Angiosarcoma of the scalp: a case report

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to report the treatment of angiosarcoma of the scalp. High-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy with an individual mold applicator is presented.

Case description

A case of a 75-year-old male will be presented with multicentric lesions over the scalp in the temple and crown region. Biopsy diagnosis was angiosarcoma of the scalp, nonoperable. The patient was qualified for chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy.

Discussion

Angiosarcoma of the scalp is a very aggressive tumor. The main aim of the treatment of angiosarcoma is local control of the tumor. Most cases are treated with wide excision surgery. The use of surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy is recommended in some cases. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are suggested in the recurrent or extensive lesions with regional or distant metastasis. Radiation therapy can be realized with external beam therapy or brachytherapy. High-dose-rate brachytherapy is an effective, adequate, well tolerated by patients treatment method. In every case, an individual approach is needed.

Conclusions

The HDR brachytherapy technique is useful and practicable. The advantages of brachytherapy are: targeted dose distribution, low integral dose, and short time of treatment. The mold HDR brachytherapy treatment using an individual applicator was an appropriate tool for the presented patient.

Purpose

Angiosarcoma is one of the rarest soft tissue tumors in adults. It is only 1% of the all sarcomas registered in that population [1]. It can occur in all parts of the body [1–4], according to Ruka et al. in more than 50% in limbs, 35% in the region of peritoneum, and about 10% of the head and neck region in Polish population [1]. Angiosarcoma of the scalp is a rare, aggressive, and difficult to treat subtype of that tumor [2, 3, 5]. This kind of soft tissue sarcoma varies significantly in the clinical stage and progression [6]. It arises from the endothelial cells, varying from well differentiated (low-grade) to poorly differentiated (high-grade) tumors [2, 7, 8]. Both types are associated with extensive local growth. Its presentation varies from a small plaque to multifocal nodules. Microscopically, the first one involves the dermis while the second one may invade into deeper structures [8]. According to Mark et al., [2] the grade of the tumor has the influence on 5-year disease free survival. Some authors have found that prognosis is independent of grade in angiosarcoma [8, 9].

Tumor size may affect prognosis [2, 5, 8, 9]. Some of authors analyzed tumor size and reported a statistically significant correlation between the size of tumor and the survival rate. Tumors less than 5 cm in diameter are associated with a significantly better prognosis than larger lesions [5, 8, 9]. Ruka et al. [1] provide the treatment recommendation of soft tissue sarcoma. Radical surgery alone is an essential modality in cases with lesions less than 5 cm, superficial, and low grade (stage IA) [1, 4, 5, 9, 10]. A wide surgical excision into histological negative margins is necessary and it has a big influence on the prognosis. In cases with stage IB, IIA, IIB, and IIC, postoperative radiation therapy is recommended [1–4]. There is no consensus on whether the external beam therapy should be combined with brachytherapy or given alone, or whether one modality is sufficient or not [1, 4, 11, 12]. In stage III patients (high-grade tumors G3-G4, size more than 10 cm, no metastases), chemotherapy and radiotherapy before the surgery is suggested [1]. In stage IV cases, chemotherapy is recommended [1]. The role of chemotherapy in angiosarcoma is poorly defined [2, 5]. Some reports have been issued, but not established data [13–15]. There are not many papers about angiosarcoma of the scalp [3, 8, 9, 11, 16]. However, the use of external beam therapy with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy in extensive angiosarcoma of the scalp has been reported [16]. High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy has been also published elsewhere [3, 11]. For these reasons, in every case, an individual approach is needed [17].

Case description

The case of a 75-year-old male with multicentric lesions over the scalp in the temple and crown region is presented. The total tumor size was 15 cm × 14 cm. The biopsy from the one of the lesions has been taken and the rapid growth was observed. The shape of the tumor has changed to an ellipse and had spread from the left to the right temple. The color was dark brown, almost black, with papillary surface (Fig. 1). The biopsy diagnosis was angiosarcoma of the scalp with immunofenotype: CD31+, HHV8(–); Ki67 more than 20%. The presence of distal metastasis was ruled out by an chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound. Comorbidities included hypertension and left side paresis after cerebral stroke.

Fig. 1.

