Abstract
AIM: To verify the effect of combined interventional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: The clinical data of 1126 HCC patients who received combined interventional therapy for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) before or after hepatectomy, TACE and radio-frequency ablation (RFA), Chinese medicine treatment and biotherapy after TACE or transcatheter arterial infusion (TAI), were reviewed according to the results of their liver function, alpha-fetoprotein, image data, color-ultrosonography finding and survival rate.
RESULTS: A total of 874 patients were followed up for a period of 2 to 63 mo. The overall 1-, 3- and 5- year survival rates were 67.8%, 28.7% and 18.8% respectively. The 1- 3- and 5- year survival rates of patients who received TACE were 74.7%, 41.4%, 36.9% before hepatectomy and 78.9%, 40.4%, 37.5% after hepatectomy. The effective rate (PR + NC) after TACE and RFA was 93.4%, the 1- and 3- year survival rates were 74.5% and 36.8% after TACE and RFA. The effective rate of PR + NC after TACE was 83.2%. The 1-, 3- and 5- year survival rates were 69.3%, 21.7%, 8.4% after TACE. The effective rate of PR + NC after TAI was 27.5%, the 1- and 2- year survival rates were 11.6% and 0% after TAI. The liver function, color-ultrosonography finding and alpha-fetoprotein after TACE + RFA, TACE and TAI were compared. There was no significant difference in each index between TACE and RFA or TACE as well as in liver function between TACE and RFA or between TACE and TAI.
CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effectiveness of TACE before or after hepatectomy is most significant, while the effect of TACE and RFA is better than that of TACE, and the effect of TAI is minimal.
Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, Combined interventional therapy, Survival analysis
INTRODUCTION
Transcatheter arterial interventional therapy is extensively used in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To reduce the intra-hepatic recurrence and improve the protective efficacy after treatment for HCC, some scholars have proposed combined interventional therapy as a choice of treatment for HCC[1]. We analyzed the therapeutic effectiveness of different combined interventional therapies for HCC according to the survival rate, liver function, image data and indications of tumor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
A total of 1126 patients were retrospectively studied from January 1994 to October 2003. Of them, 873 were males and 253 were females (aged 32-76 years, mean 56.2 years). The patients were treated following the HCC Clinical Diagnosis and Staging Standard stipulated at the 8th National Academic Conference of Liver Cancer in September 2001. Among these patients, 78 had a family history of liver cancer, 985 had a medical history of serum hepatitis, 48 had a medical history of hepatitis C, 342 had cardinal symptoms of right upper quadrant pain, 336 felt epigastric distention after dinner or suffered from anorexia, 162 had low fever accompanied with progressing wasting, 286 exhibited no overt symptoms. Prior to the treatment, AFP was greater than 20 ng/mL in 735 cases, greater than 400 ng/mL in 521, negative in 227, unknown in 164. A total of 874 patients were followed up for 2 to 63 mo (averaged 26.3 mo). Combined interventional therapy was given, including transcatheter arteria hepatica chemoembolization (TACE) before or after hepatectomy, radio-frequency ablation (RFA) after TACE, Chinese medicine treatment and biotherapy after TACE or transcatheter arteria hepatica infusion (TAI). The clinical data of various kinds of combined interventional therapy for HCC are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1.
Clinical data of 1126 patients
| Group | Cases (n) |
Size of tumor (cm) |
Clinical staging |
Liver function level |
||||||
| < 5 | 5-10 | > 10 | I | II | III | A | B | C | ||
| Preop. TACE | 258 | 20 | 145 | 93 | 104 | 154 | 0 | 155 | 103 | 0 |
| Postop.TACE | 154 | 9 | 76 | 69 | 16 | 138 | 0 | 83 | 71 | 0 |
| TACE + RFA | 126 | 3 | 57 | 66 | 48 | 57 | 21 | 92 | 34 | 0 |
| TACE | 469 | 31 | 239 | 199 | 156 | 251 | 62 | 252 | 197 | 20 |
| TAI | 119 | 11 | 47 | 61 | 28 | 47 | 44 | 14 | 73 | 32 |
| Total | 1126 | 74 | 564 | 488 | 352 | 647 | 127 | 596 | 478 | 52 |
Table 2.
