taken in case of contact with body fluids from patients infected with these viruses. With regard to knowledge about actions to be taken after biological exposure, knowledge about reporting the injury, about the need for the patient's and student's serological tests, and about the possible need for chemoprophylaxis was taken into consideration.

Data analysis: The information collected was tabulated and stored in the database of the Software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 17.0, IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 2008). A descriptive analysis was performed for all study variables and the odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval was calculated to compare the frequency of exposures between sexes. p-values < 0.05 were considered to be significant.

Ethical issues: The present research project was approved by the Institutional Human Research Ethics Committee, official expert opinion 330/10, and a written consent was obtained from each student participating in this study.

RESULTS

Medical students: A total of 253/320 (79.1%) medical students participated in the present study, of which 104 (41.1%) were males and 149 (58.9%) were females, with a mean age (standard deviation) of 23.4 ± 3.1 years (19 to 35 years). Among the 253 medical students, 53 (20.9%) suffered 73 biological exposures, i.e. 35 suffered one injury each, 16 suffered two injuries, and two suffered three injuries. Among students enrolled in each academic semester, the following reported at least one exposure: 0/28 students of the 5^th semester, 0/29 students of the 6^th semester, 2/30 (6.7%) students of the 7^th semester, 5/34 (14.7%) of the 8^th semester, 13/39 (33.3%) of the 9^th semester, 10/30 (33.3%) of the 10^th semester, 13/33 (39.4%) of the 11^th semester, and 10/30 (33.3%) of the 12^th semester. The frequencies of such injuries were similar (OR = 1.0; 95%CI 0.6 to 1.9) among men [22 (21.2%)] and women [31 (20.8%)]. The frequencies of injuries according to academic semester of occurrence are shown in Table 1. The frequencies of cutting and/or piercing injuries and of body fluids being in contact with mucous membranes, the hospital sites of occurrence and the reasons attributed to the occurrence of exposures are listed in Table 2.

Table 1. Frequency of occupational exposures among medical (N = 73) and nursing (N = 37) students according to academic semester of occurrence.

Semester of occurrence	Occupational exposures
	Medical students		Nursing students
	N	%	N	%
4th	NA		6	16.2
5th	1	1.4	10	27.0
6th	4	5.5	8	21.6
7th	24	32.9	2	5.4
8th	9	12.3	3	8.1
9th	3	4.1	NA
10th	19	26.0	NA
11th	12	16.4	NA
12th	1	1.4	NA
Othersa	0		8	21.6
Total	73	100	37	100

N (%): number and percentage.

^aThree (8.1%) injuries occurred in the 1^st semester and five (13.5%) in the 3^rd semester. NA = not applicable.

Table 2. Frequency of occupational exposures among medical (N = 73) and nursing (N = 37) students according to type of injury, site of occurrence and reasons attributed to the occurrence of exposures.

Variables	Occupational exposures
	Medical students		Nursing students
	N	%	N	%
Cutting and piercing injuries	41	56.2	27	73.0
Suture needles	25	34.2	0
Hollow needles	10	13.7	25	67.6
Blades	6	8.2	2	5.4
Body fluids	32	43.8	10	27.0
Blood	26	35.6	4	10.8
Others	6a	8.2	6b	16.2
Site of occurrence c
Emergency room	29	39.7	2	5.6
Operating room	23	31.5	10	27.8
Obstetric center	13	17.8	0
Medical clinic ward	1	1.4	9	25.0
Pediatric clinic ward	1	1.4	7	19.4
Others	6d	8.2	8e	22.2
Reason for exposure f
Lack of technical preparation	20	27.4	7	18.9
Distraction	20	27.4	16	43.2
Tiredness	9	12.3	6	16.2
Lack of tutorial support	9	12.3	1	2.7
Lack of PPE	5	6.8	2	5.4
Lack of care from others	4	5.5	0
Others	10g	13.7	6h	16.2

^aNasal secretion (n = 1), amniotic liquid (n = 1), synovial liquid (n = 1), not informed (n = 3).

^bnasal secretion (n = 4), not informed (n = 2).

^cpercentages calculated considering the valid responses.

^doutpatient surgery (n = 4), meeting room (n = 1), maternity ward (n = 1).

^eIntensive care unit (n = 4); blood bank (n = 1); infectious diseases ward (n = 1), vaccination (n = 1), maternity ward (n = 1).

^fstudent could choose more than one alternative.

^gpatient movements (n = 2); defects in the equipment (n = 1); not specified (n = 7).

^hnervousness (n = 1); haste (n = 1); peer pressure (n = 1); not specified (n = 3).

