Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of complex training on children with the deformities including forward head, rounded shoulder posture, and lumbar lordosis. The complex training program was performed for 6 month three times per week. The complex training improved posture as measured by forward head angle (FHA), forward shoulder angle (FSA), and angle between anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine (APA). In the present results, complex training might overcome vertebral deformity through decreasing forward head, rounded shoulder posture, and lumbar lordosis and increasing flexibility in the children.
Keywords: Complex training, Forward head posture, Rounded shoulder posture, Lumbar lordosis
INTRODUCTION
School environment plays an important role in the sitting position (Koo and Lee, 2014; Syazwan et al., 2011). Children often sit with poor posture having their neck, shoulders, and back fixed for long periods during classroom lessons, and physical inactivity, repetitive static dynamic loading of the spine constitutes as a risk factor (Lee and Olga, 2013; van Gent et al., 2003). For this reason, neck pain was reported by 22% of girls and 11% of boys among adolescents (Grimmer et al., 2006). Recently, Clément et al. (2013) reported that degree of lumbar lordosis increases in adolescents (Clément et al., 2013). Furthermore, sitting lumbopelvic posture can alter activation of the deep cervical flexors, thus possibly influence deformity of neck and shoulders such as forward head and rounded shoulder postures (Falla et al., 2007).
The forward head posture of cervical musculoskeletal abnormalities is associated with the shortening of the posterior neck extensor muscles and tightening of the anterior neck muscles (Fernández-de-las-Peñas et al., 2006). This forward head posture leads to forward inclination of the head with cervical spine hyperextension by shortening of the upper trapezius, the splenuis and semispinalis capitis and cervicis, the cervical erector spinae and the levator scapulae musculature. Thus, forward head posture might be a consequence of neck and shoulder pain (Fernández-de-las-Penas et al., 2006).
Neck musculoskeletal disorder and cervical dysfunction are related to thoracic kyphosis and rounded shoulder posture (Quek et al., 2013). Irregular lower trapezius condition and serratus anterior positions by abnormal scapular tilt can lead to rounded shoulder posture in children and adults.
Also, the weakness of abdominal muscle permits an anterior pelvic tilt and a lordotic posture (Youdas et al., 1996). Many studies reported that lumbar lordosis and abdominal muscle function are related to each other (Polly et al., 1996; Youdas et al., 1996).
In this study, we investigated the effect of complex training on children with the deformities including forward head, rounded shoulder posture, and lumbar lordosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
Forty children from KINESS growth and health center were participated in this study. Subjects were divided into an exercise group (complex training) (boys=10, girls=10) and control group (boys=10, girls=10). The characteristics of the subjects for each group are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
The characteristics of the subjects
| Age (yr) | Height (cm) | Mass (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG (n= 20) | 13.55± 2.21 | 155.01± 12.71 | 45.02± 11.02 | 19.41± 2.33 |
| CG (n= 20) | 13.75± 1.80 | 154.48± 8.10 | 49.39± 9.36 | 20.60± 3.51 |
EG, exercise group; CG, control group.
Postural analysis
Participants underwent postural screening to identify forward head, rounded shoulder, and lumbar lordosis. Posture was assessed using a digital camera (Ainfo USB Camera, SONIX, Seoul, Korea) and posture measurement program Cento (KEPC, Seoul, Korea). Forward head angle (FHA) measured from the vertical arterially to a line connecting the tragus and the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) marker. Forward shoulder angle (FSA) for rounded shoulder measured from the vertical posteriorly to a line connecting the C7 marker and the acrominal marker (Charles, 2010). Lumbar lordosis (ASA) measured from angle between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).
Complex training program
The complex training program was performed for 6 month three times per week. The training program is presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
The complex training program
| Items | Sec (reps)× sets | |
|---|---|---|
| Stretching | Neck stretching | 10 sec× 3 |
| Rounded shoulder stretching | 10 reps× 3 | |
| Press your back in a supine position | 10 sec× 3 | |
| Strengthening | Isometric neck pulling | 6 sec× 5 |
| Push ups | 15 reps× 3 | |
| Sit ups | 30 reps× 3 | |
| Leg raising | 15 reps× 3 | |
| Extension after bending your back with a band | 10 reps× 3 |
Data analysis
SPSS for Windows software (version 12.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analysis. Two-way repeated ANOVA was used to examine interactions between time and group and differences between groups. In the case of significant time by group interactions, paired t-test was used to evaluate differences between pre and post. Significance was set as P<0.05.