Clinical data of 1126 patients
| Group | Cases (n) |
Karnofsky scores |
HBsA |
AVF |
Embolus in PV |
|||
| 0-80 | 80-100 | (+) | HV | PV | Right | Left | ||
| Preop. TACE | 258 | 172 | 86 | 221 | 9 | 19 | 67 | 73 |
| Postop.TACE | 154 | 98 | 56 | 124 | 4 | 10 | 21 | 16 |
| TACE + RFA | 126 | 83 | 43 | 107 | 12 | 27 | 32 | 26 |
| TACE | 469 | 291 | 178 | 412 | 76 | 125 | 106 | 92 |
| TAI | 119 | 78 | 41 | 101 | 22 | 34 | 32 | 28 |
| Total | 1126 | 722 | 404 | 965 | 123 | 215 | 258 | 235 |
TACE
Twelve mg mitomycin (MMC) and 1.0 g 5-FU were diluted in 60 mL sodium chloride solution respectively and infused through a catheter. Then 50 mg epirubicin (EPI) and iodinated oil were compounded into a mixed emulsifier and infused into the blood-supply artery of the tumor through a catheter. Then, the artery was embolized with granules of spongia gelatinosa.
TAI
Fifty mg EPI, 12 mg MMC, and 1.0 g 5-FU were diluted in 60 mL sodium chloride solution respectively and infused through a catheter into the blood-supply artery of tumor. HCC patients treated 3-4 times with TACE at 1-2 mo intervals after hepatectomy, if pathological report showed remnant cancer cells on the cutting edge or AFP > 20 ng/mL or the image showed remnant tumor. Those who lost the chance of one-stage operation were treated with TACE and underwent re-examination of CT after 1-2 mo. If iodinated oil deposited in the tumor was reported to be coarctate, the volume of tumor was decreased or the normal liver had compensatory hyperplasia, the patients underwent hepatectomy after their recuperation. Those who did not recuperate or rejected hepatectomy were treated with RFA 3-4 wk after TACE. On the first day after TACE or TAI, the patients were treated with the following Chinese herbal medicines: 30 g Milkvetch Root, 20 g Dangshen, 15 g Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome, 15 g Indian Bread, 30 g Huaishan, 15 g Finger Citron, 15 g Bupleurum chinense, 15 g Danshen Root, 3 g Radix Notoginseng, 15 g Virgate Wormwood Herb, 20 g Tianjihuang, 20 g Canton Love-Pea Vine, 5 g Radix Glycyrrhizae. The herbal medicines were decocted in water for oral dose once daily for 3-4 wk as a course of treatment. After 3-5 d, the patients received intramuscular injection of 1000 U interferon once a day for 20 d as a course of treatment.
Follow-up
The liver and renal function, AFP, blood RT, KPS scores were re-examined, and sonography, CT, chest X-Ray were performed once a month, and then every 3 mo during the follow-up period. The date on which the patients lost their follow-up was regarded as the date of death. According to the WHO evaluation standard of therapeutic effect of solid tumor (1981), the patients who were treated with TACE + RFA, TACE and TAI were categorized into 4 degrees: complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), no change (NC) and progression (PD). The first 3 degrees were considered efficient and the last degree was considered inefficient.
Statistical analysis
SPSS12.0 was used for statistical analysis. The survival rate was evaluated by adopting probability ratio multiplication theorem, and chi- square test was used for comparison between the 2 groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
A total of 874 cases were followed up for 1-7 years. Comparison of the accumulated survival rate after various kinds of combined interventional therapy is shown in Table 3. The therapeutic effect of interventional therapy in 562 patients is shown in Table 4. Changes of liver function, tumor blood-supply and AFP in 562 cases after interventional therapy were compared. Fifteen days after combined interventional therapy, color Doppler was used to detect the blood flow around and inside the tumor. The change in recovery rate of AFP before and after TACE + RAF, TACE and TAI was compared. The results are shown in Table 5.