Occupational exposures occurred more frequently while students performed procedures [62 (84.9%)] than while they assisted/observed procedures [11 (15.1%)]; additionally, these injuries were more frequent when students had tutorial support [46 (63%) vs. 27 (37%)]. The body parts affected were the hands [42 (57.5%)] and the ocular and oral mucous membranes [26 (35.6%)], whereas five injuries (6.8%) were associated with other unspecified parts. Students were not wearing gloves in 8/73 (11%) injuries.

A total of 55 injuries (75.3%) were reported to a preceptor and one (1.4%) was also reported to the SESMT. In 12 out of the 18 (24.7%) exposures that were not reported to the preceptor or SESMT, students informed the reasons for not reporting: little or no perception of risk [6 (50%)], belief that it was not necessary [4 (33.3%)], fear and embarrassment [1 (8.3%)], and lack of orientation about reporting [1 (8.3%)]; this information could not be obtained from four exposures. Students had post-exposure serological tests in 36 (49.3%) injuries. Among the 73 source patients, four (5.5%) had positive serological tests for HBV, HCV or HIV, 33 (45.2%) had negative serological tests for these viruses, and students were not concerned about the results of the patients' tests in 36 (49.3%) exposures. Additionally, students underwent chemoprophylaxis in 2/73 (2.7%) exposures.

Among medical students who participated in this study, nine (3.6%) said that they had satisfactorily received previous instructions on biological exposure prevention, 56 (22.1%) considered these instructions to be insufficient, and 188 (74.3%) said that they had not received any instructions. Recapping used needles was performed by 156 (61.7%) students, 15 (5.9%) reported that they recapped used needles with one hand and using a protective shield and 82 (32.4%) said that they did not do this. Among 236/253 (93.3%) students who gave information on the use of PPE, 123 (52.1%) reported that they always used PPE, 108 (45.8%) used it sporadically, and five (2.1%) never used it.

When asked about what viruses could be transmitted through occupational exposures, 202 (79.8%) students mentioned the HCV; 206 (81.4%), the HBV; 217 (85.8%), the HIV; and 36 (14.2%) did not mention any viruses. The actions to be taken after any biological exposures were unknown or partially known by 212 (83.8%) medical students. The actions to be taken after being exposed to body fluids from infected patients were unknown or partially known by 246 (97.2%) students.

Nursing students: A total of 149/200 (74.5%) nursing students participated in this study, of which 22 (14.8%) were males and 127 (85.2%) were females, with a mean age of 22.1 ± 3.7 years (18 to 42 years). Among the 149 nursing students, 27 (18.1%) suffered 37 occupational exposures, i.e. 19 students suffered one injury each, six suffered two injuries, and two suffered three injuries. Among students enrolled in each academic semester, the following reported at least one exposure: 5/31 (16.1%) students enrolled in the 4^th semester; 1/31 (3.2%) in the fifth semester; 7/29 (24.1%) in the 6^th semester; 4/28 (14.3%) in the 7^th semester; and 10/30 (33.3%) in the 8^th semester. The frequencies of occupational exposures were similar (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 0.4 a 5.4) among men [3 (13.6%)] and women [24 (18.9%)]. The frequencies of injuries according to the academic semester of occurrences are shown in Table 1. The frequencies of cutting and piercing injuries and of body fluids being in contact with mucous membranes, the hospital sites of occurrence and the reasons for such occurrences are listed in Table 2.

Occupational exposures occurred more frequently while students performed procedures [30 (81.1%)] than while they assisted/observed procedures [7 (18.9%)]; additionally, exposures were more frequent when there was tutorial support [23 (62.2%) vs. 14 (37.8%)]. The body parts affected were the hands [29/36 (80.6%)] and ocular and oral mucous membranes [7/36 (19.4%)]; one student did not give this information. Students were not wearing gloves in 5/37 (13.5%) injuries.

A total of 25 injuries (67.6%) were reported to a preceptor and seven (18.9%) were also reported to the SESMT. In eight out of the 12 (32.4%) exposures that were not reported to the preceptor or SESMT, students informed the reasons for not reporting: negligence [3 (37.5%)], little or no perception of risk [1 (12.5%)], belief that it was not necessary [1 (12.5%)], fear of warnings [1 (12.5%)], embarrassment [1 (12.5%)], and unwillingness to report [1 (12.5%)]; this information could not be obtained from four exposures. Students had post-exposure serological tests in 16 (43.2%) injuries. Among the 37 source patients, three (8.1%) had positive serological tests for HBV, HCV or HIV, 21 (56.8%) had negative serological tests for these viruses, and students were not concerned about the results of the patients' tests in 13 (35.1%) exposures. Additionally, students underwent chemoprophylaxis in 4/37 (10.8%) exposures.

