Uterine Rbpj is required for embryonic-uterine orientation and decidual remodeling via Notch pathway-independent and -dependent mechanisms

Abstract

Coordinated uterine-embryonic axis formation and decidual remodeling are hallmarks of mammalian post-implantation embryo development. Embryonic-uterine orientation is determined at initial implantation and synchronized with decidual development. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling these events remain elusive despite its discovery a long time ago. In the present study, we found that uterine-specific deletion of Rbpj, the nuclear transducer of Notch signaling, resulted in abnormal embryonic-uterine orientation and decidual patterning at post-implantation stages, leading to substantial embryo loss. We further revealed that prior to embryo attachment, Rbpj confers on-time uterine lumen shape transformation via physically interacting with uterine estrogen receptor (ERα) in a Notch pathway-independent manner, which is essential for the initial establishment of embryo orientation in alignment with uterine axis. While at post-implantation stages, Rbpj directly regulates the expression of uterine matrix metalloproteinase in a Notch pathway-dependent manner, which is required for normal post-implantation decidual remodeling. These results demonstrate that uterine Rbpj is essential for normal embryo development via instructing the initial embryonic-uterine orientation and ensuring normal decidual patterning in a stage-specific manner. Our data also substantiate the concept that normal mammalian embryonic-uterine orientation requires proper guidance from developmentally controlled uterine signaling.

Introduction

During implantation, rodent blastocysts show remarkably consistent embryonic orientation with respect to the uterine environment; the entire blastocyst is located at the antimesometrial pole of the uterine vertical axis, while the inner cell mass (ICM) is positioned at the mesometrial side of the implantation chamber^1,2,3. Simultaneously, the ICM-abembryonic axis is nearly coincident with the uterine mesometrial-antimesometrial (M-AM) axis in the vertical direction⁴. The embryonic orientation at the time of initial implantation directs the development of future uterus-embryo alignment during post-implantation stages⁵, which is synchronized with the uterine shape transformation that is driven by patterned stromal decidualization⁶. However, despite the morphological implications, the precise molecular mechanisms that guide proper embryonic orientation and the signaling pathways by which uterine-embryonic axis progression is coordinated with the uterine decidualization remain largely unexplored^4,7,8.

Structurally, the uterine lining at the time of initial embryo implantation intimately interacts with the blastocyst, providing the opportunity for an instructive role in the blastocyst development, especially regarding the positional and orientation clues that would blueprint the subsequent uterine-embryonic axis formation^8,9,10. Before the initial uterine-embryo physical attachment, the endometrium undergoes substantial changes under the coordination of ovarian estrogen and progesterone. The overall shape of the uterine lumen transforms from initially containing many randomly formed epithelial folds, to a highly regulated slit-like structure, with its long axis in a M-AM direction; this lumen shape transformation process is usually termed “luminal closure”^4,11,12. Since the axis of the lumen is in alignment with future embryonic axis, we have recently proposed that the on-time luminal closure is a critical factor that would guide and facilitate the correct embryonic orientation at initial implantation⁸. If the luminal closure could not happen normally, the embryo would lose positional clues in the uterine lumen and fail to establish the correct initial embryo orientation at implantation. The differential decidual remodeling and vasculature development within the stromal bed at post-implantation stages may also play an active role in the final establishment of uterine boundary and thus essential for uterine-embryonic axis optimization and embryo survival^13,14. We hypothesized that developmentally controlled uterine gene expression during the peri-implantation period may play essential roles in guiding these events.

The Notch signaling pathway is highly evolutionarily conserved and has been demonstrated to play diverse roles in multiple cellular and organ functions. Notch signaling is initiated by the interaction between the Notch receptor (Notch 1, 2, 3 and 4) and its ligand, leading to the release of the Notch intra-cellular domain (NICD), which translocates to the nucleus and interacts directly with Rbpsuh (Rbpj), together with Mastermind-like protein (MAML) to exert transcriptional activity^15,16. Rbpj could also function independently of Notch signaling and form complexes with other transcription factors^17,18. A wealth of data have demonstrated the importance of Rbpj in stem cell maintenance, cell fate decisions, cell proliferation, differentiation, and embryo patterning such as dorsal-ventral axis establishment and left-right asymmetry determination^{19,20,21,22,23}. Systemic Rbpj deletion in mice results in embryonic lethality prior to 10.5 days of gestation due to the accumulation of multiple abnormalities, such as growth retardation, defective somitogenesis, and abnormal placental development²⁴. However, it is unclear whether uterine Rbpj play any roles in peri-implantation events and post-implantation embryo-uterus interactions.

In the current study, by using a uterine-specific deletion mouse model, we provided novel evidence that although on-time embryo implantation occurs in the absence of uterine Rbpj, the normal embryonic orientation is disrupted at the time of initial implantation and results in a progressive uterine-embryonic disorientation associated with aberrant decidual patterning. We further revealed that Rbpj influences the initial embryonic orientation by regulating on-time uterine lumen transformation (luminal closure), through physical interaction with and suppression of the overactive function of uterine estrogen receptor α (ERα) in a Notch pathway-independent manner. At post-implantation stages, Rbpj directly regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes in a Notch pathway-dependent manner, which is essential for decidual remodeling. These data demonstrate the critical roles of uterine Rbpj in directing peri-implantation uterine transformation and thus embryonic development, reinforcing a concept that developmentally regulated uterine signaling is required to establish proper uterine-embryonic orientation and decidual patterning that are essential for embryo development.

Results

Rbpj is spatiotemporally expressed in peri-implantation mouse uteri

In our attempts to screen potential candidate genes involved in peri-implantation uterine transformation, we found that the Notch signaling effector, Rbpj, is spatiotemporally expressed in the peri-implantation mouse uteri as revealed by in situ hybridization analysis (Figure 1A). On day 1 of pregnancy, Rbpj was weakly expressed in the luminal epithelial cells; however, on day 4 (prior to embryo attachment), Rbpj localization shifted to the sub-epithelial uterine stroma region. With the onset of implantation on day 5, the expression expanded to the entire stromal bed. Accompanied by the progression of embryo implantation, Rbpj was intensely expressed in the decidualizing cells on the antimesometrial half of day 6 uteri, while the expression shifted to the secondary decidual zone and the mesometrial portion on day 8 (Figure 1A). We also found that the expression pattern of Notch ligands and receptors in peri-implantation uteri is overlapping with that of Rbpj in a spatiotemporal manner (Supplementary information, Figure S1). Given the central role of Rbpj in Notch signaling, the dynamic uterine expression pattern of Rbpj led us to study its potential roles in regulating both pre- and post-implantation uterine functions.

