Skip to main content
Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences logoLink to Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
. 2014 Jul;39(4):350–356.

IL-23/IL-27 Ratio in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Breast Cancer

Ali Khodadadi 1, Mahboobeh Razmkhah 2, Ali-Reza Eskandari 1, Ahmad Hosseini 2, Mojtaba Habibagahi 3, Abbas Ghaderi 3, Mansooreh Jaberipour 2
PMCID: PMC4100046  PMID: 25031487

Abstract

Background: Interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-27 are two IL-12-related cytokines which their function may dramatically influence the inflammatory response to tumor development. IL-12 and IL-27 seem to have antagonistic roles with IL-23 in tumor site. In this study, IL-23 and IL-27 mRNA expressions were analyzed in peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer and healthy volunteers using quantitative real-time PCR.

Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 50 women with breast cancer and 50 healthy ones. The total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood after lysis with ammonium chloride and TRizol reagent and the cDNA was synthesized. The expression of IL-23 and IL-27 gene transcripts was determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using Syber Green PCR Master Mix.

Results: It is found that IL-23 and IL-27 transcripts had significantly higher expression in peripheral blood of patients compared with the healthy controls. The ratio of IL-23 transcript expression to IL-27 was 3.4 fold lower in the studied patients compared with the normal individuals.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the over expression of IL-23 and IL-27 gene transcript in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients may be an immune response against tumor development and the inflammatory response plays a critical role in tumor development via up regulating the corresponding cytokines. However, the IL-23/IL-27 ratio may play an important role in cytokine-based immunotherapy against cancer. Further research should be carried out to assess these cytokines in a larger sample size. .

Keywords: Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasm, Interleukin-23, Interleukin-27

Introduction

Cytokines administer a variety of biological effects with an important regulatory role in cell growth, survival and differentiation. It also indicates their contribution to the progression of malignancy. It is known that the formation of tumor cells relies on the oncogenic changes as well as the interaction between tumor cells and stromal environment.

Understanding the role of cytokines in breast cancer has been the focal point of attention in the recent decades. Some cytokines stimulate breast cancer proliferation and some others modulate anti-tumor response. More recently, different cytokines have been identified with promising characteristics for future cancer immunotherapy.1 The members of Interleukin (IL)-12 family consisting of heterodimeric cytokines including IL-12 and IL-27, are the most potent antitumor cytokines.2-4 IL-27 consists of EBI3 (an IL-12p40 related protein) and p28 (an IL-12p35 related subunit). This cytokine activates both signal transducers and activator of transcription STAT1 and STAT3 through distinct IL-27 receptor subunits and enhances proliferation of naive CD4+T cells.5,6 It has been described that IL-27 is mostly produced by activated antigen presenting cells (APCs) and leads to priming and proliferation of naive CD4 T cells. Similar to IL-12, IL-27 is also able to prompt IFN-gamma production from naive CD4+ T cells5 IL-27 promotes the T helper cell (Th1) differentiation through up-regulating T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet)7 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1).6 However, it inhibits the differentiation toward Th2,8,9 Th17 type responses10,11 and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.12,13 IL-27 together with the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays a critical role in generating IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells.14 IL-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine consisting of two subunits including p40 (also a subunit of the IL-12 cytokine) and p19 (a component of IL-23 alpha).14 IL-23 activates STAT3, acts on memory CD4+T cells, induces their proliferation and the production of cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22.15,16 As a physiological function, IL-23 contributes to the development of the inflammatory Th17 cells17 and together with TGF-β and IL-6, to the induction of the Th17 differentiation.18,19 However, in the past the antagonistic roles of IL-12 and IL-27 with IL-23 in tumor have received considerable attention.20

Inflammatory responses play critical roles at different stages of tumor development as well as affecting immune surveillance and responses to therapy. As mentioned above, IL-23 induces the inflammatory responses through Th17. IL-23 production leads to the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages and consequently to the chronic inflammation; an important process for tumor progression. In contrast, IL-12 and IL-27 act as inhibitors of Th2 type responses and play key roles in anti-tumor immune responses.20

