ABSTRACT
Gingival health in the form of size, shape, consistency and appearance are essential components responsible for an attractive smile as well as may cause unpleasant appearance. Melanin pigmentation often occurs in the gingiva as a result of an abnormal deposition of melanin which can compromise the confidence level from the age of childhood. The present article describes and discusses the two cases of gingival melanin pigmentation in 12 and 13 years of female patient and their early surgical intervention with successful follow-up of 9 and 6 months. Patients were instructed to prevent sun exposure, intake of hot foods or beverages like cold drinks, tea, coffee and brushing immediately after surgery.
How to cite this article: Bahadure RN, Singh P, Jain E, Khurana H, Badole G. Management of Pigmented Gingiva in Child Patient: A New Era to the Pediatric Dentistry. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(3):197-200.
Keywords: Depigmentation, Melanin, Gingiva, Pigmentation
INTRODUCTION
Gingival pigmentation occurs as diffuse purplish discoloration or as irregularly shaped brown or light brown patches. This pigmentation may be seen across all the races,1at any age2 and it is without gender predilection.3 It is more prominent in the black individuals with uneven distribution of the pigmentation in oral cavity occurs as gingiva 60%, hard palate 61%, mucous membrane 22% and tongue 15%. 4For depigmentation of gingiva different treatment modalities have been reported like bur abrasion, scraping, partial thickness flap, cryotherapy, electrosurgery and laser but repigmentation of the melanin pigment after surgical procedure is noted and considered in a high percentage.5Different factors as chemical, surgical technique, thermal and idiopathathic factors are responsible for recurrence.5So special precautions should be taken to delay the chances of recurrence after surgical intervention of pigmented gingiva.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
A female patient 12 years of age reported to the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry with the complaints of melanin pigmentation on gingiva. On examination melanin deposits was seen all over the gingiva with gummy smile exposing the gingiva from incisor to molar region. Shyness and low confidence level of patient was observed while examination.
The patient consent was taken. After oral prophylaxis and maintenance of oral hygiene instructions the surgical procedure was carried out under local anesthetic infiltration. The pigmented gingival epithelium from distal of first premolar from one side to distal of first premolar of the opposite side was excised by scraping of epithelium, using number 15 and 12 BP blades in both the arches. It was carried out in scalloping pattern. Any remnants of the pigmented areas that were left were removed. The follow-up of 9 months showed no pigmentation reappearance (Figs 1 to 4).
Fig. 1.
Preoperative view of pigmented gingiva
Fig. 4.
Follow-up after 9 months of scraping procedure
Fig. 2.
Gingiva scaping during operative procedure
Fig. 3.
Follow-up after 7 days of scraping procedure
Case 2
A 13-year-old female patient visited to the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry with the complaints of melanin deposits on the gingiva. In this case we were planned to remove the partial thickness flap of pigmented gingiva. The patient consent was taken. After oral prophylaxis and maintenance of oral hygiene instructions the procedure was done under local anesthetic infiltration. The pigmented gingival epithelium from distal of first premolar on one side to distal of first premolar of the opposite side was excised by removal of complete epithelium and some part of connective tissue strap using number 15 and 12 BP blades in both the arches. Postoperative normal healing was observed (Figs 5 to 7). Follow-up of 6 months showed the normal pinkish appearance of gingiva.
Fig. 5.
Preoperative view of pigmented gingiva
Fig. 7.
Postoperative photograph
DISCUSSION
Gingival pigmentation in the form of melanin deposits generally observe in all the normal individuals but most of time it is not detectable clinically. Physiological pigmentation in the form of melanin is nonhemoglobin derived brown pigment and is responsible for normal pigmentation of the skin, oral mucosa and gingival tissue. But it is considered to be multifactorial, whether physiological or pathological and can be caused by a variety of local or systemic factors. Durnmet 1979 included genetic, tobacco use, prolonged administration of certain drugs especially antimalarial agents and tricyclic antidepressants6 in his study as etiological factors. In the present cases we did not observed any history of environmental causes. In family it was observed in mother but not in such severe form. In second case the family history was not relevant.
Fig. 6.