Figure 1.

Rbpj is expressed in a spatiotemporal manner in the uterus and is critical for normal pregnancy. (A) In situ hybridization showing the spatiotemporal expression of Rbpj in WT uteri on days 1, 4, 5, 6 and 8 of pregnancy. Bl, blastocyst; Le, luminal epithelium; Pdz, primary decidual zone; Sdz, secondary decidual zone; S, stroma. (B) Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of uterine Rbpj mRNA in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice. Data shown represent the mean ± SEM. ^***P < 0.01. (C) RT-PCR analysis of Rbpj expression in the spleen, ovary and uterine stromal cells of Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice. Rbpj mRNA expression was efficiently deleted in the uteri of the Rbpj^d/d mice but still abundant in the spleen and ovary. (D) Immunoblotting analysis of Rbpj protein in the ovaries and uteri on day 4 of pregnancy dissected from Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice. (E) Pregnancy outcomes in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice. (F) Average litter sizes in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice. ^**P < 0.01. (G) Morphologically normal implantation in Rbpj^d/d mice compared with Rbpj^f/f mice as determined by blue dye injection on day 5. The average number of implantation sites is comparable between the Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice. IS, implantation site; NS, not significant. (H) The weight of the implantation sites and representative uteri from Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d females on day 8 of implantation. IS, implantation site; NS, not significant. (I) Resorption rate and representative uteri from Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d females on day 12. The black arrowheads denote the resorption sites. In I, the numbers within bars indicate the number of resorption events divided by the total number of implantation sites. In F-H, the numbers within bars indicate number of females examined for each group.

Uterine-specific Rbpj deletion results in embryo resorption and miscarriage at mid-gestation

To examine the potential functions of Rbpj in mouse uteri, we generated a mouse model harboring a uterine-specific deletion of Rbpj (Rbpj^d/d) by crossing Rbpj-loxp mice (Rbpj^f/f) with PR-Cre mice (PR-Cre^+/−)^25,26,27. PR-Cre-mediated recombination in uterus is of high efficiency (Supplementary information, Figure S2). In Rbpj^d/d mice, Rbpj expression in uteri was specifically abolished at both the mRNA and protein levels, while its expression in other tissues remained unaffected (Figure 1B-1D). To test the role of Rbpj in female fertility, Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d females were mated with wild-type (WT) males. Females of both genotypes mated normally and formed vaginal plugs. However, the pregnancy rate and litter size were markedly lower in the Rbpj^d/d females compared with the Rbpj^f/f females (Figure 1E and 1F), demonstrating that uterine Rbpj is crucial for normal female fertility.

To identify the specific stage by which the pregnancy defects occurred, we examined the pregnancy status on days 5, 8 and 12, which represent the timing of embryo implantation, decidualization, and mid-gestation, respectively. In the Rbpj^d/d mice, while the pregnant uteri seemed normal on days 5 and 8 as indexed by the gross number and weight of the implantation sites, respectively (Figure 1G and 1H), clear defects were observed on day 12 of pregnancy, showing that a substantial number of implantation sites had already been completely absorbed (Figure 1I). These data demonstrate that the major pregnancy defects leading to embryonic lethality may have originated around the time of post-implantation to mid-gestation.

Uterine-embryonic disorientation and abnormal decidual patterning lead to defective embryo development in Rbpj mutant mice

To elucidate the underlying causes of the observed pregnancy loss in Rbpj^d/d mice, we next carefully examined the post-implantation events from day 6 to day 8. The data showed that the gross morphology and weight of implantation sites were comparable in Rbpj^d/d and Rbpj^f/f females (Figure 1G and 1H). However, upon closer investigation, the histological appearance of the tissue sections revealed a post-implantation phenotype with a substantial number (∼35%) of Rbpj^d/d implantation sites harboring a severely deflected uterine-embryonic axis (> 10° angle) from day 6 to day 8) (Figure 2A-2D), suggesting that this defect has an even earlier developmental origin.

Figure 2.

Aberrant embryonic-uterine orientation and decidual patterning in Rbpj^d/d females. (A) Representative cross-sections of Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites on days 6 and 8. The narrow columns show a magnified embryonic image of the left pictures. The black dashed line shows the uterine long axis, and the yellow dashed line shows the embryonic long axis. AM, antimesometrial pole; M, mesometrial pole. Scale bar, 500 μm. (B) Schematic diagram illustrating the embryonic orientation within the uterus and the relative position of the section plane. The embryonic axis is parallel to the uterine M-AM axis in the Rbpj^f/f uteri, while the embryonic axis (delineated by the red dashed line) is deflected from the uterine axis in the Rbpj^d/d uteri. The angles of deviation are indicated as ∠θ. (C) The percentage of uterine-embryo disorientation on day 8 for Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites. The threshold of ∠θ analyzed is > 10°. (D) The value of ∠θ during post-implantation stages in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites. n = 80-90 implantation sites for each time point. (E) The ratio of the uterine short (X) and long (Y) axes during days 6-8 in the Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites, n= 80-90 implantation sites for each time point. Data shown represent the mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05. (F) Illustration for measurements of embryo length and embryo area (including ectoplacental cone (epc)) in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites. (G, H) Average embryo length (G) and embryo area (H) in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites. Data shown represent the mean ± SEM. ^***P < 0.01. (I) In situ hybridization of Cerl1 in day 8 implantation sites and embryos isolated from Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice.

In addition to the deflected uterine-embryonic axis in the Rbpj^d/d females, we also observed an aberrant uterine boundary and decidual shape characterized by a shortened uterine long/short axis ratio; this phenotype was not obvious on day 6, but it became progressively exaggerated with the decidualization progression beyond day 7 (Figure 2A and 2E), suggesting that these defects are interdependent in the post-implantation uterine decidualization process. Moreover, these changes in decidual pattern are also well reflected in the expression patterns of several decidual marker genes such as IL-11Ra, Wnt4 and Bmp2^28,29,30,31. As shown in Supplementary information, Figure S3, while the intensity of these genes may not change significantly, the regional expression pattern has become apparently abnormal due to the defects in uterine architecture.

