Fig. 5.

Deficiency in programmed death-1 (PD-1) deficiency influences the polarization of macrophages and microglia via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT6. (a) Western immunoblot for phosphorylated (p)-STAT1, STAT1, p-STAT6, and STAT6 in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + interferon (IFN)-γ or interleukin (IL)-4 for 24 h. Band intensities of (b) p-STAT1, (c) STAT1, (d) p-STAT6, and (e) STAT6 normalized to β-actin. (f) Western immunoblot for p-STAT1, STAT1, p-STAT6, and STAT6 in microglial cells stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ or IL-4 for 24 h. Densitometric analysis for (g) p-STAT1, (h) STAT1, (i) p-STAT6, and (j) STAT6 normalized to β-actin. n = 3 mice in each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Con = control; ns = not significant