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Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences logoLink to Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
. 2012 Jan;25(1):44–51. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11305

Regulation of S100G Expression in the Uterine Endometrium during Early Pregnancy in Pigs

Yohan Choi, Heewon Seo, Jangsoo Shim, Mingoo Kim, Hakhyun Ka *
PMCID: PMC4092914  PMID: 25049477

Abstract

Calcium ions play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, but molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms of calcium ion action in the uterine endometrium are not fully understood in pigs. Previously, we have shown that calcium regulatory molecules, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 (TRPV6) and calbindin-D9k (S100G), are expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a pregnancy status- and stage-specific manner, and that estrogen of conceptus origin increases endometrial TRPV6 expression. However, regulation of S100G expression in the uterine endometrium and conceptus expression of S100G has been not determined during early pregnancy. Thus, we investigated regulation of S100G expression by estrogen and interleukin-1β (IL1B) in the uterine endometrium and conceptus expression of S100G during early pregnancy in pigs. We obtained uterine endometrial tissues from day (D) 12 of the estrous cycle and treated with combinations of steroid hormones, estradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P4), and increasing doses of IL1B. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that E2 and IL1B increased S100G mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium, and conceptuses expressed S100G mRNA during early pregnancy, as determined by RT-PCR analysis. To determine if endometrial expression of S100G mRNA during the implantation period was affected by the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedure, we compared S100G mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses with those from gilts with conceptuses derived from natural mating on D12 of pregnancy. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of S100G mRNA in the uterine endometrium from gilts carrying SCNT-derived conceptuses was significantly lower than those from gilts carrying conceptuses derived from natural mating. These results showed that S100G expression in the uterine endometrium was regulated by estrogen and IL1B of conceptus origin, and affected by the SCNT procedure during early pregnancy. These suggest that conceptus signals regulate S100G, an intracellular calcium transport protein, for the establishment of pregnancy in pigs.

Keywords: Pig, Uterus, S100G, SCNT, Calcium

INTRODUCTION

Calcium ion mediates complex intracellular signaling cascades as an intracellular secondary messenger at the cellular level (Clapham, 2007), and it is also essential for various physiological processes including bone formation, muscle contraction, milk formation, and neuron excitability (Brommage, 1989). Increasing evidence has suggested that calcium ions are involved in embryo implantation. Calcium entry into endometrial epithelial cells increases when endometrial cells bind to trophoblastic cells in human (Tinel et al., 2000). Binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence to integrins, which is an essential process in trophectoderm cell attachment to maternal endometrium, requires calcium ions (Somogyi et al., 1994), and activation of integrin β1 and integrin β2 by exposing their ligands causes extracellular calcium influx into the cell (Schwartz, 1993).

It is well studied in small intestine and kidney that the maintenance of cellular calcium ion balance is controlled by three steps of the transcellular calcium transport system, including several calcium regulatory molecules (Hoenderop et al., 2002). The first step of transcellular calcium transport is the influx of extracellular calcium ion into the epithelial cells by transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 (TRPV5) and 6 (TRPV6). Next, intracellular calcium ions are transported by calcium transport proteins, calbindin-D9k (S100G) and calbindin-D28k (CALB1), to the basolateral side of epithelial cells. Subsequently, intracellular calcium ions are extruded to outside of epithelial cells by sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (SLC8A1) and plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1 (ATP2B1).

Expression of the calcium regulatory molecules in the uterine endometrium has been reported in several species. TRPV6, a calcium ion channel, is expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in rats and mice (Kim et al., 2006; Lee and Jeung, 2007), and during the menstrual cycle in humans (Yang et al., 2011). S100G, an intracellular calcium ion transport protein, is expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in mice (Warembourg et al., 1987), rats (Tatsumi et al., 1999) and pigs (Krisinger et al., 1995). ATP2B1, a calcium ion extrusion-related molecule, is present in the uterine endometrium in rats and humans (Kim et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2011). In pigs, we have shown that uterine endometrial TRPV6 and S100G are expressed in the uterine endometrium in a pregnancy status- and stage-specific manner during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs (Choi et al., 2009). These findings suggest that calcium ion concentrations in the uterine endometrium are controlled by these calcium regulatory molecules during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. However, regulatory mechanisms for expression of these endometrial calcium regulatory molecules are not well studied in pigs.