These embryonic orientation and decidual pattern defects also caused severe abnormal embryonic development characterized by a significantly reduced embryonic length and area (Figure 2F-2H), indicating restrained embryonic growth. This defect might be in part due to abnormal mechanical forces caused by changed embryonic orientation in alignment with uterine architecture, limiting the embryo to “stretch out”. Moreover, by examining the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) marker Cerl1 in both tissue sections and isolated embryos, which would indicate the progression of embryonic anterior-posterior (AP) axis establishment^32,33, we found that although the embryos in mutant uteri express Cerl1 and some positive cells seem to have localized to the right location as compared to the asymmetrical expression in normal mice, the overall development of embryo is retarded and the shape of the embryo is apparently constrained (Figure 2I), which are most possibly accounting for the subsequent embryonic lethality.

Uterine-embryonic disorientation is caused by deflected embryonic axis established within abnormal uterine crypts, due to defective luminal closure

To further elucidate the origin of the defective embryo orientation at post-implantation stages, we performed detailed histological examinations coupled with immunofluorescence staining of E-cadherin or cytokeratin (epithelial markers) at the pre-implantation and initial implantation stages. As illustrated in Figure 3A and 3B, the day 3 and day 4 pregnant uteri showed normal luminal closure in Rbpj^f/f mice; the luminal structure changed from a randomly folded shape to a highly regulated slit-like structure with the long axis parallel to the uterine M-AM direction. However, the Rbpj^d/d uteri showed incomplete luminal closure on day 4, which was indicated by the epithelial folds that remained at both the mesometrial and antimesometrial sides (Figure 3A and 3B). These abnormally formed epithelial folds, therefore, served as many “pitfalls” for the blastocyst at the time of initial implantation. If a blastocyst implants in an abnormal epithelial fold and then establishes its embryo orientation (deflected with respect to the M-AM axis), this slight deflection at initial implantation will lead to a progressively disoriented uterine-embryonic axis at post-implantation stages. As shown in Figure 3C and Supplementary information, Figure S4, and delineated in Figure 3D, the implanting blastocysts in the Rbpj^d/d uteri used an abnormal epithelial fold as the implantation chamber. The embryonic disorientation was further demonstrated by the expression of COX2, an implantation marker that is typically localized around the antimesometrial side of the normal implantation chamber^34,35, which is abnormally located along with the deflected embryo orientation in Rbpj^d/d mice (Figure 3C).

Figure 3.

Rbpj^d/d females show defective luminal closure and deflected embryo orientation at the time of initial implantation. (A) Abnormal luminal closure and increased epithelial branching in Rbpj^d/d females evidenced by the immunofluorescence of E-cadherin in day 3 and day 4 uteri. Cy3-labeled E-cadherin is shown in red; Hoechst 33342-labeled nuclei are shown in blue. (B) Diagram illustrating the process of luminal closure from day 3 to day 4 in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d uteri. (C) Co-immunofluorescence of CK and SMA and the immunohistochemistry of COX2 in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites on day 5. SMA, smooth muscle actin; CK, cytokeratin. (D) Diagram of embryo implantation in day 5 implantation sites in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice.

Notably, in some implantation sites, while there are also branched crypts, the embryo ended up in the relatively normal crypt and established an axis that is similar to the normal condition (Supplementary information, Figure S5). Such situation could be explained as a chance event that the embryo could end up into any one of the several potential crypts in the Rbpj mutant uteri (while in normal uteri, there is only one crypt with its axis parallel to uterine M-AM direction), establishing an embryonic axis that is dependent on the direction of the crypt that it accommodates with.

Collectively, these results indicate that the observed uterine-embryonic disorientation is originated from abnormal luminal closure prior to embryonic attachment, and subsequent deflected embryonic axis in alignment with abnormal uterine crypts.

Defective luminal closure in Rbpj^d/d uteri is associated with enhanced uterine estrogen response

The process of luminal closure is regulated by a progesterone (P₄)-primed uterine environment in mice. Since the ovary is the primary source of plasma P₄ at this stage, we examined ovarian histology, the expression of P₄-producing enzymes, and the serum P₄ level in both Rbpj^d/d and Rbpj^f/f mice. As shown in Supplementary information, Figure S6A and S6B, the ovarian histology, P₄ levels, and the expression of the P₄ biosynthetic enzymes cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were similar in both groups. Additionally, the expression of the progesterone receptor (PR) and the P₄ target genes Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and amphiregulin (Areg)^26,36 was also comparable (Supplementary information, Figure S6C and S6D), suggesting that Rbpj deficiency has no adverse effects on P₄function in the null uterus.

As P₄ exerts its effects both synergistically and antagonistically with estrogen through their receptors in the uterus¹², we hypothesized that the abnormal luminal closure in the Rbpj^d/d uteri may have resulted from an abnormal estrogenic response. To test this hypothesis, we first examined the expression of stromal estrogen-responsive genes. As shown in Figure 4A, the levels of Igf1, Fgf2, 8, and 18^37,38 on day 4 were significantly upregulated in the Rbpj^d/d mice compared with the Rbpj^f/f mice. Interestingly, the levels of Lactoferrin (Ltf) and Mucin-1 (Muc1), which are estrogen-sensitive markers in the uterine epithelium³⁹, were also significantly upregulated (Figure 4A). The enhanced uterine estrogen response was further evidenced by the increased epithelial proliferation demonstrated by Ki67 staining and the aberrant expression of the phospho-estrogen receptor α (p-ERα) (Figure 4B), while the serum level of 17β-estradiol (E₂) and the expression of ERα did not show obvious changes (Supplementary information, Figure S6A and S6D). Further analysis of luminal epithelial structure by light and electron microscopy revealed that the Rbpj^d/d epithelial surface failed to undergo membrane flattening on day 4 (Figure 4C), suggesting an impaired epithelial transformation from proliferation to differentiation in the absence of Rbpj. Collectively, these results suggest that the defective luminal closure is due to an enhanced uterine estrogenic response, which is characterized by increased epithelial proliferation and defective surface transformation.

Figure 4.

