Abstract
Background. ABO blood group and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus have been reported by many studies, but there is no discipline that had provided association with the genotype and gene frequency by population statics. Methods. We conducted a case-control study on 480 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and 480 noncancer patients. ABO blood group was determined by presence of antigen with the help of monoclonal antibody. Chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by statistical methods, and gene frequencies were calculated by Hardy-Weinberg model. Results. We observed significant associations between ABO genotype and squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. OR (95% CIs) was 1.69 (1.31–2.19) for presence of B antigen allele relative to its absence (P < 0.0001); in female subgroup OR (95% CIs) observed at 1.84 (1.27–2.65) was statistically significant (P = 0.001). SCC of esophagus shows significant difference in comparison to general population; blood group B is found to be higher in incidence (P = 0.0001). Increased risk of cancer was observed with absence of Rh antigen (P = 0.0001). Relatively increased gene frequency of q[B] allele is observed more significantly in female cancer patients (P = 0.003). Conclusion. Statistically significant association between squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and ABO and Rh genotype is identified by this study. Sex and anatomical site of cancer also present with statistically significant relative association. However, larger randomised trials are required to establish the hypothesis.
1. Introduction
Phenotypic presentation of the organism is determined by its genotype structure. Blood group since the discovery has been linked with many diseases though the explanation for the association between ABO blood groups and some diseases is still not understood. The genetic composition of the ABO blood type is an easily accessible component. Numerous other reports have documented a relative association between susceptibility to cancer and blood group type. Blood group A presents with high incidence in various cancers of salivary gland, colon, uterus, ovary, kidney, and neurologic tumors [1], and O blood group has an association with skin and melanoma [2]. B blood group is associated with oesophageal cancer [3]. The increased number of pancreatic cancers among the patients with non-O blood type with an increased incidence of B blood type as compared to control has been reported [4].
The ABO blood group system was the first genetic polymorphism discovered in humans. It consists of three alleles: two codominant A and B alleles and one silent and recessive O allele. The system is controlled by a single gene at the ABO locus at 9q34 region of the chromosome. This gene encodes a glycosyltransferase enzyme that adds a sugar residue to a carbohydrate structure known as the H antigen that is present in the membrane of red cells as well as most epithelial and endothelial cells. The A allele codes for an enzyme that adds an N-acetyl galactosamine to the H antigen, while the B allele, which differs from the former by four amino acid changes, codes for an enzyme that adds a D-galactose. The O allele occurs most frequently in modern humans and carries a human-specific inactivating mutation which produces a nonfunctional enzyme, and thus the H antigen remains without further modification on the surface of the cells [5, 6]. The Rhesus factor is clinically the most important protein-based blood group system. With 49 antigens so far described, it is the largest of all 29 blood group systems. The antigens are located on two Rhesus proteins—RhD and RhCE—and are produced by differences in their protein sequences. In CD nomenclature, they are termed CD240D and CD240CE. Unlike proteins of other blood groups, Rhesus proteins are expressed only in the membranes of red blood cells and their immediate precursors [7].
Genetic alteration of this region is common in many cancers. Expression of antigen depends on the activity of the particular gene. Thus, the blood group antigen expression may be affected by the nature of genetic change in cell. Blood group gene expression that presents with a relative correlation in various tumors with metastasis and prognosis has been reported for various human malignancies, such as prostate, colon, breast, and prostate cancer. As the blood group is determined by the presence of antigens and these antigens are glycoproteins, which are expressed on the cell surface and function as cell adhesion molecules. The loss or presence of blood group antigens can increase cellular motility or facilitate the interaction between tumor cells and endothelial cells of distant organs [8–11]. The deficiency of A or B epitope in many cancers has been reported, which is associated with accumulation of their precursor, which causes enhanced malignancy, though the molecular genetics mechanism leading to such phenotypic changes is unclear. The expression of certain blood group carbohydrate antigens on the surface of cancer cells thus can be regarded as an end product of tumor progression that can be used as useful prognostic and diagnostic markers [12–14].
The ABO blood group frequency distribution varies in different geographical and ethnic groups and socioeconomic groups [15]. In India, the ABO blood group frequency is variable; the frequency for B ranges from 6% in Negritos of Andamans to 48% in Birijas of Bihar, while A group is 20–30% in Western and Eastern Himalayas [16]. The state of Punjab in North-West India is inhabited by a mixed population of Caucasian and Indoscythian racial stock, and the blood group frequency in North-West Indian population is B (35–39%) > O (30.0–34.0%) > A (20–24%) > AB (8.0–10.0%) [17, 18]. The current study was undertaken to correlate ABO blood group frequency with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus in this region to evaluate the utility of ABO blood group as a preclinical marker.