During the implantation period in pigs, elongating conceptuses (embryos/fetuses and associated extraembryonic membranes) secrete estrogen and cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL1B) (Jaeger et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2003). Estrogen plays a key role in redirection of endometrial PGF2α secretion from the uterine vasculature to the uterine lumen to maintain corpus luteum (CL) in the ovary (luteotrophic), thereby secretion of progesterone from CL is sustained throughout pregnancy. Estrogen also regulates expression of many uterine endometrial genes, including fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPAR3), and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) during the implantation period (Jaeger et al., 2001). In our previous study, it has been shown that endometrial TRPV6 expression is increased by estrogen during the implantation period (Choi et al., 2009), but effect of estrogen on endometrial S100G expression has been not determined. In addition to estrogen, conceptus produces IL1B into uterine lumen at the time of implantation in pigs (Jaeger et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2003). It has been reported that IL1B activates microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (PTGES) in uterine tissues to stimulate synthesis of PGE2 for inhibition of luteolysis in the porcine uterus (Franczak et al., 2010), but effect of IL1B on endometrial gene expression is not much understood.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique to generate cloned animals for basic and applied research is a powerful tool, but the problem of low efficiency to produce viable cloned animals is yet to be solved. The causes of low efficiency of SCNT technique include incomplete nuclear reprogramming of the donor nucleus (Humphreys et al., 2001; Farin et al., 2006), abnormal extra-embryonic tissue formation (Chae et al., 2006; Jouneau et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2009), and the inappropriate uterine responsiveness to the developing conceptuses (Kim et al., 2005; Ka et al., 2008). Abnormal expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis, uterine tissue remodeling, and immune function has been reported in uterine tissues from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses (Ka et al., 2008). However, there is not much information available for effect of SCNT procedure on expression of calcium regulatory molecules in the uterine endometrium from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses at the time of implantation in pigs.

Therefore, this study was to determine i) regulation of the uterine endometrial S100G expression by estrogen and IL1B during the implantation period; ii) expression of S100G in conceptuses during early pregnancy; and iii) expression of S100G in the uterine endometrium from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses compared to that from gilts with conceptuses derived from natural mating on day (D) 12 of pregnancy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals and tissue preparation

All experimental procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with the Guide for Care and Use of Research Animals in Teaching and Research and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Yonsei University. Sexually mature crossbred female gilts (ages between 8 and 12 months) were assigned randomly to either cyclic or pregnant status and hysterectomized on either day (D) 12 of the estrous cycle or D12 and D15 of pregnancy (n = 3 gilts/d/status) after the animals were slaughtered. Pregnancy was confirmed by the presence of apparently normal conceptuses with filamentous morphology in uterine flushings from D12 and D15 of pregnancy. Oocyte collection, in vitro maturation, SCNT procedures and endometrial tissue sampling from gilts carrying embryos derived from SCNT on D12 of pregnancy were done as described previously (Ka et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2009). On D12 of pregnancy, uterine endometrial tissues were obtained from four gilts that carried SCNT-derived conceptuses and three gilts with conceptuses resulting from natural mating. Endometrium samples, dissected free from myometrium, were collected from the middle portion of each uterine horn of each gilt. For RNA extraction, endometrial tissues were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C.