The scalp during the waiting period for the histopathological examination

Taking into account general state, pathological examination, stage of the disease, and medical history, the patient was qualified for chemotherapy combined with brachytherapy. The first 8 of 10 cycles of pactitaxel (PXL) 75 mg/l m² every week has been given (Fig. 2). During chemotherapy, tumor size has decreased about 50%. High-dose-rate brachytherapy followed chemotherapy in total dose of 30 Gy in 10 fractions during 12 days was applied treatment was accomplished with Flexitron HDR unit (Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). An individual mold applicator was made in the mold room (Fig. 3). The first step was to setup the patient in the repeated position during the whole treatment process. Patient was asked to lay on his back with the accessories to immobilize the body (AIO Base Plate with Head Support Short Neck With Flaps nr. 5, Head Support Normal No Flaps nr. 2, Head Support Pediatric With Flaps nr. 3; Orfit, Jericho, New York, USA). Next, the therapeutic region with the adequate defined margin with the wire-marker was marked on the scalp. A 3-pointed thermoplastic mask (3PT Head with Nose Efficast 2 mm max, Orfit) was prepared. An additional bolus (4.0 mm of the orfit) has been put on the mask. Afterwards, the therapeutic region was copied and marked on the mask. When the process of polymerization of orfit was finished, the flexible catheters (Best Medical International, Inc., Springfield, VA, USA) were fixed on the mask to cover the marked therapeutic region. 22 bronchial catheters were fixed parallel with the distance of 1.0 cm to ensure adequate dose distribution, and to achieve satisfactory clinical target volume coverage. X-Ray markers (X-Ray Market Set, Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) were put inside the catheters in order to facilitate their reconstruction. Furthermore, characteristic points were marked on the skin and on the applicator. This allowed the applicator-patient position to be repeated. A computer tomography for patient with mold applicator, and with accessories for immobilizing the body was made the next day. CT slices equals to 3.0 mm. Treatment plan was prepared with the Treatment Planning System Oncentra Brachy 4.0 (Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). The planning target volume (PTV) and critical organs (OARs) (lenses: left, right and brain) were defined and delineated. After the catheters reconstruction, the ¹⁹²Ir source positions were generated to the target volume (Fig. 4). Reference lines were defined in the distance of 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm from the catheters, depending on the depth of the target. Target points were generated as well. The normalization and optimization to the target points was performed.

Fig. 2.

The scalp after 8 doses of paclitaxel

Fig. 3.

The mold applicator

Fig. 4.

Reconstruction of catheters

Cumulative dose volume histograms (DVH) are recommended for the evaluation of complex dose heterogeneity. DVH parameters were analyzed taking into account the minimum dose delivered to 90% and 100% of the target volume: D₉₀, D₁₀₀ and the volume, which is defined by 150% or 200% of the prescribed dose (V₁₅₀, V₂₀₀). For the lenses, as critical organs, a maximum dose was considered (0.1 cc). The dose distribution to target and critical organs was also analyzed on the CT scans (Fig. 5). The dose distribution is the result of a compromise between the target coverage, and the maximum doses of the lenses. The following values for PTV were accepted: V₁₀₀ = 82.94% (109.10 cc), V₁₅₀ = 4.27% (5.62 cc), V₂₀₀ = 0.49% (0.65 cc), D₉₀ = 2.77 Gy; D_ref = 3 Gy. The following values for the lenses were accepted: left 0.1-0.63 Gy, and right 0.1-0.51 Gy.

Fig. 5.

Dose distribution: transversal CT scans and 3D view

Because of the big curvatures of catheter's the pretreatment procedure has been performed. The mold applicator was connected with transfer tubes (Transfer Tubes Set, Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) to the Flexitron HDR unit. Afterwards, the treatment with patient started. No complications were reported during the treatment and the radiotherapy was well tolerated by the patient.

Follow-up

The scheme of follow-up was determined: the first control – in 3^th week after therapy, the second – in 6^th week. In the first year – every 2 months, in the second and third year – every 3 months. The fourth and the fifth year – every 6 months, and once a year after 5 years of treatment.

Results

During the follow-up examination in the 6^th week after brachytherapy, the partial remission of the tumor was observed. During the next follow-up examination (2 months after brachytherapy), local relapse on the scalp with 2 ulcerations: 1 cm × 1 cm and 3 cm × 3 cm size were observed (Fig. 6). Patient was qualified for palliative chemotherapy with gemcytabine: 12 cycles in 4 months with 7-10 days of intervals. Reduction of doses was necessary because of myelotoxicity. During the last follow-up visit (6.5 months after therapy), just one ulceration 3 cm x 3 cm in the level of the skin was observed (Fig. 7). Chemotherapy will be continued depends of the personal tolerance and general patient condition.

Fig. 6.

The scalp 2 months after therapy

Fig. 7.

The scalp 6.5 months after therapy

Discussion

Sarcomas of soft tissue are uncommon malignances, and in each case, the personalization of interdisciplinary treatment ought to be done [1]. Mark et al. [2] presented only the group of 67 patients with angiosarcoma treated in four departments of Oncology in California during 35 years. This group was very heterogeneous, in aspects of localization of tumors, their stages, and treatment. The group of 48 patients with angiosarcoma of the scalp and face have been presented by Ogawa et al. [3]. All patients had external beam radiotherapy, some of them chemotherapy and surgery, but over 90% had treatment failure. Recently, brachytherapy was established as a useful component of treatment by American Brachytherapy Society [4]. Some authors described case reports with angiosarcoma of the face and scalp treatment with brachytherapy, but there is no data describing the efficacy of this method in a larger group of patients [8, 11, 16].

Conclusions

Chemotherapy with adjuvant radiation therapy may be a proposed scheme to treat inoperable angiosarcoma of the scalp. The mold HDR brachytherapy is an adequate, safe, practicable, and well tolerated by patients treatment method. Giving the effective results, HDR brachytherapy should be used as an adjuvant treatment after inoperable cases chemotherapy. In such kind of patients, in order to avoid a local relapse, the total dose increasing to 45 Gy/15 fractions should be considered. On the other hand, it is always necessary to pay attention to critical organs protection. In described patient, the total given dose was limited by tolerance dose to the lenses. For these reasons, in every patient an individual approach is needed.

Disclosure

Authors report no conflict of interest.