Table 1.
Background Characteristics of Study Sample by HIV Status and for Total Group.
| HIV Status |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics, n (%) | Infected n = 708 |
Uninfected n = 278 |
p-value |
| Background Characteristics | |||
| Age, M (SD) | 44.56 (7.35) | 42.80 (7.51) | <0.001 |
| WRAT-R, M (SD) | 91.60 (17.89) | 91.08 (17.20) | 0.68 |
| Years of Education, M (SD) | 12.39 (2.94) | 12.53 (2.96) | 0.50 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.04 | ||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 455 (64) | 173 (62) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 108 (15) | 29 (11) | |
| Hispanic | 118 (17) | 65 (23) | |
| Other | 27 (4) | 11 (4) | |
| Site | <0.001 | ||
| Bronx | 120 (17) | 68 (24) | |
| Brooklyn | 179 (25) | 47 (17) | |
| Washington DC | 121 (17) | 44 (16) | |
| Los Angeles | 75 (11) | 47 (17) | |
| San Francisco | 100 (14) | 45 (16) | |
| Chicago | 113 (16) | 27 (10) | |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV) | 225 (32) | 61 (22) | 0.002 |
| Recent1 | |||
| Annual household income, ≤$12,000 | 343 (48) | 131 (47) | 0.71 |
| Crack, cocaine, and/or heroin use | 81 (11) | 42 (15) | 0.08 |
| Marijuana use | 113 (16) | 67 (24) | 0.005 |
| Smoking | 309 (44) | 153 (55) | 0.02 |
| Heavy alcohol use† | 106 (15) | 74 (26) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressant medication use | 112 (16) | 28 (10) | 0.02 |
| Past2 | |||
| Crack, cocaine, and/or heroin use | 351 (50) | 139 (50) | 0.44 |
| Marijuana use | 413 (58) | 152 (55) | 0.47 |
| Smoking | 207 (29) | 61 (22) | 0.55 |
| Hormone therapy use | 95 (13) | 25 (9) | 0.06 |
| HIV-related Clinical Characteristics | |||
| CD4 nadir (cells/μl), M (SD) | 233 (178) | - | - |
| CD4 Count (cells/μl) | - | - | |
| > 500 | 307 (43) | ||
| ≥ 200 and < 500 | 298 (42) | ||
| < 200 | 103 (15) | ||
| Viral Load (HIV RNA (cp/ml)) | - | - | |
| Undetectable | 358 (51) | ||
| < 10,000 | 228 (32) | ||
| ≥ 10,000 | 122 (17) | ||
| Medication Use | - | - | |
| No cART | 247 (34) | ||
| cART+ < 95% medication compliance | 122 (17) | ||
| cART+ ≥ 95% medication compliance | 339 (48) | ||
| ART duration‡ (years), M (SD) | 9.05 (3.02) | - | - |
Note.
1
“Recent” refers to within 6 months of the most recent WIHS visit;
2
“Past” refers to any previous use but not within the past 6 months; WRAT-R = Wide Range Achievement Test Standard Score;
†
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) recommended limits for women are no more than three drinks per day and no more than seven drinks per week. Heavy alcohol use refers to amounts in excess of these limits or >7 drinks per week or ≥ 4 drinks at a sitting; cART = combination antiretroviral therapy; ART = antiretroviral therapy;
‡
Reflects the mean for 458 HIV-infected women (89%) who started ART before current study.