Explant culture

Endometrium was dissected from the myometrium and placed into warm phenol red-free DMEM/F-12 culture medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) containing penicillin G (100 IU/ml) and streptomycin (0.1 mg/ml) as described previously (Ka et al., 2001), with some modifications. The endometrium was minced with scalpel blades into small pieces (2 to 3 mm3), and aliquots of 500 mg were placed into T25 flasks with serum-free modified DMEM/F-12 containing 10 μg/ml insulin (Sigma, catalog no. I5500), 10 ng/ml transferrin (Sigma, catalog no. T1428), and 10 ng/ml hydrocortisone (Sigma, catalog no. H0396). Endometrial explants were cultured immediately after mincing in progesterone (P4; 3 ng/ml; Sigma, catalog no. P0130), P4+ estradiol-17β (E2; 50 ng/ml; Sigma, catalog no. E8875), P4 +E2+ICI182,780 (ICI; an estrogen receptor antagonist; 100 ng/ml; Tocris, Ballwin, MO, USA), or E2+P4+RU486 (a progesterone receptor antagonist; 30 ng/ml; Sigma, catalog no. M8046), for 24 h with rocking in an atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide in air at 37°C. To determine the effects of cytokines on S100G expression, explant tissues were treated with 0, 1, 10, 100 ng/ml IL1B (catalog number I9401; Sigma) in the presence of both E2 (50 ng/ml) and P4 (3 ng/ml) at 37°C for 24 h. Explant tissues were then harvested and total RNA was extracted for real-time RT-PCR analysis of S100G mRNA levels. These experiments were conducted using endometrium from three individual gilts. Treatments were performed in triplicate on tissues obtained from each gilt.

Total RNA extraction, cloning of porcine S100G and RT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from endometrial tissues and conceptuses from D12 and 15 of pregnancy using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The quantity of RNA was assessed spectrophotometrically, and the integrity of the RNA was examined by gel electrophoresis using 1% agarose gels.

Two micrograms of total RNA were treated with DNase I (Promega, Madison, WI) and reverse transcribed using SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) to obtain cDNA. The cDNA templates were then diluted 1:4 with sterile water and amplified by PCR using Taq polymerase (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) and specific primers (forward, 5′-TCC TGC AGA ACT GAA GAG CA-3′; reverse, 5′-GCA GAG ACA TGG GTG GTT TT-3′) based on mRNA sequences of porcine S100G (GenBank accession no. NM_214140). PCR conditions were 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min. PCR products with the expected size of 302 bp were separated on 2% agarose gels and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The identity of each amplified PCR product was verified by sequence analysis after cloning into the pCRII vector (Invitrogen).

Real-time quantitative RT-PCR

To analyze levels of S100G mRNAs in the uterine endometrium, real-time RT-PCR was performed using the Applied Biosystems StepOnePlus System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using the SYBR Green method. Complementary DNAs were synthesized from 3 μg of total RNA isolated from different uterine endometrial tissues, and newly synthesized cDNAs (total volume of 21 μl) were used for PCR. To maximize efficiency, specific primers based on porcine S100G (GenBank accession No. NM 214140, forward, 5′-TGA AAG GTC CGA GAA CCC TAG ATG-3′; reverse, 5′-TCC TTA AAA TGG GAC TGT TGC GTG-3′) and porcine ribosomal protein L7 (RPL7) (GenBank accession No. NM_0011132176, Forward: 5′-AAG CCA AGC ACT ATC ACA AGG AAT ACA - 3′; Reverse: 5′-TGC AAC ACC TTT CTG ACC TTT GG - 3′) were designed to amplify cDNA of less than 200 bp. Final reaction volume was 20 μl including 2 μl of cDNA, 10 μl of 2X premix, 2 μl of each primer, 0.4 μl of ROX and 3.6 μl of DEPC-treated ddH2O. PCR conditions were 95°C for 10 min followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s. Data were analyzed using Applied Biosystems software. The results were reported as the expression relative to the level detected in control group after normalization of the transcript amount to the endogenous RPL7 levels by the 2−ΔΔCT method (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001).