2. Materials and Methods
A case control study design was used with collection of data for age, sex, ABO, and Rh blood type with the inclusion criteria for case being the squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in the histology at Acharya Tulsi Regional Cancer Treatment and Research Centre, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner (India), from January 2013 to December 2013. The control sample was collected from donors at the blood bank of the Department of Transfusion Medicine. A total of 480 cancer patients (252 males and 228 females) and 480 healthy controls (240 males and 240 females) were obtained for the correlation with ABO blood groups and Rh antigen status. Slide agglutination test and blood group of the patient and control were accessed. Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D (IgM) monoclonal antibodies were used for screening of blood group (Mediclone Biotech, Chennai, India). Data is stratified by sex, histology, and anatomical site of cancer of esophagus. The blood group frequencies were compared by Chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) being calculated using SPSS software for windows version 20.0 (Armonk, NY, IBM Corp.). The gene and allele frequencies of blood group were calculated by Hardy-Weinberg model (Table 5) using S2 ABO estimator software (Silvasquare, Lisboa, Portugal).
Table 5.
Hardy-Weinberg model for ABO blood group.
| Phenotype (blood group) | Genotype | Phenotypic frequency | Genotypic frequency | Expected frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | AA + AO | nA | nAA + nAO | p 2 + 2pr |
| B | BB + BO | nB | nBB + nBO | q 2 + 2qr |
| AB | AB | nAB | nAB | 2pq |
| O | OO | nO | nOO | r 2 |
Hardy-Weinberg equation for ABO blood group is as follows:
p + q + r = 1,
p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2pq + 2pr + 2qr = 1.
3. Results
The distribution of blood groups in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients (n = 480) was 98 (20.4%) blood group A, 58 (12.1%) blood group AB, 226 (47.1%) blood group B, and 98 (20.4%) blood group O. Rh status was positive in 424 (88.3%) and negative in 56 (11.7%) patients (Table 1). Overall, blood group B is the most prevalent blood group in general population and patients with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of ABO blood groups among patients and general population (χ2 = 20.296, P = 0.0001). In the patient group, the frequencies of blood groups B and AB were more and for blood groups A and O they were less than the control group. These findings were also seen in female subgroup (χ2 = 17.177, P = 0.0006). However in male subgroup, the distribution of ABO blood groups did not significantly differ between cases and controls (χ2 = 9.611, P = 0.0221). Analyzing the blood group distribution on the basis of anatomical site of the cancer by dividing the esophagus into the upper, middle, and lower parts, squamous cell carcinoma of lower part of the esophagus shows significant difference in comparison to the general population, and blood group B is found to be higher in incidence (χ2 = 12.06, P = 0.007) (Table 2).
Table 1.
Frequency of ABO blood group and Rh antigen.
| n | A | AB | B | O | Rh+ | Rh− | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | |||||||
| Cases | 480 | 98 (20.4) | 58 (12.1) | 226 (47.1) | 98 (20.4) | 424 (88.3) | 56 (11.7) |
| Control | 480 | 106 (22.1) | 43 (8.9) | 178 (37.1) | 153 (31.9) | 456 (95) | 24 (5) |
| Male | |||||||
| Cases | 252 | 48 (19) | 41 (16.3) | 106 (42.1) | 57 (22.6) | 228 (90.5) | 24 (9.5) |
| Control | 240 | 50 (20.9) | 22 (9.1) | 91 (37.9) | 77 (32.1) | 230 (95.8) | 10 (4.2) |
| Female | |||||||
| Cases | 228 | 50 (21.9) | 17 (7.5) | 120 (52.6) | 41 (18) | 196 (86) | 32 (14) |
| Control | 240 | 55 (22.9) | 22 (9.2) | 86 (35.8) | 77 (32.1) | 226 (94.2) | 14 (5.8) |
| Site of cancer (case) | |||||||
| Upper | 86 | 19 (22.1) | 7 (8.1) | 38 (44.2) | 22 (25.6) | 79 (91.9) | 7 (8.1) |
| Middle | 192 | 32 (16.7) | 19 (9.9) | 90 (46.9) | 51 (26.5) | 170 (88.5) | 22 (11.5) |
| Lower | 202 | 47 (23.3) | 32 (15.8) | 98 (48.5) | 25 (12.4) | 175 (86.6) | 27 (13.4) |
Values in parentheses are percentages.
