Table 8.
Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Regional Development within Contiguous Ethnic Homelands in the Same Country Pixel-Level Analysis in Areas Close to the Ethnic Border
| Table 8A. Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Regional Development within Contiguous Ethnic Homelands in the Same Country Pixel-Level Analysis in Areas Close to the Ethnic Border | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Observations Adjacent Ethnicities in the Same Country
|
Difference in Jurisdictional Hierarchy Index > | 1 |
|
One Ethnic Group was Part of a pre-colonial Centralized State
|
|||||||
| <100 km of ethnic border | <150 km of ethnic border | <200 km of ethnic border | <100 km of ethnic border | <150 km of ethnic border | <200 km of ethnic border | <100 km of ethnic border | <150 km of ethnic border | <200 km of ethnic border | |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
| Panel A: Border Thickness (total: 50KM; 25KM from each side of the ethnic boundary) | |||||||||
| Jurisdictional Hierarchy Double-clustered s.e. | 0.0194* (0.0102) | 0.0230** (0.0106) | 0.0231** (0.0102) | 0.0269*** (0.0092) | 0.0285*** (0.0088) | 0.0280*** (0.0084) | 0.0240*** (0.0090) | 0.0297*** (0.0067) | 0.0300*** (0.0069) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.463 | 0.439 | 0.429 | 0.421 | 0.430 | 0.434 | 0.485 | 0.500 | 0.501 |
| Observations | 6830 | 10451 | 13195 | 3700 | 5421 | 6853 | 2347 | 3497 | 4430 |
| Panel B: Border Thickness (total: 100KM; 50KM from each side of the ethnic boundary) | |||||||||
| Jurisdictional Hierarchy Double-clustered s.e. | 0.0227** (0.0114) | 0.0278** (0.0117) | 0.0274** (0.0108) | 0.0318*** (0.0094) | 0.0331*** (0.0083) | 0.0312*** (0.0076) | 0.0317*** (0.0092) | 0.0367*** (0.0057) | 0.0350*** (0.0068) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.467 | 0.433 | 0.423 | 0.458 | 0.451 | 0.452 | 0.525 | 0.526 | 0.521 |
| Observations | 4460 | 8081 | 10825 | 2438 | 4159 | 5591 | 1538 | 2688 | 3621 |
| Adjacent-Ethnic-Groups Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Population Density | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Controls at the Pixel Level | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Table 8B. Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Regional Development within Contiguous Ethnic Homelands in the Same Country Pixel-Level Analysis in Areas Close to the Ethnic Border Controlling for an RD-type 4th-order Polynomial in Distance to the Ethnic Border | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Observations Adjacent Ethnicities in the Same Country
|
Difference in Jurisdictional Hierarchy Index > | 1 |
|
One Ethnic Group was Part of a pre-colonial Centralized State
|
|||||||
| <100 km of ethnic border | <150 km of ethnic border | <200 km of ethnic border | <100 km of ethnic border | <150 km of ethnic border | <200 km of ethnic border | <100 km of ethnic border | <150 km of ethnic border | <200 km of ethnic border | |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
| Panel A: Border Thickness (total: 50KM; 25KM from each side of the ethnic boundary) | |||||||||
| Jurisdictional Hierarchy Double-clustered s.e. | 0.0472*** (0.0156) | 0.0425*** (0.0146) | 0.0428*** (0.0147) | 0.0470** (0.0222) | 0.0517*** (0.0192) | 0.0480*** (0.0180) | 0.0407* (0.0231) | 0.0419* (0.0234) | 0.0384** (0.0190) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 6830 | 10451 | 13195 | 3700 | 5421 | 6853 | 2347 | 3497 | 4430 |
| Observations | 0.464 | 0.441 | 0.431 | 0.422 | 0.432 | 0.436 | 0.489 | 0.504 | 0.504 |
| Panel B: Border Thickness (total: 100KM; 50KM from each side of the ethnic boundary) | |||||||||
| Jurisdictional Hierarchy Double-clustered s.e. | 0.0475*** (0.0166) | 0.0336** (0.0146) | 0.0343*** (0.0120) | 0.0525*** (0.0179) | 0.0426*** (0.0131) | 0.0376*** (0.0094) | 0.0495** (0.0245) | 0.0244 (0.0190) | 0.0147 (0.0192) |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.468 | 0.434 | 0.424 | 0.460 | 0.453 | 0.453 | 0.530 | 0.530 | 0.525 |
| Observations | 4460 | 8081 | 10825 | 2438 | 4159 | 5591 | 1538 | 2688 | 3621 |
| RD-type Polynomial | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adjacent-Ethnic-Groups Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Population Density | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Controls at the Pixel Level | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Table 8A and Table 8B report adjacent-ethnicity (ethnic-pair-country) fixed effects OLS estimates associating regional development with pre-colonial ethnic institutions, as reflected in Murdock’s (1967) jurisdictional hierarchy beyond the local community index within pairs of adjacent ethnicities. The unit of analysis is a pixel of 0.125 × 0.125 decimal degrees (around 12.5 × 12.5 kilometers). Every pixel falls into the historical homeland of ethnicity i in country c that is adjacent to the homeland of another ethnicity j in country c, where the two ethnicities differ in the degree of political centralization. The dependent variable is a dummy variable that takes on the value of one if the pixel is lit and zero otherwise. All columns report local-linear-regression estimates restricting estimation to pixels close to the ethnic border. In columns (1), (4), and (7) we focus on pixels within 100 kilometers on each side of the national border. In columns (2), (5), and (8) we focus on pixels within 150 kilometers from the ethnic border. In columns (3), (6), and (9) we focus on pixels within 200 kilometers from the ethnic border. To account for population mixing in the areas along the ethnic boundary, measurement error on Murdock’s map, and bleeding/blooming in the luminosity data we exclude from the estimation pixels very close to the ethnic border. In Panel A we exclude areas 25km from each side of the ethnic border (total 50km). In Panel B we exclude areas 50km from each side of the ethnic border (total 100km).
In all specifications we control for ln (pixel population density) and a rich set of geographic and location variables at the pixel level. The set of controls includes the distance of the centroid of each pixel from the respective capital city, the distance of each pixel from the sea coast, the distance of each pixel from the national border, an indicator for pixels that have water (lakes, rivers, and other streams), an indicator for pixels with diamond mines, an indicator for pixels with oil fields, pixel’s land suitability for agriculture, pixel’s mean elevation, pixel’s average value of a malaria stability index, and the log of the pixel’s area. All specifications in Table 8B include a fourth-order regression discontinuity type polynomial in distance of each pixel to the “thick” ethnic border, where we allow for the coefficients on the distance terms to be different for the relatively high and the relatively low institutional quality homelands. The Data Appendix gives detailed variable definitions and data sources. Below the estimates we report in parentheses double-clustered standard errors at the country and the ethno-linguistic family dimensions.
indicate statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.