Rbpj suppresses the estrogenic response by physically interacting with ERα in a Notch pathway-independent manner. (A) Relative expression levels of estrogen-regulated genes in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice on day 4 of pregnancy. The values are normalized to the GAPDH expression level and indicated as the mean ± SEM. n = 3. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01. (B) Immunohistochemistry of Ki67 and p-ERα in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d uteri on day 4 of pregnancy. The black arrows indicate positive signals in the uterine epithelium. (C) HE staining and electron microscopy analysis of the uterine epithelial surface of day 4 uteri. E.M., electron microscopy. (D, E) Immunoprecipitation assays for detecting the interaction of Rbpj and ER. In D, day 4 uterine tissue lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation using an anti-Rbpj antibody or goat IgG, followed by immunoblotting with anti-Rbpj and anti-ERα antibodies. In E, Ishikawa cell lysates (after transfection with c-Myc-tagged Rbpj vectors) were subjected to immunoprecipitation using an anti-c-Myc antibody or goat IgG, followed by immunoblotting with anti-c-Myc and anti-ERα antibodies. (F) E₂-regulated genes IGF1 and cMyc were measured by quantitative RT-PCR for transfected Ishikawa cells. Results are normalized to the level of GAPDH and indicated as the mean ± SEM. n = 3. ^**P < 0.01. (G) Measurements of cell proliferation by MTS assay after 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h transfection. The values represent the mean ± SEM of six replicates from three independent experiments. ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.01. (H, I) Schematic representation of promoter region for IGF1 with ERE site indicated by a red arrowhead (H); ChIP-qPCR result showed enriched binding of ERα to the ERE site (I). (J, K) Schematic representation of promoter region for cMyc with ERE site indicated by a red arrowhead (J); ChIP-qPCR result showed enriched binding of ERα to the ERE site (K). In I and K, different letters represent statistical significance (a vs b and a vs c: P < 0.01; b vs c: P < 0.05).

Rbpj physically interacts with uterine ERα and suppresses hyper-estrogenic response in a Notch pathway-independent manner

To explore the potential causes underlying the enhanced uterine estrogenic response in the absence of uterine Rbpj, we examined the relationship between Rbpj and ERα. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that Rbpj physically interacts with ERα both in vivo and in vitro (Figure 4D and 4E). This result prompted us to further pursue the correlation between Rbpj and estrogenic effects in Ishikawa cell line, a human endometrial cell line that expresses ERα and responds sensitively to E₂.

Rbpj, or together with DNMAML, a dominant-negative form of MAML which blocks the Notch-dependent Rbpj funciton⁴⁰ was transfected into Ishikawa cells. Rbpj-transfected cells showed significantly suppressed estrogenic responses, as evidenced by the downregulation of ERα target genes (IGF1 and cMyc)⁴¹ following E₂ treatment (Figure 4F); these cells also showed decreased cell proliferation during in vitro culture after Rbpj transfection (Figure 4G). Co-transfection of DNMAML did not reverse these effects (Figure 4F and 4G), indicating that the suppression of hyper-estrogenic response by Rbpj is exerted in a Notch pathway-independent manner. To further explore whether the interaction of Rbpj with ERα affects the DNA binding activity of ERα, we performed ChIP-qPCR analysis of ERα-binding elements on IGF-1 and cMyc genes (Figure 4H and 4J) in Ishikawa cells with or without Rbpj transfection under E2 treatment. As shown in Figure 4I and 4K, the expression of Rbpj did not affect the binding affinity of ERα on the target genes, suggesting that the suppression effects of Rbpj on ERα activity involve other layers of regulation, such as affecting protein-protein interactions.

Defective post-implantation uterine patterning is associated with abnormal vasculature remodeling and decreased MMP expression

The histological examination performed on days 6-8 revealed an abnormal decidual shape in the Rbpj^d/d uteri (Figure 2A and 2E), suggesting that this defect is related to aberrant decidual remodeling at post-implantation stages. Indeed, by using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, which is a conventional method to reveal the decidualizing stroma²⁶, we found that the Rbpj^d/d uteri showed an abnormal pattern characterized by diffused ALP staining and the lack of clear polarization that is normally observed in Rbpj^f/f mice (Figure 5A). The expression of Vegf, which is important for stimulating vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, also showed an abnormal pattern (Supplementary information, Figure S7). Besides the abnormal uterine shape and decidual pattern, we also found that vasculature within decidual bed is abnormal in Rbpj^d/d mice. Immunostaining of CD31, an endothelial marker, showed a disorganized pattern coupled with significantly decreased intensity around the implanting embryo (Figure 5A). It is likely that the abnormal vasculature system in Rbpj mutant uteri would fail to provide sufficient nutrient supply to the growing embryo, which might be a major cause for the compromised embryo development.

Figure 5.

Uterine deletion of Rbpj affects uterine decidual patterning by directly regulating Mmp2 in a Notch pathway-dependent manner. (A) ALP staining and CD31 immunohistochemistry of day 8 implantation sites in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice. Note the diffused staining without clear polarization in the Rbpj^d/d uteri, and disorganized vasculature compared with Rbpj^f/f uteri. Scale bar, 500 μm. (B, C) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed the decreased expression levels of Mmp2 (B) and Mmp9 (C) mRNAs in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites on days 6-8 of pregnancy. The values are normalized to the GAPDH expression level and are indicated as the mean ± SEM. n = 3. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01. (D) Representative zymographic analysis of MMP activities from Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d day 8 implantation sites. Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments. (E) Schematic representation of the genomic structure of Mmp2. The triangles indicate potential Rbpj-binding elements within a region spanning 5 kb upstream of transcription starting site and intron-1. EX, Exon. (F) ChIP assay showing enriched binding of Rbpj to the Mmp2 promoter region. The locations of eight primer sets (P1 to P8) were designed to detect the Rbpj-binding sites. The P5 region, which is highlighted in red in E, represents an enriched binding region for Rbpj in the Mmp2 gene. (G) Schematic representation of the luc-Mmp2 and luc-Mmp2-mut reporter constructs for the enhancer assays. (H) Cis-activation potential of the region containing P5 or its mutant evaluated by luciferase assays. The values are shown as the mean ± SEM. ^**P < 0.01. n = 3. (I) Average litter sizes in DNMAML^tg/+ and DNMAML^tg/+/PR-Cre^+/− mice. ^**P < 0.01. Numbers above bars represent number of mice gave birth/number of plugged mice. (J) Representative uteri from DNMAML^tg/+ and DNMAML^tg/+/PR-Cre^+/− mice on pregnant day 12. (K) The percentage of uterine-embryo disorientation in day 8 implantation sites. The threshold of ∠θ analyzed is > 10°. (L) The value of ∠θ during post-implantation stages examined in day 8 implantation sites. n = 80-90 implantation sites for each time point. (M) The ratio of the uterine short (X) and long (Y) axes in days 6-8 implantation sites, n= 80-90 implantation sites for each time point. Data shown represent the mean ± SEM. ^*P < 0.05. (N) Representative cross-sections of DNMAML^tg/+ and DNMAML^tg/+/PR-Cre^+/− implantation sites on day 8. Note the shortened Y axis in DNMAML^tg/+/PR-Cre^+/− mice. Scale bar, 500 μm. (O) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed the decreased expression levels of Mmp2 and Mmp9 mRNAs in the DNMAML^tg/+ and DNMAML^tg/+/PR-Cre^+/− implantation sites on days 6-8 of pregnancy. Data shown represent the mean ± SEM. n = 3. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01.

