Efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B: A randomized controlled study

Abstract

AIM: To observe the efficiency and safety of thymosin-α1 treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA positive chronic hepatitis.

METHODS: Sixty-two patients were randomly divided into groups A and B. The patients in group A received subcutaneous injection of 1.6 mg thymosin-α1, twice a week (T-α1 group) for six months, and the patients in group B received 5 MU interferon alpha (IFN-α) each day for fifteen days, then three times weekly (IFN-α group) for six months. The results between two groups treated with and the group untreated with IFN-α which was followed up for 12 mo (historical control group consisting of 30 patients) were compared, and three groups were comparable between each other (P > 0.05) at baseline (age, sex, clinical history, biochemical, and serological parameters).

RESULTS: At the end of treatment, complete response, which was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization and HBV DNA and HBeAg loss, occurred in 9 of 29 (31.0%) patients in the T-α1 group and in 15 of 33 (45.5%) patients in the IFN-α group (χ² = 1.36, P > 0.05). After a follow-up period of six months, a complete response was observed in 14 of 29 (48.3%) patients in the T-α1 group and in 9 of 33 (27.3%) patients in the IFN-α group (χ² = 2.93, P > 0.05). Compared with the results observed in the historical control (HC) group untreated with IFN-α which was followed up for 12 mo, the rate of complete response was significantly higher in IFN-α group at the end of therapy (1 of 30 vs 15 of 33, χ² = 14.72, P < 0.001) and in the T-α1 group at the end of follow-up (1 of 30 vs 14 of 29, χ² = 15.71, P < 0.001). In T-α1 and IFN-α treatment groups, the area under (the plasma concentration time) curve (AUC) of negative HBV DNA and HBeAg was 34%, 17%, 31% and 19% smaller than that in the HC group. By the end of the follow-up period, the proportions of ALT normalization and negative HBV DNA in the T-α1 group were significantly higher than those in the IFN-α and HC groups. The odds of ALT normalization and negative HBV DNA at the end of the follow-up was three-fold higher in the T-α1 group than in the IFN-α group. Unlike IFN-α, T-α1 was well tolerated by all patients, and no side effects appeared in T-α1 group.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a 6-mo course of T-α1 therapy is effective and safe in patients with chronic hepatitis B. T-α1 is able to reduce HBV replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Furthermore, T-α1 is better tolerated than IFN-α and can gradually induce more sustained ALT normalization and HBV DNA and HBeAg loss. However, a response rate of 48.3% is still less ideal. A more effective therapeutic approach warrants further study.

INTRODUCTION

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious problem worldwide and may result in adverse sequelae, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)[1-2], which is becoming more prevalent worldwide, especially in HBV-endemic areas[3-4]. According to the World Health Organization estimation, more than 350 million people are infected with HBV worldwide, of them up to 20% will become chronic HBV carriers, and 50% would develop chronic liver disease with a significant risk of developing liver cirrhosis and HCC[4]. Despite the introduction of universal vaccination against hepatitis B in over 100 countries, persistent HBV infection is still a serious problem worldwide, causing one million deaths each year[4-6]. It may take several decades to reduce its transmission and morbidity by vaccination. Meanwhile, patients with persistent HBV infection require better antiviral therapeutic modalities than the currently available ones[4]. The ultimate goal of therapy for chronic hepatitis B is to prevent its progression to cirrhosis and development of HCC. Recent prospective studies from Taiwan indicate that higher plasma HBV DNA levels in persons infected with HBV are associated with increased risk of developing HCC, reinforcing the importance of controlling viral replication among patients with chronic hepatitis B[7-10].

Over the past 20 years, many antiviral or immunomo-dulatory agents have been used in the treatment of chronic HBV infection[11-20]. Among them, interferon alpha (IFN-α), has been shown to be effective against chronic HBV infection, and induces an apparent initial response in approximately 30%-40% of treated patients[21-23]. However, the response rate is far from satisfactory, particularly in Asian patients. The relapse rate after treatment withdrawal is high[24].