Table 2.
Chi-square test value and significance of ABO blood group and Rh status.
| Cases ∗ control (n) | ABO blood group | Rh status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ 2 test | P value | χ 2 test | P value | |
| All | 20.296 | 0.0001 | 13.964 | 0.0001 |
| Male | 9.611 | 0.0221 | 5.484 | 0.0191 |
| Female | 17.177 | 0.0006 | 8.874 | 0.0028 |
| Site of cancer Case ∗ control (%) |
||||
| Upper | 1.348 | 0.717 | 0.785 | 0.375 |
| Middle | 2.3447 | 0.484 | 2.791 | 0.094 |
| Lower | 12.06 | 0.007 | 4.223 | 0.039 |
Degree of freedom = 1.
There were also statistically significant differences in the status of Rh blood groups among patients and general population (χ2 = 13.964, P = 0.0001). Presence of Rh antigen was about 6.7% less prevalent in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus patients (88.3%) in comparison to general population (95%). The female subgroup shows 2.9% less prevalence of Rh antigen in comparison to the male subgroup. Rh antigen status does not show any statistically significant difference in distribution according to cancer site in comparison to general population.
In comparison, of individuals with the presence of B antigen (blood groups B and AB) and without B antigen (blood groups A and O), this difference became more prominent (P < 0.0001) (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.31–2.19). These findings were also seen in female and male subgroups; female subgroup shows statistically more significance. Female subgroup presents with (P = 0.001) (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.27–2.65) statistically more significant than male subgroup (P = 0.012) (odds ratio = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.10–2.24) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Presence of B antigen (B and AB blood groups) and absence of B antigen (O and A blood groups); Chi-square test with significance and odd ratio.
| n | Presence of B (B + AB) | Absence of B (O + A) | Chi-square | P value | Odds ratio | CI = 95% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | |||||||
| Cases | 480 | 284 (59.17) | 196 (40.83) | 16.58 | <0.0001 | 1.69 | 1.31–2.19 |
| Control | 480 | 221 (46.04) | 259 (53.96) | ||||
| Male | |||||||
| Cases | 252 | 147 (58.33) | 105 (41.67) | 6.24 | 0.012 | 1.57 | 1.10–2.24 |
| Control | 240 | 113 (47.1) | 127 (52.9) | ||||
| Female | |||||||
| Cases | 228 | 137 (60.1) | 91 (39.9) | 10.67 | 0.001 | 1.84 | 1.27–2.65 |
| Control | 240 | 108 (45) | 132 (55) | ||||
| Site of cancer (case) | |||||||
| Upper | 86 | 45 (52.3) | 41 (47.7) | 0.212 | 0.645 | ||
| Middle | 192 | 109 (56.77) | 83 (43.23) | 1.833 | 0.175 | ||
| Lower | 202 | 130 (64.36) | 72 (35.64) | 8.248 | 0.004 |
Degree of freedom = 1.
Values in parentheses are percentages.
The gene frequencies [q] of blood group antigen B were 0.362 in cancer patients, which was higher than that of the control population (0.265), and the relative risk B : O was 1.69 with statistical significance. On subgroup analysis, female patients of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma present with a gene frequency [q] of 0.376 for the B antigen of blood group, which is statistically significant (P = 0.003). Patients with carcinoma of the lower third esophagus present with a higher gene frequency [q] (0.372) for blood group antigen B in comparison to upper and middle third of the esophagus (Table 4). This suggests that individuals with blood group antigen B are more susceptible to squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus.
Table 4.
Gene frequency of allele with its significance.
| Group | Gene frequency | Hardy-Weinberg log likelihood | χ 2 | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p[A] | q[B] | r[O] | ||||
| Control | 0.169 (0.012) | 0.265 (0.015) | 0.565 (0.017) | −615.3477 | 0.002 | 0.964 |
| Total EC | 0.179 (0.013) | 0.362 (0.017) | 0.458 (0.018) | −604.5129 | 0.5856 | 0.444 |
| Male | 0.193 (0.018) | 0.349 (0.024) | 0.456 (0.025) | −331.8725 | 2.6853 | 0.101 |
| Female | 0.163 (0.018) | 0.377 (0.026) | 0.459 (0.027) | −271.8815 | 8.4190 | 0.003 |
| Upper | 0.166 (0.029) | 0.312 (0.039) | 0.521 (0.042) | −107.6611 | 0.7385 | 0.390 |
| Middle | 0.143 (0.018) | 0.342 (0.027) | 0.514 (0.029) | −237.0872 | 0.0039 | 0.950 |
| Lower | 0.222 (0.022) | 0.408 (0.028) | 0.369 (0.029) | −251.2710 | 1.2961 | 0.255 |
Values in parentheses are standard deviations.