The pattern of extracellular laminin deposition is another hallmark of remodeling of uterine decidua⁴². By employing immunofluorescence staining, we found that the laminin organization within the mesometrial zone was also different in the Rbpj^d/d uteri; the organization was marked by the presence of only small, round sinuses that failed to elongate as in Rbpj^f/f uteri (Supplementary information, Figure S7C and S7D). As previous studies have reported that inhibition of uterine proteinases also resulted in defects in post-implantation decidual patterning and vasculature remodeling^42,43 similar to the phenotype of Rbpj mutant mice, we next examined the expression of Mmp2 and Mmp9, the two major proteinases expressed in decidualizing uteri and developing conceptus. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization experiments both revealed that the expression of Mmp2 and Mmp9 was significantly downregulated in Rbpj^d/d uteri during days 6-8 compared with Rbpj^f/f uteri (Figure 5B, 5C and Supplementary information, Figure S8). Additionally, overall activities of MMP in post-implantation uteri were significantly decreased in Rbpj^d/d females (Figure 5D).

Rbpj transcriptionally regulates Mmp2 gene expression in a Notch pathway-dependent manner

As Mmp2 is primarily expressed in the decidual bed and overlapped with Rbpj, we further explored the potential mechanisms by which Rbpj regulates Mmp2 expression through ChIP analysis. The DNA fragments that were immunoprecipitated with the anti-Rbpj antibody were PCR-amplified with eight pairs of primers flanking the potential Rbpj-binding sequence⁴⁴ within the regulatory region of Mmp2(Figure 5E). The results showed that with the P5 (−101 F/R primers) primers, an amplicon was detected from the input DNA and from DNA fragments that were immunoprecipitated by the anti-Rbpj antibody, indicating that Rbpj binds to the −101 site of the Mmp2 promoter (Figure 5F). To further confirm the interaction between Rbpj and the Mmp2 promoter, a dual-luciferase assay using reporter constructs containing the P5 locus of the Mmp2 promoter was performed (Figure 5G). Rbpj, or together with NICD or with both NICD and DNMAML were transfected into 293T cells. The transfection of Rbpj or together with NICD significantly enhanced luciferase activity, while co-expression of DNMAML efficiently reversed the effects (Figure 5H), demonstrating that Mmp2 transcription is directly regulated by Rbpj through the canonical Notch pathway.

DNMAML^tg+ mouse mimics the phenotype of Rbpj deletion in decidual remodeling, but not embryonic-uterine disorientation

To further confirm the scenario of Rbpj function regarding Notch pathway-independent and -dependent mechanisms, we crossed DNMAML-transgenic (DNMAML^tg+) mice, in which DNMAML gene is knocked into the ROSA26 locus⁴⁵, with PR-Cre^+/− mice, generating DNMAML^tg+/PR-Cre^+/− mice with DNMAML specifically overexpressed in the mouse uterus. We observed that DNMAML^tg+/PR-Cre^+/− females showed reduced fertility, but not did not reach the severity of Rbpj mutant mice (Figure 5I and 5J). Further examination of DNMAML^tg+/PR-Cre^+/− pregnant mice at post-implantation stages revealed that these mice showed a phenotype of abnormal decidual patterning and decreased expression of MMPs, similar to RBPJ mutant mice (Figure 5M-5O), but the embryonic-uterine orientation was not disrupted (Figure 5K and 5L). These in vivo data well-recapitulate the conclusion that Rbpj-mediated uterine functions include both Notch pathway-independent mechanism that governs embryonic-uterine orientation and Notch pathway-dependent mechanism that regulates decidual remodeling.

Pharmacologically tuning down ERa activity corrected embryonic-uterine disorientation, but not defective decidual remodeling

Given that the abnormal luminal closure and resulting embryonic-uterine disorientation are due to enhanced uterine estrogenic response in Rbpj^d/d uteri, we further tested whether the suppression of the estrogenic response by pharmacologically antagonizing ERα could rescue the defective luminal closure in Rbpj^d/d uteri. We treated Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice with a low dose of ER antagonist (ICI 182,780) at midnight on day 3, which represents a timing prior to pre-implantation E₂ secretion. The ICI treatment strikingly reduced the expression of E₂ target genes on day 4 (Figure 6A). Additionally, the abnormal expression of the p-ERα and Ki67 was largely corrected following the ER antagonist treatment (Figure 6B). Most importantly, the abnormal luminal closure process was corrected in the Rbpj^d/d mice following the ICI treatment, and the blastocyst was located at the normal implantation chamber with M-AM orientation on day 5 (Figure 6C), and the fertility of Rbpj^d/d mice after ICI treatment showed a significant improvement regarding pregnancy rate and average litter size (Figure 6D-6F). By judging the histology of day 8 implantation sites after ICI treatment, although the orientation problem has been rescued, the abnormal decidual patterning (Y/X ratio) remained (Supplementary information, Figure S9), thus reinforcing the conclusion that Rbpj functions in pregnant uteri are stage-specific with different regulatory mechanisms.