Since the roles of inflammation are accepted in tumorigenesis, it is obvious that an inflammatory microenvironment is a necessary element of all tumors. Based on these reports, still little is known about specific IL-23 and IL-27 alterations associated with the breast cancer. Currently available data on this topic is controversial. Consequently, the assessment of changes in IL-23 and IL-27 expression in peripheral blood might provide supplementary information on the role of these cytokines in patients with breast cancer. It is purposed to investigate the mRNA expression of both IL-23 and IL-27 in the peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with breast cancer in relation with healthy controls and its association with clinico-pathological variables. Such results may provide a better insight on the interactions between tumor cells and the cells of the immune system. .

Patients and Methods

Subjects

The participants comprised 50 women with diagnosed infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast as confirmed by histopathological studies. Clinical stages of the disease were defined based on TNM staging as proposed by AJCC.21 The patients were referred to the laboratory of the breast clinic (Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran) during 2011. Peripheral blood (2ml) with EDTA was collected before any clinical intervention such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Patients with infectious or inflammatory diseases were excluded. Blood samples from 50 healthy female volunteers were obtained as a control group. Control subjects with a history of malignancies or autoimmune disorders were excluded from this study. It is worth mentioning that neither the patient nor the control individuals consumed any form of medication during the course of this study. Individuals in both groups were sex/age matched and were between 35 to 55 years old with a mean age of 51 and 45 years old for patients and healthy individuals respectively. All participants gave written consent prior to taking part in the study and the project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis

Total RNA was prepared from peripheral blood after lysis with ammonium chloride and TRizol reagent (Invitrogen, USA). Prior to cDNA synthesis, the extracted RNAs were treated with DNase I (Invitrogen, USA) to avoid DNA contamination. cDNA was synthesized from 5μg of total RNA using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentase, Lithuania).

Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR)

The expression of IL-23 and IL-27 gene transcripts was determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Syber Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, USA). Each PCR reaction was carried out in a final volume of 25μl containing 12.5μl of 2xSYBR Green Master Mix, 0.2μl of each 10pmol/µl forward and reverse primers (designed with Primer Blast online software22 (as shown in table 1) and 8.1μl DEPC treated water. PCR amplification was performed in 40 cycles using the following sequence: 95ºC for 10 minutes, 95ºC for 15 seconds, 55ºC for 30 seconds and 60ºC for 60 seconds. Data were normalized based on beta-actin expression as housekeeping gene.

Table 1.

Forward and reverse primers of β-actin, IL-23 and IL-27 genes for real-time PCR amplification

Sequence Primer
AGCACTGTCTTGGCGTACAG β-actin Forward
GGACTTCGAGCAAGAGATGG β-actin Reverse
GTTCCCCATATCCAGTGTGG IL-23 Forward
GGATCCTTTGCAAGCAGAAC IL-23 Reverse
GAGCAGCTCCCTGATGTTTC IL-27 Forward
AGCTGCATCCTCTCCATGTT IL-27 Reverse

Statistical Analysis

The relative mRNA expressions of IL-23 and IL-27 in the peripheral blood of patients was evaluated using 2-∆Ct method and compared with the corresponding values from the control samples using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test/SPSS software version 15.5 (SPSS, USA). Analysis of gene expression with the pathological information of the patients was carried out using Kruskal-Wallis H tests. All graphs were presented using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc. La Jolla, CA, USA).  Data were considered significant if P value was less than 0.05 with confidence interval of 95%..

Results

Histopathological Information of Patients

Blood samples were taken a day before the surgery and then patient’s diseases were ascertained by pathological examination. All patients under investigation suffered  frominfiltrative ductal carcinoma of breast. Histopathological information is summarized in table 2.

Table 2.