RESULTS
Forward head angle
The result of FHA changes is presented in Table 3. Two-way repeated ANOVA revealed that there was a significant effect of training (F=10.53, P<0.01) with significant interaction between time and group (F=32.89, P<0.001). The present results showed that the complex training group was remarkably decreased the FHA levels.
Table 3.
Difference of between groups on FHA
| Groups | n | FHA
|
F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | ||||
| EG | 20 | 41.60± 3.33 | 32.86± 5.02 | 43.11 | 0.000 |
| CG | 20 | 42.16± 4.76 | 41.57± 6.56 | ||
| Time× Group | 32.89 | 0.000 | |||
| Group | 10.53 | 0.002 | |||
Values are means± SD. EG, exercise group; CG, control group; FHA, forward head angle.
Forward shoulder angel
The result of FSA changes is presented in Table 4. Two-way repeated ANOVA revealed that there was a significant effect of training (F=4.39, P<0.05) with significant interaction between time and group (F=23.44, P<0.001). The present results showed that the complex training group was remarkably decreased the FSA levels.
Table 4.
Difference of between groups on FSA
| Groups | n | FHA
|
F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | ||||
| EG | 20 | 42.83± 5.56 | 35.81± 4.62 | 37.71 | 0.000 |
| CG | 20 | 42.46± 4.10 | 41.63± 3.84 | ||
| Time× Group | 23.44 | 0.000 | |||
| Group | 4.39 | 0.043 | |||
Values are means± SD. EG, exercise group; CG, control group; FSA, forward shoulder angle.
Angle between anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine (APA)
The result of APA changes is presented in Table 5. Two-way repeated ANOVA revealed that there was a significant effect of training (F=9.09, P<0.01) with significant interaction between time and group (F=11.12, P<0.01). The present results showed that the complex training group was remarkably decreased the APA levels.
Table 5.
Difference of between groups on APA
| Groups | n | FHA
|
F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | ||||
| EG | 20 | 16.46± 3.25 | 10.51± 2.12 | 14.86 | 0.000 |
| CG | 20 | 16.57± 3.45 | 16.15± 3.45 | ||
| Time× Group | 11.12 | 0.002 | |||
| Group | 9.09 | 0.005 | |||
Values are means± SD. EG, exercise group; CG, control group; APA, angle between the anterior superior iliac spine.
Flexibility
The result of flexibility changes is presented in Table 6. Twoway repeated ANOVA revealed that there was no significant effect of training (F=2.59, P=0.116) with significant interaction between time and group (F=8.29, P<0.01). The present results showed that the complex training group was remarkably decreased the flexibility.
Table 6.
Difference of between groups on flexibility
| Groups | n | FHA
|
F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | ||||
| EG | 20 | 5.31± 8.66 | 12.20± 7.04 | 7.73 | 0.018 |
| CG | 20 | 5.73± 6.54 | 5.61± 6.21 | ||
| Time× Group | 8.29 | 0.007 | |||
| Group | 2.59 | 0.116 | |||
Values are means± SD. EG, exercise group; CG, control group.
DISCUSSION
Postural change occurs continuously throughout the entire time of ontogenesis, with critical periods at school age and puberty (Dolphens et al., 2012). Exercise used to improve weak musculature and stretching tight, forward head and rounded shoulder posture and lumbar lordosis. Several studies have shown that stretching exercise decreases the forward head, rounded shoulder posture, and lumbar lordosis through stretching. Charles et al. (2010) reported that the ideal posture showed lower levels of FHA and FSA. In this study, complex training decreased FHA, FSA levels. These results suggest that complex training ameliorated postural deviations, indicating that changes postural deviations can influence profoundly posture correction.
Lumbar spine problems are associated with low back or lower limb poor muscle development and hip or knee joint deformities (Glard et al., 2005). Pelvic tilt (APA) was measured using the angle between the horizontal and a line connecting the ASIS and the PSIS. This angle is influenced by the balance of muscular and ligamentous forces acting between the pelvis and adjacent segments (Preece et al., 2008). Previous studies reported that increased lumbar lordosis and diminished abdominal muscle force increased the risk of low back pain (Kim et al., 2006; Polly et al., 1996). In this study, complex training decreased the angle between right ASIS and PSIS, indicating recovery of neutral pelvis position.
The flexibility exercises were often used to improve lumbar lordosis caused by tightness in the levator scapulae, the sternocleidomastoid and the pectoralis muscle group. In this study, the complex training increased flexibility. These results suggest that complex training improve range of movement.
Based on the present results, complex training might overcome vertebral deformity through decreasing forward head, rounded shoulder posture, and lumbar lordosis and increasing flexibility in the children.
Footnotes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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