Figure 6.

Inhibition of E₂ hyper-sensitivity with ICI treatment rescues defective luminal closure and partially restores Rbpj^d/d mouse fertility. (A) Relative expression levels of E₂-regulated genes in day 4 uteri in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice treated with a sesame oil vehicle or low-dose ICI. ICI, ICI 182780. The values are normalized to the GAPDH expression level and indicated as the mean ± SEM. n = 3. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01. (B) Immunohistochemical staining of p-ERα and Ki-67 in vehicle- or ICI-treated Rbpj^d/d mice on day 4. The black arrows indicate positive signals. (C) Representative photos of immunofluorescence staining of untreated Rbpj^f/f, and vehicle- or ICI-treated Rbpj^d/d implantation sites on day 5. Similar results were obtained in 6 ICI-treated Rbpj^d/d mice. The white arrows denote extra epithelial folds. Cy3-labeled cytokeratin is shown in red; Hoechst 33342-labeled nuclei are shown in blue. (D) Representative uteri from Rbpj^f/f, Rbpj^d/d and ICI-treated Rbpj^d/d females on day 12. (E) Pregnancy outcomes in Rbpj^f/f, Rbpj^d/d and ICI-treated Rbpj^d/d females. (F) Average litter sizes in Rbpj^f/f, Rbpj^d/d and ICI-treated Rbpj^d/d females, ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01. Numbers within bars indicate the number of implantation sites/number of mice examined.

Discussion

The molecular mechanisms that control mammalian embryo orientation are enigmatic. The present study showed a surprising phenotype that uterine deletion of Rbpj signaling results in a progressively disorientated uterine-embryonic axis at post-implantation stages, which stems from the defective luminal closure before embryo-uterine attachment that caused by uterine hyper-estrogenic response. We further revealed that Rbpj physically interacts with ERα to ensure normal estrogenic effects within uterine context via Notch pathway-independent mechanisms. At post-implantation stages, Rbpj directly regulates uterine Mmp2 expression via Notch pathway-dependent mechanisms, which ensures normal decidual remodeling. The uterine deletion of Rbpj results in embryonic-uterine disorientation and abnormal decidual remodeling, which lead to restrained embryo growth and substantial embryo loss.

The process of pre-implantation uterine luminal closure, in which the randomly shaped luminal folds change to a highly regulated slit-like structure with a fixed M-AM direction, provides a directional landscape that guides proper embryo orientation at the time of initial implantation, therefore directing subsequent uterus-embryo alignments. On day 4 of pregnancy in mice, the regulation of pre-implantation luminal closure is controlled by a P₄-dominated uterine environment in coordination with a small surge of pre-implantation estrogen secretion⁴⁶. A successful luminal closure results from regulated stromal edema and nonproliferating opposing epithelia that are closely attached to one another^12,47. In our study, we found that the uterine deletion of Rbpj disturbed this regulated process by unleashing ERα activity, which resulted in enhanced estrogenic response in the uterine context. Although the incomplete luminal closure in Rbpj^d/d uteri was not sufficiently severe to abrogate the implantation process, it produced abnormal luminal folds that had axes that were not parallel to the uterine M-AM axis (Figure 7). When a blastocyst is faced with multiple luminal folds, the extra luminal folds exists as many “pitfalls” once a blastocyst falls into one fold by chance, it will establish an embryonic axis that depends on the direction of the crypt that it accommodates with, and an initial misorientation (with regard to the uterine A-AM axis) will then lead to a catastrophically disoriented uterine-embryonic axis. A recent study of uterine Msx1 deletion also reported defects in luminal closure that were characterized by the presence of extra uterine crypts for blastocyst attachment; the authors also reported increased pregnancy loss during mid-gestation⁴⁸. Our current findings strongly suggest that normal establishment of embryonic-uterine orientation in mammals is not only guided by intrinsically programmed embryonic signals, but also depends on the coordinated transformation of uterine lumen as a proper guide.

Figure 7.

Illustrative model of uterine Rbpj's role during the peri-implantation period for embryo development. In normal situation (left), the embryonic axis is consistent with the uterine M-AM axis. In uteri containing a specific deletion of Rbpj (right), the process of uterine luminal closure is defective during the pre-implantation period, leading to the formation of extra epithelial folds that “trap” the implanting blastocyst, which is caused by unleashed ERα activity due to the loss of physical interaction of Rbpj and ERα(Notch pathway-independent). After the blastocyst establishes the embryonic axis in an abnormal uterine fold, the development of the embryonic axis will deflect from the uterine axis. During post-implantation development, the loss of Rbpj results in abnormal decidual patterning due to decreased Mmp2 expression that is transcriptionally regulated by Rbpj (Notch pathway-dependent). The combined defects in uterine-embryonic orientation and decidual patterning in Rbpj^d/d mice lead to subsequent embryonic lethality.

Another interesting result of the present study is that although Rbpj is primarily expressed in the uterine stroma during the peri-implantation period, its deletion seems to cause not only an enhanced estrogenic response in the stroma but also a profound effect on the uterine epithelial layer, as evidenced by significantly increased epithelial proliferation, E₂-responsive gene expression and an altered apical surface structure. This interesting phenomenon further indicates an intimate stromal-epithelial interaction during the peri-implantation period, which depends on the synergistic and antagonistic effects of P₄ and E₂ on uterine cell proliferation and differentiation through their receptors^12,49. Emerging evidence has indicated that paracrine factors (such as IGF and FGF family members) that are generated in the stroma cells and induced by estrogen through ER receptors function as critical intermediate signaling molecules that stimulate epithelial proliferation^37,38. Our data showed that uterine deletion of Rbpj, which is localized in the stroma, results in substantial increased expression of IGFs and FGFs, which subsequently enhances estrogenic responses in the epithelia layer. To search for the causes, we further demonstrated that Rbpj can physically interact with ERα to ensure a normal estrogen activity in uterine contexts prior to embryo-uterus attachment, which is Notch pathway-independent. The detailed mechanism by which Rbpj suppresses ERα function in uterine context is currently unclear and remains an interesting topic that warrants further investigation.