Lamivudine suppresses viral replication, resulting in HBeAg seroconversion in 16%-17% of patients and histologic improvement in 52%-56% patients after one year of therapy[25,26]. However, within four years, the rate of emergence of lamivudine-resistant HBV mutants approaches 70%[27-30], which is usually associated with a rebound in viral load and exacerbation of hepatitis[31-34]. Pegylated-interferon alfa-2a (IFNα- 2a) appears to have a better efficacy than lamivudine HBeAg seroconversion rate was 32%, 27% and 19%, respectively in pegylated- IFNα-2a monotherapy, plus Lamivudine and lamivudine monotherapy; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization was 41%, 39% and 28%, respectively in HBeAg-positive patients 6 mo after 48-wk treatment. However, the rate of adverse events associated with pegylated IFNα-2a is higher than that of lamivudine[35]. Patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B treated with pegylated IFNα-2a have a significantly higher rate of response which could sustain for 24 wk after the therapy (monotherapy or in combination with lamivudine) than those treated with lamivudine monotherapy. After 24 wk of follow-up, the percentages of patients with ALT normalization or HBV DNA level below 20 000 copies/mm³ are 59%, 43%, 60% and 44% vs 44% (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003) and 29% (P = 0.007 and P = 0.003)[36].

Thymosin-α1 (T-α1) is an immune modifier that can trigger maturational events in lymphocytes, augment T-cell function, and promote reconstitution of immune defects[37]. T-α1 has been shown to promote disease remission and cessation of HBV replication in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B without significant side effects[38,39]. Clinical trials using T-α1 in the treatment of patients with immunodeficiency or cancer indicate that this agent is nontoxic, enhances immune responsiveness and augments specific lymphocyte functions, including lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens, maturation of T-cells, antibody production, and T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity[40-42]. On the basis of these observations, we conducted a randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of T-α1 vs INF-α therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

Sixty-two Chinese patients were enrolled in the study. All met the following criteria for entry: age 18-60 years, presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in serum for at least 12 mo, positive serum tests for HBV DNA documented on at least two occasions and at least 3 mo apart 12-mo before entry, aminotransferase levels higher than 1.5 times the upper normal limit for at least 12 mo, and liver biopsy taken within 3 mo before enrollment showing chronic hepatitis. Eligible patients with evidence of cirrhosis were also included. Patients treated with immunosuppressive or antiviral therapy within 1 year before entry, and those with concurrent hepatitis C virus, hepatitis delta virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections, causes of liver disease other than HBV, intravenous drug abuse, pregnancy, malignancy, chronic renal failure, or other serious medical illness that might interfere with this trial were excluded.

Another 30 patients with the same virological and clinical characteristics, never treated with IFN-α and followed up for at least 12 mo were used as a historical control (HC) group to evaluate the efficacy of the therapies.

Methods

The 62 patients were randomly divided into two groups to receive either subcutaneous injection of T-α1 twice a week for 6 mo or of 5 MU IFN-α once a day for 15 d, then 3 times weekly for 6 mo. The patients in HC group were followed up without specific treatment. All patients were assigned to receive general liver-protecting medication in the first month.

Efficacy and safety analysis was performed for all randomized patients who received both thymosin-α1 and interferon-α medication dose in the study. Two predetermined primary measures of efficacy assessed after 24 wk of treatment-free follow-up were HBeAg seroconversion (defined by the loss of HBeAg and the presence of anti-HBe antibody) and suppression of HBV DNA to levels below 1000 copies per milliliter. Secondary efficacy measures assessed after 24 wk of treatment-free follow-up included the combined response (HBeAg seroconversion, normalization of ALT levels, and suppression of HBV DNA levels to below 1000 copies per milliliter). Measures of safety included adverse events, vital signs, hematologic measurements, clinical and chemical measurements, and routine urinalysis. The severity of adverse events was graded on a three-point scale (mild, moderate, and severe), and causality was determined by the investigator. These safety parameters were assessed at wk 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and every four weeks thereafter throughout the treatment and during the follow-up.

All patients were assessed biweekly for the first 2 mo, and then monthly for 12 mo. Clinical and laboratory assessments consisted of a detailed history, including post injection symptoms and physical examination, routine serum biochemical tests [serum ALT, aspartate transaminase (AST), r-glutamine transpeptidase (r-GT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), albumin, globulin, bilirubin, etc], complete cell count, markers of HBV replication and urine analysis. All biochemical and hematological tests were performed with routine automated techniques. HBV-markers (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcAb, and Igm HBcAb) were measured at virological laboratory by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum HBV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Responses were evaluated both at the end of therapy and at the end of follow-up. A complete virological response was defined as a sustained loss of serum HBeAg in association with the disappearance of serum HBV DNA during the 12-mo study period. A biochemical response was defined as sustained normalization of serum ALT. At the end of treatment and follow-up, a complete response was defined as HBV DNA and HBeAg clearance from the serum and normalization of ALT activity. Relapse was assessed on the basis of ALT flare and/or HBV DNA/HBeAg reappearance during the follow-up period.