Statistical analyses

Data from real-time RT-PCR analysis for S100G mRNA levels were subjected to least squares ANOVA using the General Linear Models procedures of SAS (Cary, NC, USA). To evaluate the effect of steroid hormones on S100G mRNA levels, the model included treatment and animal as sources of variation. Preplanned contrasts (P4 vs. P4+E2; P4 vs. P4+E2+RU486; P4+E2 vs. P4+E2+ICI; and P4+E2 vs. P4+E2+RU486) were used to test for effects of treatments in the explant cultures. Data are presented as least squares means with standard error (SE). Data from IL1B dose-response studies on S100G expression were analyzed by least squares regression analysis. Data from real-time RT-PCR for S100G mRNA levels in the endometrial tissues from uteri with SCNT-derived and non-NT conceptuses were subjected to the Student’s t test procedure of SAS, and are presented as means with SE.

RESULTS

Regulation of S100G expression by steroid hormones in the uterine endometrium pregnancy in pigs

To determine whether endometrial S100G expression was affected by steroid hormones and during the implantation period in pigs, the uterine endometrial tissue explants from gilts on D12 of the estrous cycle were treated with P4, P4+E2, P4+E2+ICI, or P4+E2+RU486. As shown in Figure 1, S100G mRNA levels in the uterine endometrial explant tissues were increased by the addition of E2 in the presence of P4 compared with those treated with P4 alone (P4 vs. P4+E2; p<0.05). Addition of RU486, a progesterone receptor (PGR) antagonist, in the presence of P4 and E2 did not affect levels of S100G mRNA expression (P4+E2 vs. P4+E2+RU486; p>0.05), but treatment of ICI, an estrogen receptor (ESR1) antagonist, in the presence of P4 and E2 attenuated the effect of E2 on increased endometrial S100G expression (P4+E2 vs. P4+E2+ICI; p<0.05).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Effects of steroid hormones on endometrial S100G by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Uterine endometrial explant tissues from gilts on D12 of the estrous cycle were treated with P4 (P alone), P4+E2 (E) (PE), P4+E2+ICI (I; an estrogen receptor antagonist) (PEI), or P4+E2+RU486 (R; a progesterone receptor antagonist) (PER), and levels of S100G mRNA were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Abundance of mRNA expression is relative to that for S100G mRNA in the control group of endometrial explants (P alone) after normalization of transcript amounts to RPL7 mRNA. Data are presented as least squares means with standard error. Asterisk (*), p<0.05.

Effect of IL1B on S100G expression in the uterine endometrium on in pigs

To determine the effect of IL1B, which is secreted by elongating conceptuses during the implantation period in pigs (Jaeger et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2003), on S100G expression, we performed real-time RT-PCR analysis using the uterine endometrial explant tissues obtained on D12 of the estrous cycle and treated with 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/ml IL1B in the presence of both E2 and P4. As shown in Figure 2, increasing doses of IL1B induced S100G expression in the uterine endometrium (linear effect of dose, p<0.05).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Effect of IL1B on endometrial S100G expression by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Uterine endometrial explant tissues from gilts on D12 of the estrous cycle were treated with increasing doses of IL1B in the presence of both P4 and E2 at 37°C for 24 h, and levels of S100G mRNA were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Abundance of mRNAs is presented as expression relative to that for mRNAs in the control group of endometrial explants after normalization of transcript amounts to RPL7 mRNA. Data are presented as least squares means with standard error.

Expression of S100G mRNA in porcine conceptuses during early pregnancy

To determine if S100G was expressed by conceptus tissues during early pregnancy, conceptuses were collected from gilts on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. As shown in Figure 3, S100G mRNA was detected in conceptuses on D12 and D15 of pregnancy in pigs.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Expression of S100G in porcine conceptuses during early pregnancy in pigs by RT-PCR analysis. Conceptus and endometrial cDNAs were synthesized from total RNAs of conceptuses and endometrial tissue samples (positive controls) from D12 and D15 of pregnancy. RPL7 cDNA was used as a loading control. S100G mRNA was detected in conceptuses on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. RTase +/−, with (+) or without (−) reverse transcriptase; M, molecular marker; D12 Endo, endometrium from D12 of pregnancy; D15 Endo, endometrium from D15 of pregnancy; D12 Con, D12 conceptus; D15 Con, D15 conceptus.