Histopathologic information of studied patients based on TNM staging which suggested by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)

Factor Frequency Percentage
Clinical Stage≠    
I 13 26
II 25 50
III 10 20
IV 2 4
Metastasis    
Without Metastasis 48 96
Metastatic 2 4
Tumor Grade
I 11 22
II 23 46
III 13 26
IV 3 6
Tumor Size
T1 16 32
T2 27 54
T3 5 10
T4 2 4
Tumor Necrosis
Positive 35 70
Negative 15 30
Tumor Calcification
Positive 40 80
Negative 10 20
Her2/neu
Negative 13 26
1+ 21 42
2++ 7 14
3+++ 9 18
Estrogen Receptor
Negative 12 24
Positive 38 76
Progesterone Receptor
Negative 19 38
Positive 31 62

TNM: T: Describes the size of the original (primary) Tumor, N: Describes nearby (regional) Lymph Node, M: describes distant metastasis.

IL-23 and IL-27 mRNA Expressions in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)

As depicted in figure 1, IL-23 shows significantly higher expression of mRNA in PBMCs of patients compared with the healthy individuals (P=0.032). Similarly, expression of IL-27 transcript in PBMCs were significantly higher in patients than healthy controls (P<0.0001) (figure 2). No correlation was found between the IL-23 and IL-27 transcripts and pathological stages, grades, ER, PR and HER-2 expression (data not presented).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Real-time PCR analysis of IL-23 expression in PBMCs. As shown, the differences were statistically significant between breast cancer patients and normal control blood samples (P=0.032). The horizontal lines show the median of 2-∆Ct of each group. The logarithmic scale 10 used for the x-axis.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Real-time PCR analysis of IL-27 expression in PBMCs. The differences were statistically significant between breast cancer patients and normal control blood samples (P<0.0001). The horizontal lines show the median of 2-∆Ct of each group. The logarithmic scale 10 used for the x-axis.

The Ratio of IL-23 to IL-27 in Peripheral Blood

The ratio of IL-23 gene transcript to IL-27 in peripheral blood of healthy volunteers was 12.2 whereas it was 3.6 in patients; i.e. 3.4-fold lower in the studied patients compared with the normal individuals (P=0.004, figure 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The expression ratio of IL-23 to IL-27 in breast cancer patients and normal individuals. It was 3.4-fold lower in patients compared to the controls (P=0.004). The horizontal lines show the median of ratio in each group. The logarithmic scale 10 used for the x-axis.    .

Discussion

Novel interleukin IL-12 related cytokines, IL-23 and IL-27, are reported to have potent antitumor activities. However, there are some controversial reports indicating the tumor promoting effects of IL-23.2 This study has established higher expression of IL-27 in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients compared with the healthy individuals. Such over expression of IL-27 in breast cancer patients might be an immune response to the tumor development.

Previous studies have shown that IL-27 inhibits the tumor growth of multiple myeloma cells via inhibition of angiogenesis.23 IL-27 activates STAT1 and STAT3 and enhances antitumor cellular and humoral immunity.2 Additionally, it has the ability of inhibiting both tumor growth and metastasis of murine melanoma cells.24 IL-27 antitumor functions mediated by antiangiogenic effects24 and activation of NK25 and CD8+ T cells.26 Accordingly, IL-27 has previously been introduced as a suitable candidate for antitumor immunotherapy.27 Recently, IL-27 is applied as a new antitumor cytokine with antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects in clinical trials.24 However, it appears that there is a strong conflict between tumor cells and immune related cells during tumor development. As tumor cells exacerbate the pro-inflammatory and Th2 responses for their survival, the immune system reacts by up-regulating anti-inflammatory and Th1 responses such as IL-27 synthesis.