Partial thickness straps of pigmented gingiva
There are different techniques to remove the gingival pigmentation as through surgery7 lasers3, cryosurgery through use of a gas expansion system,8 bur abrasion, scrapping and electrocautery have been reported by Hirschfeld and Hirschfeld 1951 and many other authors. Hirschfeld and Hirschfeld (1951) used phenol (90%) and alcohol (95%) to remove areas of oral pigmentation by destroying tissue down to and slightly below the basal layer of the mucous membranes. Repigmentation soon developed in three patients; the rest of the subjects met with the same results a short while later. Durnmett and Bolden (1963) operated pigmented gingiva by gingivectomy procedure in 9 cases. Repigmentation occurred in 67% of the areas, as early as 33 days after surgical removal. A study by Oswaldo et al, 1993 showed that gingival surgical procedures performed solely for cosmetic reasons, offer no permanent results. Spontaneous repigmentation has been shown to occur and the mechanism suggested is that the melanocytes from the normal skin proliferate and migrate into the depigmented areas. Most of the authors concluded that pigmented areas are present only when melanin granules synthesized by melanocytes are transferred to the keratinocytes. This close relationship between melanocytes and keratinocytes was labeled by Fitzpatrick and Breathnach (1963) as the epidermal-melanin unit.9 Further research is required on repigmentation to study the factors affecting rate and length of time required for recurrence of pigmentation. In the present cases we used the surgical procedure with minimal trauma in both techniques and postoperative instructions as to avoid using hot foods, any chemicals, prevent sun exposure as much as possible or use of umbrella, avoid tea or coffee any cold drinks for some time after surgery. It will somewhat help to reduce the reappearance of melanin pigments or increase the duration of success.
In one study it was observed that electrosurgery showed good results, followed by epithelial excision and bur abrasion-scrapping techniques. The sites operated with bur abrasion-scrapping method showed a slight recurrence of pigments than the other two methods. The pattern observed was patchy in distribution and had occurred by 3 months.10Another effective treatment for depigmentation is using lasers. A one step laser treatment is available usually sufficient to eliminate the pigmented areas and do not require any periodontal dressing. This has the advantages of easy handling, short treatment time, hemostasis, decontamination and sterilization effects. In the present cases we found the 9 month and 6 month successful follow-up. But still long term follows-up and advance research is required in this field for permanent solution.
As concluded by most of author that early age intervention of gingiva may reduce the thickness of attached gingiva. In the present cases we tried for minimum trauma with only epithelium in one case and epithelium with slight layer of connective tissue in partial thickness flap were removed in another case. Early intervention is carried to find out the success rate of early intervention in the management of pigmented gingiva, to improve the esthetic appearance for long duration.
CONCLUSION
The techniques with minimum trauma, surgical intervention in young age and postoperative precautions may improve the result and delay the reappearance.
Footnotes
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None declared
Contributor Information
Rakesh Namdeoraoji Bahadure, Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India, e-mail: mdsrakesh_pedo@yahoo.co.in.
Parul Singh, Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, FODS Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Eesha Jain, Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, FODS, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Heena Khurana, Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, FODS, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Gautam Badole, Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry, VSPM Dental College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
REFERENCES
- 1.Dummet CO. Oral pigmentation: First symposium on oral pigmentation. J Periodontol. 1960;31(7):356–360. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Page LR, Corio RL, Crawford BE, Giansanti JS, Weathers DR. The oral melanotic macule. Oral Sung Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1977;44(2):219–226. doi: 10.1016/0030-4220(77)90272-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Trelles MA, Verkruysse W, Segui JM, Udaeta A. Treatment of melanotic spots in the gingiva by argon laser. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;51(7):759–761. doi: 10.1016/s0278-2391(10)80416-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Dummett CO. Physiologic pigmentation of oral and cutaneous tissues in the negro. J Dent Res. 1946;25(6):421–432. doi: 10.1177/00220345460250060201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology. 10th ed. China: Saunders; 2007. p. 1328 p.. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Granstien RD, Sober AJ. Drug and heavy metal induced hyperpigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;5(1):1–18. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(81)70072-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Dummett CO, Bolden T. Postsurgical clinical repigmentation of the gingiva. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1963;16(3):353–365. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Tal H, Landsberg J, Kozlovsky A. Cryosurgical depigmentation of the gingiva. J Clin Periodonto1. 1987;14(10):614–617. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1987.tb01525.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Bergamaschi O, Kon S, Doine Al, Ruben MP. Melanin Repigmentation after Gingivectomy: a 5-year clinical and trans- mission electron microscopic study in humans. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1993;13(1):85–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Prasad D, Sunil S, Mishra R. Sheshadri. Treatment of gingival pigmentation: a case series. Indian J Dent Res. 2005;16(4):171–176. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.29901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]