Analysis of S100G mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium carrying SCNT-derived conceptuses or conceptuses from natural mating on D12 of pregnancy in pigs.

It was of interest to determine effect of SCNT procedure on the uterine endometrial S100G expression during early pregnancy. We obtained uterine endometrial tissues from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses and gilts with conceptuses derived from natural mating on D12 of pregnancy, and analyzed S100G mRNA levels by real-time RT-PCR. Levels of S100G mRNA in the uterine endometrium of gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses were significantly lower than those of gilts with conceptuses derived from natural mating (p<0.05; Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Analysis of S100G mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium from gilts with conceptuses derived from natural mating (non-NT) and those from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses (NT) on D12 of pregnancy using real-time RT-PCR analysis. Abundance of mRNA is presented as expression relative to that for S100G mRNA in uterine endometria from gilts with non-NT conceptuses after normalization of transcript amounts to RPL7 mRNA. Levels of endometrial S100G mRNA expression of uteri from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses were significantly lower than those from gilts with non-NT conceptuses (p<0.05).

DISCUSSION

In this study in pigs we determined that i) S100G expression was increased by estrogen and IL1B of conceptus origin in the uterine endometrium during the implantation period; ii) S100G mRNA was expressed in conceptuses during early pregnancy; and iii) endometrial S100G expression was decreased in the uterus from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses during the implantation period.

Receptivity to conceptus implantation in the uterus during early pregnancy in pigs is regulated mainly by actions of steroid hormones, P4 and E2, which change expression of many uterine endometrial genes (Bazer et al., 2010). On D12 of pregnancy, elongating porcine conceptuses secrete estrogen, a signal for the maternal recognition of pregnancy, to stimulate anti-luteolytic mechanisms during this period for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy (Bazer and Thatcher, 1977). Estrogen also affect expression of many uterine endometrial genes such as FGF7 (Ka et al., 2001), SPP1 (White et al., 2005), LPAR3 (Seo et al., 2008), signal transducers and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) (Joyce et al., 2007), and stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) (Song et al., 2009). Previously, we have shown that TRPV6 is expressed in the uterine endometrium during early pregnancy and up-regulated by E2 (Choi et al., 2009). We have also shown that S100G is expressed in the uterine endometrium during pregnancy in a biphasic expression pattern with higher levels at the time of implantation and term pregnancy (Choi et al., 2009). However, regulating mechanism for endometrial S100G expression has not been determined. Thus, we hypothesized that estrogen of conceptus origin affects expression of S100G in the uterine endometrium during early pregnancy. Indeed, results of this study showed that E2 increased expression of S100G in the uterine endometrium, indicating that E2 affects expression of calcium regulatory molecules of both TRPV6 and S100G in the endometrium in pigs. In addition, E2-induced increase of S100G expression was ESR1-mediated, because S100G expression was decreased when ESR1 action was blocked by the addition of ESR1 antagonist. In this study, P4 did not have any effect on S100G expression when P4 action was blocked by treatment of RU486, a PGR antagonist. However, it is likely that P4 is prerequisite for endometrial S100G expression, because P4 down-regulates PGR expression in the endometrial luminal and glandular epithelium during the implantation period (Geisert et al., 1994). The priming effect of P4 on endometrial gene expression has been evidenced in FGF7 expression in pigs (Ka et al., 2007). In ovariectomized gilts, P4 was permissive to FGF7 expression by down-regulating PGR in luminal epithelium, and FGF7 expression by estrogen was increased when P4 was present, or PGR was blocked (Ka et al., 2007).