In contrast to IL-12 and IL-27, the role of IL-23 in cancer appears controversial.28 The exogenous and endogenous overexpression of IL-23 in the tumor microenvironment shows a converse function among previously published data.2 Several studies revealed that exogenous overexpression of IL-23 induced a potent anti-tumor response. Oniki et al. found that the antitumor effect of IL-23 was mediated by CD8+ T cells and IFN-gamma, whereas IL-27 mainly acts through natural killer cells in a mouse melanoma model.25 Lo et al. also documented that the antitumor mechanisms of IL-23 was mainly achieved by CD8+ T cells.29 Another study showed that the administration of IL-23 was successfully associated with significant suppression of fibrosarcoma growth with the therapeutic effects similar to those from IL-12 treatment. They also demonstrated that the potent antitumor activity of IL-23 was mainly mediated through Th1 responses which completely supported endogenous IL-12.30

Conversely, high level of the endogenous IL-23, which is related to human tumors, seems to promote inflammation and increasing angiogenesis.31 Langowski et al. found that the depletion of IL-23 leads to infiltration of cytotoxic T cells into the tumor tissues. They concluded that this cytokine is a critical molecular mediator between tumor-promoting pro-inflammatory responses and the failure of the adaptive immune response against tumors.28

In this investigation the expressions of IL-23 transcripts in PBMCs of breast cancer patients were studied. In the case of IL-23, data indicates higher expression of this cytokine in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients compare with the control group. Zhang et al. showed significant increase of mRNA expression of IL-17 and IL-23 in serum and also tumor tissues of patients with advanced gastric cancer.32 A significantly higher serum level of IL-23 in patients with colorectal cancer is strongly associated with overexpression of VEGF.33 However, Shime et al. reported increased expression of IL-23 mRNA in tumor microenvironment of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. They showed that lactic acid secreted by tumor cells enhances the transcription of IL-23 in the tumor-infiltrating immune cells.34 Similar result has been reported in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HOSCC) cell lines and tissue.35

Although this study found that IL23 and IL27 transcripts significantly increased in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients, the IL-23/IL-27 ratio was significantly lower in PBMCs of breast cancer patients versus healthy volunteers which may lead to the defect in anti-tumor systemic immune responses. .

Conclusion

It is concluded that the overexpression of IL-23 and IL-27 gene transcripts may be an immune response to the tumor development. Data gathered in this study also shows that IL-23/IL-27 ratio may play an important role in cytokine-based immunotherapy against cancer. However, the final fate of a tumor depends on the complex relationship between tumor cells and cells of tumor microenvironment. Further research should be carried out to assess these cytokines in a larger sample size.

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank breast cancer patients and control individuals for their kind participation in this project. This work was sponsored by a grant from Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research (Grant No. 100-505) and Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.

Conflict of Interest: None declared. .