MMPs are the most prominent family of proteinases associated with multiple physiological and pathological processes^50,51. Previous studies have indicated that at post-implantation stages, the normal process of decidual remodeling into an egg-shaped uterine pattern depends on developmentally expressed MMP genes, as their abrogation would lead to abnormal uterine shape remodeling characterized by a shortened length of the uterine long-axis and a less-strictly regulated embryo orientation^42,43,52. These data suggest that normal uterine stromal remodeling is synchronized with the process of the formation of a proper uterine-embryonic axis and at least plays a role in optimizing this process⁸. Additionally, because Mmp2 is dynamically expressed in the uterine context⁵², its dynamic expression pattern should be regulated by upstream transcription factors that are developmentally regulated by the progression of implantation and decidualization. In the present study, we demonstrated that in Rbpj mutant uteri, there are decreased expression and enzymatic activity of MMPs, and we further revealed that Rbpj directly binds to the promoter region of Mmp2 in post-implantation uteri and promotes its transcriptional activity in a Notchpathway-dependent manner. The decreased activities of MMPs are supposed to exaggerate the progressively disoriented uterine-embryonic axis as previous studies have shown that when there is an aberrant decidual growth, uterine M-AM orientation is usually deviated with regards to polarized gene expression^13,14,53, supporting a hypothesis that deferential decidual patterning could help optimizing the uterine-embryo orientation during post-implantation stages development. In the present study, it is also notable that while Rbpj is deleted in the uterine part, the trophoblastic MMP9 from embryonic part also seems to be downregulated (Supplementary information, Figure S8), which is most probably a result of retarded embryo growth due to either the misoriented embryonic axis or the abnormal decidual vasculature, or both. In such case, the reduced trophoblastic MMP9 expression further limits the ability of trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling, creating a situation that the defects from both decidual and embryonic part become mutually reinforcing, which results in a vicious circle that finally leads to the death of embryo in the Rbpj mutant uteri. Notably, similar scenario might also exist in a recently published paper showing that both maternal and embryonic MMP9 are important for normal placenta formation at fetal-maternal interface and thus for embryo development⁵⁴, recapitulating our point that the development of embryo is inextricably linked to the uterine signaling, which, in this case, is governed by uterine Rbpj.

In summary, we provide the first genetic evidence that uterine Rbpj, functioning through both Notch pathway-independent and -dependent mechanisms, is essential for instructing the initial uterine-embryonic orientation and ensuring normal decidual patterning for normal embryo development, which, in our belief, substantiates a novel concept that normal mammalian embryonic-uterine orientation requires proper guidance from developmentally controlled uterine signaling.

Materials and Methods

Animals and treatments

Rbpj^loxp/loxp mice were generated as previously described²⁵ and kindly provided by Dr Tasuku Honjo. DNMAML^tg/+ mice were generated as previously described⁴⁵. Uterine-specific mutant mice were generated by crossing Rbpj^loxp/loxp or DNMAML^tg/+ mice with PR-Cre^+/− mice²⁷. All mice were housed in the Institutional Animal Care Facility according to institutional guidelines for laboratory animals. Female mice were mated with fertile WT males to induce pregnancy (vaginal plug = day 1 of pregnancy). To examine implantation, pregnant dams were killed on day 5 (0900 h). Implantation sites were visualized by an intravenous injection of Chicago blue dye solution, and the number of implantation sites, demarcated by distinct blue bands, was recorded. For ICI treatment, each mouse was intraperitoneally injected with 10 ng in 200 μl of sesame oil at 10 pm on day 3. Implantation sites were analyzed on day 5.

Immunostaining

Immunohistochemistry was performed in 5-μm-thick paraffin-embedded sections using specific antibodies as indicated. Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Microwave heating was used for antigen retrieval. For immunohistochemistry analysis, antibodies specific to ERα (Dako, 1:100), p-ERα (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:100), progesterone receptor (PR) (DAKO, 1:100), Ki-67 (Epitomics, 1:200), COX2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:200), CD31 (BD, 1:50) were used in 5-μm thick paraffin-embedded sections. A Histostain-SP Kit (Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology) was used to visualize the antigen. For immunofluorescence, double-immunofluorescence staining for SMA (Bio Genex, 1:100) and cytokeratin (DAKO, 1:100) was performed in paraffin-fixed sections and secondary antibodies conjugated with Cy2 and Cy3 dyes were used, respectively. Immunofluorescence for Laminin (Sigma, 1:200) and cytokeratin was performed in fresh-frozen sections. Nuclear staining was performed using Hochest 33343 (Sigma, 0.1 μg/ml). All frozen sections were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and incubated with primary antibody at 4 °C overnight, followed by incubation with secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 h. Immunofluorescence images were captured in a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal scanning laser microscope.

In situ hybridization

In situ hybridization with isotopes or digoxygenin (DIG) was performed as previously described⁵⁵. Mouse-specific cRNA probes for Rbpj, Bmp2, IL11Rα, Wnt4, Mmp2 and Mmp9 were used for hybridization. Cryosections hybridized with sense probes served as negative controls. Whole mount in situ hybridization of Cerl1 on isolated embryos was performed as previously described⁵⁶.

Co-immunoprecipitation

Decidual cells were isolated as described previously⁵⁷. Nuclear protein was extracted by using nuclear extraction kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Millipore). Protein lysates (1 mg) from decidual cells or Ishikawa cells transfected with c-Myc-tagged Rbpj plasmid were incubated with 4 μg of anti-Rbpj antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or anti-c-Myc antibody (ABclonal) and rotated overnight at 4 °C. Protein Aagarose beads (Thermo) were washed and incubated with protein lysates overnight at 4°C. Immunoprecipitated proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected by immunoblotting using antibody specific to ERα (Dako), Rbpj or c-Myc. The control immunoprecipitation was performed by incubating the lysates with goat IgG (Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology).

Real-time RT-PCR analysis

RT-PCR was performed as described⁵⁸. Total RNA was isolated from uterine tissues or cells with Trizol reagent following the manufacturer's protocol. A total of 1-3 μg RNA was used to synthesize cDNA. The expression levels of different genes were validated by RT-PCR analysis using the ABI 7500 sequence detector system according to manufacturer's instructions (Applied Biosystems). All primers for real-time PCR were listed in Supplementary information, Table S1. Assays were performed at least three times with each in duplicate.

Western blotting

Protein extraction and western blotting were performed as previously described⁵⁵. Antibodies to Rbpj and actin (Sigma) were used. Actin served as a loading control.

