Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the cross-sectional study.
| Variables | All subjects (n = 616) |
|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 18.3±0.02 |
| Activity (hr/week) | 11.6±0.5 |
| Anthropometric variables | |
| Height (cm) | 175.0±0.2 |
| Weight (kg) | 72.6±0.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7±0.2 |
| Total body fat (%) | 14.2±0.3 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 11.2±0.3 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 61.5±0.3 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.0±0.4 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 97.3±0.4 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.84±0.002 |
| BMR (kcal/day) | 1822±9 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 69.8±0.4 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 108.1±0.4 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 63.8±0.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 154.8±1.3 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.1±0.4 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 103.8±1.1 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 60.4±1.0 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 81.6±0.3 |
| Insulin (ng/mL) | 9.1±0.2 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.88±0.05 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 2.55±0.11 |
| LBP (ng/mL) | 23.4±0.2 |
| Fetuin-A (ug/mL) | 295.5±2.8 |
| Uric Acid (ng/dL) | 6.7±0.1 |
| Urea (ng/dL) | 35.6±0.3 |
| Creatinine (ng/dL) | 1.0±0.004 |
| Liver Function test | |
| GGT (U/L) | 25.2±0.6 |
| ALT (U/L) | 27.7±0.9 |
| AST (U/L) | 27.8±1.1 |
| Categorical variables | |
| Smoking status | |
| Never | 368 (59.7) |
| Previous | 26 (4.2) |
| Current | 222 (36.1) |
| BMI >25 kg/m2 | 182 (29.5) |
| Waist circumference >94 cm | 96 (15.6) |
| Total cholesterol >200 mg/dL | 48 (7.9) |
| HDL <40 mg/dL | 103 (16.9) |
| LDL >130 mg/dL | 94 (15.4) |
| Dyslipidemia | 183 (30.0) |
Results are presented as mean±SEM, or as n(%).
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BMR, basal metabolic rate; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance; LBP, leptin-binding protein; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; SE, standard error.