Among nursing students who participated in this study, 78 (52.3%) said that they had satisfactorily received previous instructions on exposure prevention, whereas 60 (40.3%) considered these instructions to be insufficient, and 11 (7.4%) said that they had not received them. Recapping used needles was performed by 22 (14.8%) students, three (2%) reported that they recapped used needles with one hand and using a protective shield and 124 (83.2%) said that they did not do this. Among 134/149 (89.9%) students who gave information on the use of PPE, 110 (82.1%) reported that they always used PPE, whereas 24 (17.9%) used it sporadically.

When asked about what viruses could be transmitted through occupational exposures, 99 (66.4%) students mentioned HCV; 119 (79.9%), HBV; 127 (85.2%), HIV; and 21 (14.1%) did not mention any of them. The actions to be taken after any biological exposure were unknown or partly known by 127 (85.2%) students. The actions to be taken after being exposed to body fluids from infected patients were unknown or partly known by 128 (85.9%) students.

DISCUSSION

The present study revealed high frequencies of occupational exposures among medical and nursing students. In other studies conducted in Brazil, high frequencies of exposures were also found among medical students of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (34.2%)²⁴ and among nursing students of universities located in the interior of the state of São Paulo (12.4%³ and 40%²⁵). There were no differences in frequencies of exposures between women and men, as observed in Malaysia¹⁶, in the USA³⁰ and in Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom²⁷. There was an increase in the number of medical students who reported injuries as the course advanced, as observed in other studies^8,24,26. This results from the increasing number of procedures that they must perform during their training to acquire the skills required, which leads to a more frequent risk of exposure. However, it should be emphasized that, among medical students, one-third of the injuries occurred in the 7^th academic semester. In this semester, there are no disciplines in the medical course that puts students at risk of injuries. However, medical students may take an extracurricular training program where they perform invasive procedures, such as sutures and local anesthesia, and where they can assist major procedures. On the other hand, the low frequency of exposures in the 12^th semester results from the fact that medical students only perform outpatient procedures with low risk of exposure in this semester.

Studies conducted in several parts of the world have found an increase in the incidence of injuries among nursing students as the course advances^7,34,41,49, as a result of the higher frequency of contact with patients and handling of cutting and piercing objects. However, the present study showed a reduction in the occurrence of occupational exposures among nursing students as the course advanced. A similar fact was observed in an Italian study that found that the probability of occupational exposure among nursing students was significantly lower with the increase in clinical skills and in knowledge about exposure prevention and the risks involved with injuries²². In addition, it should be emphasized that one-fifth of the exposures involving nursing students occurred in the 1^st and 3^rd course semesters, which could only take place in extra-curricular activities.

Medical students more frequently suffered injuries with suture needles, whereas nursing students more frequently suffered injuries with hollow needles, as a result of the characteristics of the activities performed by them. In the hospital where the present study was conducted, suture procedures are exclusively performed by physicians or medical students. In other studies conducted in Brazil²⁴ and in the USA³⁰, medical students also suffered more frequent injuries with suture needles as well, whereas nursing students were injured mostly by hollow needles^37,47.

Among medical students, the hospital sites with the highest occurrence of exposures were the emergency room, operating room and obstetric center. In such locations, they have a greater chance of handling cutting and piercing objects, which may contribute to the occurrence of injuries, in addition to their inexperience, anxiety in performing a procedure, rushing, and the patient's suffering and/or pressure. Among nursing students, injuries mainly occurred in the operating room and wards of the medical and pediatric clinics, the three sites where they most frequently develop their skills.

Medical and nursing students reported that lack of technical preparation, distraction and tiredness were the main reasons for the occurrence of exposures, as similarly observed in other studies with medical students^24,27,30 and nursing students⁷. However, while some students attributed injuries to the lack of tutorial support, paradoxically, these injuries most frequently occurred when there was tutorial support. In these cases, the students' anxiety in performing a procedure associated with feelings of being watched, assessed or hurried could contribute to the occurrence of such injuries. In this study, lack of care from other professionals was the reason attributed by medical students for 5.5% of exposures, a lower frequency than that found among medical students in Toronto, Canada (48%)⁶.