Serum P₄ and E₂ level measurement

Mouse blood samples were collected on day 4 (0900 h). Serum P₄ and E₂ levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA).

ChIP analysis

ChIP analyses were performed as previously described⁵⁹. The binding of Rbpj to Mmp2 was assessed by ChIP assay using decidual tissues of day 6 implantation sites. The binding of ERα to IGF-1 and cMyc was assessed by ChIP assay using Ishikawa cell line. The ERE sites on Igf-1 and cMyc were previously described^60,61. In brief, the ChIP assay was performed according to the instructions of ChIP assay Kit (Millipore) with slight modifications. On day 6 of pregnancy, the decidua was isolated from the uterus and cut into small pieces (3-4 mm in length). Tissues were then suspended in 1% formaldehyde (Sigma)-PBS solution for 10 min at room temperature. The crosslinking was terminated by adding glycine to a final concentration 0.125 M. Tissues were then collected by centrifugation at 5 000× g for 5 min at 4 °C and washed twice with ice-cold PBS. Cell pellets were lysed in 1% SDS buffer containing a protease inhibitor. Chromatin was sheared by sonication until the average length of DNA was ∼500 bp as evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The sheared chromatin was diluted in ChIP dilution buffer to a final SDS concentration of 0.1%. Salmon sperm DNA/protein Aagarose slurry was added to preclear the chromatin solution. 1% of the chromatin fragments were stored at −20 °C to be used later for non-precipitated total chromatin (input) for normalization. 99% of chromatin fragments were incubated with 4 μg anti-Rbpj antibody overnight at 4 °C. Normal goat IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was used as a negative control for nonspecific immunoprecipitation. The chromatin-antibody complex was incubated with protein A/G beads for 1 h at 4 °C. The antibody/DNA complex on the agarose beads was then collected by centrifugation. The beads were washed in the order of low salt immune complex buffer, high salt immune complex buffer, LiCl immune complex buffer, and TE buffer provided by the supplier. The beads were suspended in elution buffer and the precipitated protein/DNA complexes were eluted from the antibodies/beads. The resulting protein/DNA complexes were subjected to cross-link reversal in 5 M NaCl at 65 °C for 4 h followed by the addition of 0.5 M EDTA, 1 M Tris-HCl, and 10 μg/ml proteinase K (Sigma) at 45 °C for 1 h. DNA was purified by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation. Specific primers were used to detect immunoprecipitated chromatin fragments, as well as input chromatin (Supplementary information, Table S1).

Zymography

Decidual cells were isolated from Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d females on day 8 of pregnancy. Lysates of decidual fractions were prepared by homogenizing tissue pieces in substrate gel sample buffer for 10 min at 37 °C. Zymography and reverse zymography were performed as previously described⁶².

Cell transfection, MTS and luciferase assay

Ishikawa cells were transfected with plasmids using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The Ishikawa cells were maintained at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂/95% air in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS. Cells were plated in six-well plates and transfected with plasmid DNA (with amounts shown in each figure legend, brought up to 2 μg in total with empty vectors) using Lipofectamine 2000 the next day at a cell confluence of about 80%. Treatment with 0.1% (v/v) DMSO (vehicle) or 100 nM E₂ in medium was performed 12 h after transfection and cells were collected after another 12 h for RNA and protein extraction. For proliferation study, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 10⁴ cells/well and processed following plasmid transfection procedures. Treatment with E₂ in medium was performed for the indicated times as described for each experiment. Cell proliferation was measured as a function of 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide oxidation (MTS Cell Proliferation Assay Kit) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Experiments were performed on three separate occasions.

For luciferase assay, the upstream region of the Mmp2 gene relative to the transcription start site was generated by PCR (Sense: 5′-AGAGATCTA GGAGCTCAGCGTCCTGATTC-3′ anti-sense: 5′-ATAAGCTTGGCTCAGGAG CTCATAACGGG-3′) using uterus genomic DNA as template. The amplified fragments were cloned into pGL3-Basic vectors (Promega). Mutations of the Rbpj-binding sites were achieved by Fast Mutagenesis System (Stratagene). HEK293T cells were kept in DMEM medium plus 10% FBS. All constructs were transiently transfected into 293T cells using Lipofectamine 2000 according to the manufacturer's instructions. pRL-TK, internal control plasmid expressing Renilla (Promega) was co-transfected into the cells to normalize firefly luciferase activity of the reporter plasmids. Cells were collected 48 h after transfection of reporter plasmids and luciferase activities were measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System. Assays were performed at least three times with each in duplicate.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS11.5 program. Comparison of means was performed using student's t-test. Data were shown as means ± SEM.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary information, Figure S1

In situ hybridization of Notch ligands (Dll1, Jag2) and Notch receptors (Notch2, Notch4) and nuclear transducer of Notch (Rbpj).

Supplementary information, Figure S2

LacZ staining in the uteri of Rosa26-LacZ and Rosa26-LacZ/PR-Cre^+/− mice.

Supplementary information, Figure S3

In situ hybridization of decidualizaiton-related genes IL11Ra, Wnt4 and Bmp2 at day 6 of pregnancy in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice.

Supplementary information, Figure S4

Defective embryo orientation and COX2 expression at initial implantation demarcated by co-immunofluorescence of CK and SMA and immunohistochemistry of COX2 in Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d implantation sites on day 5.5.

Supplementary information, Figure S5

In some Rbpj^d/d uteri, embryo orientation remains relatively normal as in Rbpj^f/f, although there are also branched epithelial crypts (as indicated by arrows).

Supplementary information, Figure S6

Rbpj^f/f and Rbpj^d/d mice have comparable levels of ovarian steroid hormones as well as uterine expression of their receptors.

Supplementary information, Figure S7

Rbpj^d/d females show abnormal decidua remodeling.

Supplementary information, Figure S8

The expression levels of Mmp2 and Mmp9 as revealed by in situ hybridization were significantly decreased in the Rbpj^d/d females on days 6-8 in the implantation sites.

Supplementary information, Figure S9

Representative cross-sections of Rbpj^f/f, Rbpj^d/d and ICI treated Rbpj^d/d implantation sites on Day 8 of pregnancy.

Supplementary information, Table S1

Primer list