Table 3.
Accumulated survival rate for 874 HCC patients after various kinds of interventional therapy
| Group | Cases (n) |
1 yr |
3 yr |
5 yr |
|||
| Cases (n) | Survival rate (%) | Cases (n) | Survival rate (%) | Cases (n) | Survival rate (%) | ||
| Preop. TACE | 198 | 148/198 | 74.7 | 82/198 | 41.4 | 58/157 | 36.9 |
| Postop.TACE | 114 | 90/114 | 78.9 | 46/114 | 40.4 | 33/88 | 37.5 |
| TACE + RFA | 106 | 79/106 | 74.5 | 39/106 | 36.8 | - | - |
| TACE | 387 | 268/387 | 69.3 | 84/387 | 21.7 | 26/309 | 8.4 |
| TAI | 69 | 8/69 | 11.6 | 0/69 | 0 | 0/69 | 0 |
| Total | 874 | 593/874 | 67.8 | 251/874 | 28.7 | 117/623 | 18.8 |
Table 4.
Therapeutic effect of TACE+RAF, TACE and TAI in 562 patients
| Group | Cases (n) | PR | NC | PD | Effective rate (%) |
| TACE + RFA | 106 | 73 | 26 | 7 | 93.4 |
| TACE | 387 | 276 | 46 | 65 | 83.2 |
| TAI | 69 | 8 | 11 | 50 | 27.5 |
| Total | 562 | 357 | 83 | 122 | 81.5 |
Table 5.
Changes of indexes before and after interventional therapy n (%)
| Group |
Index |
|||
| Degrade of Child liver function | Blackout of blood flow inside tumor | Blackout of blood flow around tumor | Recovery of AFP | |
| TACE + RFA | 33/106 (31.1) | 59/106 (55.7) | 54/106 (50.9) | 49/106 (46.2) |
| TACE | 119/387 (30.7) | 212/387 (54.8) | 189/387 (48.8) | 174/387 (45.0) |
| TAI | 23/69 (33.3) | 0/69 (0) | 0/69 (0) | 0/69 (0) |
| Total | 175/562 (31.1) | 271/562 (48.2) | 243/562 (43.2) | 223/562 (39.7) |
DISCUSSION
At present, hepatectomy remains the preferred method to treat primary liver cancer. Second-stage hepatectomy after TACE is a great breakthrough in the field of liver cancer treatment after hepatectomy of marco-hepatoma in the 1950-1960s and micro-hepatoma in the 1970s[3]. TACE after radical excision of hepatoma can efficiently kill remnant cancer cells, decrease recurrence and increase survival rate remarkably[4,5]. However; it was reported that TACE can damage hepatic and immunologic function, thus deceasing the survival rate[6]. Zheng et al[4] retrospectively analyzed the therapeutic results of 420 HCC patients after combined therapy, and found that the 1- and 3-year survival rates of non-angioencroached HCC patients after treated with TACE are 100% and 60% before radical excision, 77.8% and 22.2% before palliative excision, respectively, higher than those of the patients not treated with TACE before hepatectomy, and there is no significant difference between TACE before and after hepatectomy. Wang et al[7] reported that the 1-, 3-, 5- year survival rates of 20 HCC patients after treated with combined therapy are 95.0%, 63.5%, 32.9% after second-stage hepatectomy, suggesting that the 1-, 3-, 5- year survival rates after TACE before or after hepatectomy are the highest. The reasons may be as follows: some of the 1126 cases treated with TACE before or after hepatectomy had hepatic AVF and embolus of hepatic portal vein, only interventional therapy was given before hepatectomy, and TACE treatment did not continue with double-chemoembolization or internal radiation. All these indicate that cancer cells can extend to distal ramulus along homonymous portal vein during operation procedures. Though macroscopic circumscription of hepatectomy is satisfactory, there are remnant cancer cells on the cutting edge, and liver cancer complicating hepatic cirrhosis limits circumscription of hepatectomy. The above-mentioned factors are the major reasons for recurrence which is an important reason for the low survival rate after hepatectomy. For this reason, it is necessary to treat HCC patients with TACE combined with Chinese medicine and biotherapy to increase their immunologic function after hepatectomy. To effectively increase the survival rate, HCC patients should be treated with double-chemoembolization or internal radiation before hepatectomy.