References

  • 1.Trinchieri G, Pflanz S, Kastelein RA. The IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines: new players in the regulation of T cell responses. Immunity. 2003;19:641–4. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00296-6. PubMed PMID: 14614851. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Xu M, Mizoguchi I, Morishima N, Chiba Y, Mizuguchi J, Yoshimoto T. Regulation of antitumor immune responses by the IL-12 family cytokines, IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. Clinical Clin Dev Immunol. 2010;2010:832454. doi: 10.1155/2010/832454. doi: 10.1155/2010/832454. PubMed PMID: 20885915; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2946577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Brunda MJ, Luistro L, Warrier RR, Wright RB, Hubbard BR, Murphy M, et al. Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin 12 against murine tumors. J Exp Med. 1993;178:1223–30. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.4.1223. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.4.1223. PubMed PMID: 8104230; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2191194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Colombo MP, Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 in anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2002;13:155–68. doi: 10.1016/s1359-6101(01)00032-6. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6101(01)00032-6. PubMed PMID: 11900991. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Pflanz S, Timans JC, Cheung J, Rosales R, Kanzler H, Gilbert J, et al. IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of EBI3 and p28 protein, induces proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells. Immunity. 2002;16:779–90. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00324-2. doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00324-2. PubMed PMID: 12121660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Owaki T, Asakawa M, Morishima N, Hata K, Fukai F, Matsui M, et al. A role for IL-27 in early regulation of Th1 differentiation. J Immunol. 2005;175:2191–200. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2191. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2191. PubMed PMID: 16081786. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Takeda A, Hamano S, Yamanaka A, Hanada T, Ishibashi T, Mak TW, et al. Cutting edge: role of IL-27/WSX-1 signaling for induction of T-bet through activation of STAT1 during initial Th1 commitment. J Immunol. 2003;170:4886–90. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.4886. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.4886. PubMed PMID: 12734330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Artis D, Villarino A, Silverman M, He W, Thornton EM, Mu S, et al. The IL-27 receptor (WSX-1) is an inhibitor of innate and adaptive elements of type 2 immunity. J Immunol. 2004;173:5626–34. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5626. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5626. PubMed PMID: 15494513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Yoshimoto T, Yoshimoto T, Yasuda K, Mizuguchi J, Nakanishi K. IL-27 suppresses Th2 cell development and Th2 cytokines production from polarized Th2 cells: a novel therapeutic way for Th2-mediated allergic inflammation. J Immunol. 2007;179:4415–23. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4415. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4415. PubMed PMID: 17878337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Batten M, Li J, Yi S, Kljavin NM, Danilenko DM, Lucas S, et al. Interleukin 27 limits autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing the development of interleukin 17-producing T cells. Nat Immunol. 2006;7:929–36. doi: 10.1038/ni1375. doi: 10.1038/ni1375. PubMed PMID: 16906167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Stumhofer JS, Laurence A, Wilson EH, Huang E, Tato CM, Johnson LM, et al. Interleukin 27 negatively regulates the development of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells during chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. Nat Immunol. 2006;7:937–45. doi: 10.1038/ni1376. doi: 10.1038/ni1376. PubMed PMID: 16906166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Hamano S, Himeno K, Miyazaki Y, Ishii K, Yamanaka A, Takeda A, et al. WSX-1 is required for resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection by regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Immunity. 2003;19:657–67. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00298-x. doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00298-X. PubMed PMID: 14614853. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Villarino AV, Stumhofer JS, Saris CJ, Kastelein RA, de Sauvage FJ, Hunter CA. IL-27 limits IL-2 production during Th1 differentiation. J Immunol. 2006;176:237–47. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.237. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.237. PubMed PMID: 16365415. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Oppmann B, Lesley R, Blom B, Timans JC, Xu Y, Hunte B, et al. Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity. 2000;13:715–25. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00070-4. doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00070-4. PubMed PMID: 11114383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Aggarwal S, Ghilardi N, Xie MH, de Sauvage FJ, Gurney AL. Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct CD4 T cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17. Journal J Biol Chem. 2003;278:1910–4. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207577200. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207577200. PubMed PMID: 12417590. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Zheng Y, Danilenko DM, Valdez P, Kasman I, Eastham-Anderson J, Wu J, et al. Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature. 2007;445:648–51. doi: 10.1038/nature05505. PubMed PMID: 17187052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Elson CO, Cong Y, Weaver CT, Schoeb TR, McClanahan TK, Fick RB, et al. Monoclonal anti-interleukin 23 reverses active colitis in a T cell-mediated model in mice. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2359–70. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.104. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.104. PubMed PMID: 17570211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature. 2006;441:235–8. doi: 10.1038/nature04753. doi: 10.1038/nature04753. PubMed PMID: 16648838. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Mangan PR, Harrington LE, O’Quinn DB, Helms WS, Bullard DC, Elson CO, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature. 2006;441:231–4. doi: 10.1038/nature04754. PubMed PMID: 16648837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Kastelein RA, Hunter CA, Cua DJ. Discovery and biology of IL-23 and IL-27: related but functionally distinct regulators of inflammation. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:221–42. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104758. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104758. PubMed PMID: 17291186. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Greene FL, Balch CM, Fleming ID, April F. Eztnm for the Ajcc Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag GmbH; 2003. [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Ye J, Coulouris G, Zaretskaya I, Cutcutache I, Rozen S, Madden TL. Primer-BLAST: a tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction. BMC Bioinformatics. 2012;13:134. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-134. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-134. PubMed PMID: 22708584; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3412702. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Cocco C, Giuliani N, Di Carlo E, Ognio E, Storti P, Abeltino M, et al. Interleukin-27 acts as multifunctional antitumor agent in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:4188–97. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0173. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0173. PubMed PMID: 20587591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Shimizu M, Shimamura M, Owaki T, Asakawa M, Fujita K, Kudo M, et al. Antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of IL-27. J Immunol. 2006;176:7317–24. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7317. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7317. PubMed PMID: 16751375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Oniki S, Nagai H, Horikawa T, Furukawa J, Belladonna ML, Yoshimoto T, et al. Interleukin-23 and interleukin-27 exert quite different antitumor and vaccine effects on poorly immunogenic melanoma. Cancer Res. 2006;66:6395–404. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4087. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4087. PubMed PMID: 16778218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Salcedo R, Hixon JA, Stauffer JK, Jalah R, Brooks AD, Khan T, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic synergy of IL-27 and IL-2: enhancement of T cell sensitization, tumor-specific CTL reactivity and complete regression of disseminated neuroblastoma metastases in the liver and bone marrow. J Immunol. 2009;182:4328–38. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800471. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800471. PubMed PMID: 19299733; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2730673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Yoshimoto T, Morishima N, Mizoguchi I, Shimizu M, Nagai H, Oniki S, et al. Antiproliferative activity of IL-27 on melanoma. J Immunol. 2008;180:6527–35. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6527. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6527. PubMed PMID: 18453571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Langowski JL, Zhang X, Wu L, Mattson JD, Chen T, Smith K, et al. IL-23 promotes tumour incidence and growth. Nature. 2006;442:461–5. doi: 10.1038/nature04808. doi: 10.1038/nature04808. PubMed PMID: 16688182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Lo CH, Lee SC, Wu PY, Pan WY, Su J, Cheng CW, et al. Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of IL-23. J Immunol. 2003;171:600–7. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.600. PubMed PMID: 12847224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Kaiga T, Sato M, Kaneda H, Iwakura Y, Takayama T, Tahara H. Systemic administration of IL-23 induces potent antitumor immunity primarily mediated through Th1-type response in association with the endogenously expressed IL-12. J Immunol. 2007;178:7571–80. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7571. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7571. PubMed PMID: 17548592. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Langowski JL, Kastelein RA, Oft M. Swords into plowshares: IL-23 repurposes tumor immune surveillance. Trends Immunol. 2007;28:207–12. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2007.03.006. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2007.03.006. PubMed PMID: 17395538. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Zhang B, Rong G, Wei H, Zhang M, Bi J, Ma L, et al. The prevalence of Th17 cells in patients with gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;374:533–7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.060. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.060. PubMed PMID: 18655770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Ljujic B, Radosavljevic G, Jovanovic I, Pavlovic S, Zdravkovic N, Milovanovic M, et al. Elevated serum level of IL-23 correlates with expression of VEGF in human colorectal carcinoma. Arch Med Res. 2010;41:182–9. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.02.009. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.02.009. PubMed PMID: 20682175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Shime H, Yabu M, Akazawa T, Kodama K, Matsumoto M, Seya T, et al. Tumor-secreted lactic acid promotes IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway. J Immunol. 2008;180:7175–83. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7175. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7175. PubMed PMID: 18490716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Fukuda M, Ehara M, Suzuki S, Ohmori Y, Sakashita H. IL-23 promotes growth and proliferation in human squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Int J Oncol. 2010;36:1355–65. doi: 10.3892/ijo_00000620. doi: 10.3892/ijo_00000620. PubMed PMID: 20428758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences are provided here courtesy of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

RESOURCES