This study showed that many students, especially medical students, have a habit of recapping used needles. Since 1987, when “universal precautions” were published to prevent the transmission of infections through exposures involving body fluids, it was determined that needles should never be recapped, purposely bent or broken, or removed from disposable syringes⁴. Despite these instructions, worldwide, medical students^{1,9,26,29,36,43} and nursing students^7,37,47 frequently recap used needles and many believe that this procedure is safe and reduces the risk of exposures⁹. Recapping needles with one hand while using a protective shield or tweezers is an action performed by several students, although this way of recapping needles does not eliminate the risk of occupational exposure¹³.

Injuries most frequently affected the hands and ocular and oral mucous membranes, as observed in other studies with medical students^24,31 and nursing students^25,41. This fact shows the importance of emphasizing the use of gloves, masks and goggles when students are performing or assisting procedures.

Slightly more than two-thirds of exposures were informed to a preceptor and official reports were rarely made. These reports enable the hospital committee to know the reality and thus take action to minimize the occurrence of such exposures. However, despite all biological exposures causing suffering and anguish from the fear of acquiring infections, not reporting exposures is the rule rather than the exception worldwide. Similarly to what was observed in this study, the reasons for medical students^{15,16,26,28,45} and nursing students^{7,10,32,34,37} not reporting injuries are similar, including little or no perception of risk, embarrassment, lack of time, fear of the consequences of reporting (avoidance of the inconvenience of a report and follow-up, the negative effect on their professional career and the stigmatization by other students, residents and professionals), reluctance to admit lack of knowledge about how to handle instruments, not knowing how and where to report, among others.

Many students who suffered injuries were not concerned about finding out the results of patients' serological tests and did not know what viruses can be transmitted through occupational exposure. Additionally, 85% of them did not know what actions should be taken after any biological exposure. These results show that several students were not aware of the risks to which they were exposed when performing the procedures. Additionally, they reveal the need for greater efforts to teach standard precautions before the beginning of their practical activities.

Exposure prevention among students must be an institutional concern, although every preceptor and student must become aware of their responsibility for this prevention. Some studies revealed that knowledge about “universal precautions” alone is not sufficient to implement safe practices^11,19. In the present study, based on the information obtained, nursing students seem to receive more and better instructions on occupational exposure prevention than medical students, as observed in South Korea¹². Medical students reported not receiving instructions on occupational exposure prevention, recapping used needles and not using PPE more frequently than nursing students. However, the frequencies of occupational exposures and not wearing gloves at the time of exposure were similar between medical and nursing students. Students need to receive not only information, but also training for “standard prevention”²². In a study conducted in Seattle, USA, medical students reported that the teaching on the use of universal precautions was inadequate and that preceptors were poor role models when they ignored these precautions⁴⁰. On the other hand, prospective studies with medical students¹⁴ and nursing students^44,48 have showed that structured training for occupational exposure prevention improves knowledge and behavior and reduces the number of exposures, in addition to a possible development of a better professional behavior.

Students also need to receive information about the main pathogens that can be transmitted through biological exposure, how to prevent these infections, how to behave in case of exposure, and how to report occupational exposures. A previous study revealed that medical students of the FAMED/UFU had high rates of vaccination against hepatitis B¹⁸ and that this vaccine must be made available without cost to all students in the area of health prior to their practical activities. No vaccines against HIV or HCV have been developed until now, however, chemoprophylaxis can be effective against HIV, although it must start in the first hours after exposure².

STUDY LIMITATIONS

In this cross-sectional study, students were required to remember whether they had suffered occupational exposure or not, in addition to several characteristics of such exposures and, for this reason, memory bias may have occurred. Nonetheless, occupational exposures are stressful events that are not easily forgotten, especially potentially contaminating ones. As the present study was conducted in one university exclusively, the results cannot be extended to the entire country. Further studies should be conducted to find out whether the results of the present study can represent what occurs in other Brazilian universities. Occupational exposures considered to be low risk were not assessed, such as those occurring when uncapping new needles, breaking vials or being injured by unused objects. In some studies conducted with nursing students it was observed that accidents of this nature may represent more than 80% of the total and the injuries caused by them, especially in the hands, can lead to contamination after exposure to biological material^25,34. Additionally, researchers of this study did not investigate the number of procedures performed by each student, thus hindering the calculation of the risk per procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study showed high frequencies of potentially contaminating occupational exposures among medical and nursing students. Moreover, there were many reports of insufficient or inexistent instructions on biological exposure prevention. This could justify students' frequent neglect for the use of PPE, the frequent high-risk procedures such as not wearing gloves or recapping used needles, not reporting exposures to official institutions, and the low level of knowledge about post-exposure actions. Additionally, the high frequency of exposures in extra-curricular activities stood out. The results of this study will be sent to the proper authorities of the FAMED/UFU for the continuous development and improvement of strategies to protect students against such exposures.