Combined interventional therapy including TACE, TAI, RAF, percutaneous intra-tumor absolute alcohol injection (PEI), percutaneous intra-tumor acetic acid injection (PAAI), percutaneous intra-tumor hot saline water injection (PSI), percutaneous cryotherapy (PCT), is dominantly used in non-surgical treatment of HCC. Except for TACE and TAI, extra-hemal and circumscriptus “interstitial substance therapy”[8] can treat HCC through different mechanisms. It was reported that chemoembolization can reduce the number of newly generated tumor vessels and the remnant tumor may generate new vessels through various ways[9]. To increase the life span, we believe that HCC patients should be treated with RFA, PEI, PAAI, PSI, and PCT on the basis of TACE to kill remnant cancer cells. Liu et al[10] reported that the 1-, 2-, 3- year survival rates of HCC patients after treated with TACE are 59.52%, 22.06% and 14.34% , while the 1- and 3- year survival rates of HCC patients after treated with TAI are 27.94% and 0%. In our study, the 1-, 2-, 3- year survival rates of 387 patients after treated with TACE were 69.3%, 21.7% and 8.4% respectively, and the 1- and 3- year survival rates of 69 after treated with TAI were 11.6% and 0%, suggesting that combined interventional therapy for HCC is influenced by many factors.
Footnotes
S- Editor Wang J L- Editor Wang XL E- Editor Ma WH
References
- 1.Wang JH, Zhou KR. Normalized Program of Combined Interventional Therapy for Treating HCC. Xiandai Shiyong Yixue. 2003;15:62–64. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Liu LM, Yang YF, Gan`ai . Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House; 2002. pp. 52–53. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Li H, Hu YL, Zhang DS, Jiang FX, Ge Z. Second-stage hepatectomy for unresectable large hepatocellular carcinoma. Zhonghua Gandan Waike Zazhi. 2002;8:188–189. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Zheng SS, Wu YS, Liang YB. The comprehensive therapy for primary liver cancer. Zhonghua Putong Waike Zazhi. 2003;18:709–711. [Google Scholar]
- 5.Cammà C, Schepis F, Orlando A, Albanese M, Shahied L, Trevisani F, Andreone P, Craxì A, Cottone M. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology. 2002;224:47–54. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2241011262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Zhou JP, Zhou WP, Fu SY, Shan YF, Yao XP, Wu MC. Influence of preoperative transcather arterial chenmoembolization on liver function in patients with resectable large hepatocellular carcinoma. Gandan Waike Zazhi. 2003;11:256–258. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Wang J, Ou JQ, Chen JS, Deng MH, Li X, Zhou XJ, Jiang RJ, Luo BM, Jiang NY, Chen YJ, et al. Clinical analysis of second stage resection for primary liver cancer. Aizheng. 2000;19:159–161. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Du YA, Guo JM, Cheng XD, Qian CW, Yu YP, Zhou LX. A clinical study on sequential treatment of advanced primary liver cancer with vessel intervention and interstitial intervention. Zhonghua Shiyan Waike Zazhi. 2003;20:843–844. [Google Scholar]
- 9.Liu Q, Jia YC, Jia H, Wang ZT, Tian JM, Ye H, Lu JP, Wang F, Yang JJ, Sun F, et al. Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Thrombosis. Zhonghua Fangshexue Zazhi. 1995;29:239–241. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Wang B, Xu H, Cao GW, Sun YQ, Yu DX, Ning HF. The effect of transcatheter arterial chanoanbolization on angiogenesis and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Zhonghua Fangshexue Zazhi. 2005;39:204–206. [Google Scholar]