Homozygous or heterozygous trait is determined by the presence of allele type. Genotype of blood group A (AA + AO), B (BB + BO), AB (AB), and O (OO) alleles. There were not much significant results according to the homo- or heterozygous stratification.
4. Discussion
In cancer patients, the relative incidence of B blood group is more frequent in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. Cancer patients with presence of B antigen (B and AB blood group) were higher, whereas in controls, absence of B antigen (A and O blood groups) was in higher frequency. In previous studies, contradictory reports are available about the association of esophageal cancer with any blood group. Increased B blood group in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and increased O blood group for adenocarcinoma [19] of esophagus have been reported. In esophageal cancer patients, 33.1% blood group A, 31.7% blood group O, 25.9% blood group B, and 9.3% blood group AB were reported. Rh antigen was present in 92% and absent in 8% of the patients [20]. The relative increase in the frequency of blood type B as compared to control has been reported in esophageal cancer. These results suggest that the presence of B antigen plays a role in the development of the esophageal cancer by the susceptible genetic mutation in the vicinity of the locus of blood group genes that involves various etiological mechanisms. The hypothesis for this association of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus with the presence of B antigen (B + AB blood group) is based on the grounds that it can protect the tumor cells by masking the immune system for the cancer cell that presents with an antigen similar to that of B antigen of blood group.
Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. The frequency of q[B] allele of blood group in the squamous cell carcinoma patients is increased and that of r[O] allele is decreased relative to the control population; this suggests that genetic changes at the locus for B antigen allele have risks while the absence of both A and B antigen alleles is associated with reduced risk for cancer development.
The homotypic and heterotypic cell adhesion mediated by interactions of certain blood group carbohydrates with corresponding lectins are a critically important event at the extravasation step of the metastatic cascade when metastatic cancer cells escape from circulation into distant sites of secondary tumor growth. People with blood groups B and AB lack antibodies to B and so are more prone to develop these carcinomas [1]. Deletion or reduction of histoblood group A or histoblood group B antigen in tumors of A or B individual is correlated with the degree of malignancy and metastatic potential in many types of human cancers.
The cancers of different anatomical sites and histology show variable positive or negative correlation with the blood group. Distribution of blood groups in the racial and ethnic groups and the sample size play an important role in determining the goodness of the interpretation of the risk of cancer development. To estimate the individual patient's risk, the blood type and genetic composition of the patient may be considered together along with other risk factors. The recognition of genetic and environmental factors amongst racial and ethnic groups may offer insights into the observed epidemiological patterns and thus provide better understanding of the development and control of cancer.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the consultants in the Department of Oncology, Dr. A Sharma, Dr. Neeti Sharma, and Dr. S L Jakhar. Also, they express their gratitude to PG Students of the department: Dr. Sitaram, Dr. Raj K Nirban, Dr. Daleep Singh, Dr. Puneet Bagri, Dr. Guman Singh, Dr. Murali, Dr. Tanya, Dr. Rajesh, and Dr. Ramesh Purohit.
Disclosure
The contents of this paper have not been copyrighted or published previously. The contents of this paper are not now under consideration for publication elsewhere. The contents of this paper will not be copyrighted, submitted, or published elsewhere while acceptance by the Journal is under consideration. There are no directly related papers or abstracts, published or unpublished, by any of the authors of this paper.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors' Contribution
All authors of this research paper have directly participated in the planning, execution, or analysis of the study. Narender Kumar and Akhil Kapoor conceived the idea, designed the study, collected the data, performed the statistical analysis, and wrote the paper. Ashok Kalwar guided the research project and reviewed the literature. Akhender Kumar, Abhishek Mewara, Mukesh Kumar Singhal, and Satya Narayan helped in data collection. Megh Raj Bardia reviewed the literature. All authors of this paper have read and approved the final version submitted. Narender Kumar and Akhil Kapoor contributed equally to the paper.
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