In pigs, trophoblast cells of elongating conceptuses also synthesize and secrete some cytokines such as IL1B during the implantation period (Tuo et al., 1996; Jaeger et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2003). It has been suggested that IL1B secreted from conceptuses is involved in communication between the maternal endometrium and the conceptus, and changes in many endometrial gene expression (Jaeger et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2003). Thus, we postulated that IL1B of conceptus origin might affect S100G expression in the endometrium during the implantation period. Results of this study showed that IL1B as well as E2 increased S100G expression. Since endometrial genes regulated by IL1B in the porcine uterus during the implantation period, are not much known, information of S100G being an IL1B-regulated gene would be valuable for understanding the function of IL1B in the uterine endometrium during early pregnancy. Beside IL1B, two types of interferons (IFNs), IFNG and IFND, are produced by conceptuses and secreted into uterine lumen during early pregnancy in pigs (Lefèvre et al., 1990; La Bonnardière et al., 1991). Although synthesis and secretion of IFNs by conceptuses occurs between D12 and D20 of pregnancy, the peak of synthesis and secretion of IFNs is observed on D15 to 16 of pregnancy in pigs so that effects of IFNs on endometrial S100G expression were not determined in the present study.

During pregnancy, S100G is expressed in the placental trophoblast in humans and mice (Glazier et al., 1995; Shamley et al., 1996; Belkacemi et al., 2004) and intraplacentomal trophoblast of sheep and cow (Morgan et al., 1997; Nikitenko et al., 1998), suggesting that placental S100G participates in calcium transport for supplying calcium to developing embryos during pregnancy. Because S100G expression has not been determined in porcine conceptus during early pregnancy, we examined whether S100G was expressed in conceptuses from D12 and D15 of pregnancy. Results of the study showed that porcine conceptus during early pregnancy expressed S100G, suggesting that calcium absorption and transport system may be important for early embryo development in pigs, since TRPV6 is also expressed in conceptus trophectoderm during early pregnancy.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique to generate many cloned animals contributed significantly to basic and applied biological research, but efficiency to acquire viable offspring is still extremely low (Campbell et al., 2005). However, the cause of the low efficiency has not been completely understood. Our previous study has shown that uterine responsiveness to SCNT-derived conceptus is impaired during mid- to term pregnancy in pigs (Ka et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2009). Thus, we examined whether endometrial gene expression was changed in the uterus with SCNT-derived conceptus at the time of implantation. In this study, levels of S100G expression in the uterine endometrium from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses were significantly lower than those with conceptuses generated by natural mating on D12 of pregnancy. We have observed that conceptus secretion of E2 and IL1B is greatly reduced in the uterus with SCNT-derived conceptuses on D12 of pregnancy (Seo and Ka, unpublished data). Therefore, lowered levels of S100G expression in the endometrium from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses may be due to decreased levels of E2 and IL1B from SCNT-derived conceptuses. These suggest that inappropriate maternal-conceptus interactions such as aberrant expression of calcium regulatory molecules may cause embryonic mortality in pregnancy of SCNT-derived conceptuses.

In conclusion, expression of endometrial S100G, involved in intracellular calcium transport, was regulated by estrogen and IL1B during the implantation period, detected in conceptuses during early pregnancy, and affected by the SCNT procedure on D12 of pregnancy. These results suggest that endometrial calcium ion concentration in the uterus may be regulated by conceptus signals at the time of implantation, and that inappropriate conceptus-endometrial interaction may cause decreased levels of S100G expression in the endometrium with SCNT-derived conceptus during the implantation period in pigs. These results provide important insight into regulation of calcium ion concentration and calcium regulatory molecules at the maternal-conceptus interface at the time of conceptus implantation in pigs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by the BioGreen 21 Program (#PJ007997), Rural Development Administration, and by the National Research Foundation (NRF-2010-0012304) funded by the Korean Government, Republic of Korea.

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