Statistical analysis

Initial calculation was performed with a sample size of 20 patients per treatment group, which provided a statistical power of 80% at the 0.025 level of significance to detect the difference in negative HBV DNA (suppression below 1000 copies per milliliter) rates of 45% vs 6.7% or HBeAg seroconversion rates of 40% vs 3.3%. The sample size increased in 25 patients to allow for withdrawals.

Differences in the final virological and biochemical response rates of two treatment groups and the non-treatment group were compared using the chi square test or Fisher’s exact test when the expected number in the cells was below 5. Odds ratio and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were also computed. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Of the 92 patients enrolled in the study, 30 were never treated with IFN-α for HBV infection, 2 were non-responders to earlier IFN-α therapy who received T-α1 in the study, 29 patients were randomized to receive T-α1 and 33 to receive IFN-α. All patients completed the 6-mo follow-up period. No significant difference in age, sex, clinical history, biochemical, histological and serological parameters was found among the 3 groups (Table 1).

Table 1.

Characteristics of the patients at entry to the study¹

Characteristics	HBeAg-positive CHB
	T-α1 group	IFN-α group	HC group
Number	29	33	30
Male: Female	26:3	27:6	21:9
Age (yr)2	45 ± 8	42 ± 11	44 ± 10
Duration of infection (yr)2	10.8 ± 5.6	9.3 ± 4.7	9.6 ± 5.5
Cirrhosis at entry	2	3	2
Previous 1FN therapy	2	0	0
Serum ALT (U/L)2	177.79 ± 58.82	189.94 ± 63.08	183.5 ± 68.32
Serum AST (U/L)	167.72 ± 34.19	154.27 ± 73.34	141.8 ± 49.85
Albumin (g/L)2	44 ± 9	47 ± 8	45 ± 8
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	18.57 ± 9.65	17.92 ± 9.22	16.68 ± 8.72
Serum HBV DNA (copies/mL)3
< 5.0 × 105 copies/mL	10 (34%)	15 (45%)	13 (43%)
≥ 5.0 × 105 copies/mL	19 (66%)	18 (55%)	17 (57%)

¹No significant differences were observed among groups.

²Data are expressed as mean ± SD.

³Data are expressed as n (%). Normal values: ALT < 40 IU/L; AST < 40 IU/L; albumin = 35-55 g/L; total bilirubin < 17 μmol/L. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; HBV: hepatitis B virus; T-α1: thymosin - α1; IFN-α: interferon -α; HC: historical control.

The biochemical and virological modifications at the end of treatment and follow-up period in the two treated groups and the biochemical and virological events in the HC group are listed in Tables 2 and 3 and Figure 1.

Table 2.

Response to treatment at the end of therapy n (%)

	T-α1 (n = 29)	IFN-α (n = 33)	HC (after 6 mo of follow-up) (n = 30)
ALT normalization	11 (37.9)	16 (48.5)b	5 (16.7)
Negative HBV DNA	16 (55.2)c	22 (66.7)c	2 (6.7)
ALT normal/nagative HBeAg & HBVDNA	9 (31.0)b	15 (45.5)c	1 (3.3)

^bP < 0.01 vs HC;

^cP < 0.001 vs HC.

Table 3.

Response to treatment at the end of follow-up n (%)

	T-α1 (n = 29)	IFN-α (n = 33)	HC (after 12 mo of follow-up) (n = 30)
ALT normalization	17 (58.6)cf	10 (30.3)	3 (10)
Negative HBV DNA	21 (72.4)df	13 (39.4)b	2 (6.7)
ALT normal/nagative HBeAg & HBVDNA	14 (48.3)f	9 (27.3)a	1 (3.3)
HBeAg & HBV DNA

^aP < 0.05 vs HC;

^cP < 0.05 vs IFN;

^bP<0.01 vs HC;

^dP < 0.01 vs IFN;

^fP < 0.001 vs HC.

Figure 1.

Rates of virologic response (A, B) and biochemical response (C) during the 12-mo study period. A virologic response was defined as a serum HBV DNA loss (HBV DNA level of less than 1000 copies per milliliter) and a serum HBeAg loss. A biochemical response was defined as the normalization of alanine aminotransferase levels.

At the end of treatment, IFN treatment group had the highest ALT normalization followed by the T-α1 and HC groups, with no statistical significance. The IFN treatment group also had the highest rate of negative HBV DNA and other combined favorable results, differing from those of the HC group but not from those of the T-α1 group. During the follow-up period, the results were however more favorable in the T-α1 group. This group had seven additional patients showing HBV DNA loss (at mo 2-4 in 4 patients and at mo 6 in 3 patients, respectively), whereas HBV DNA reappeared in two patients (at mo 3 and 5, respectively). In the group receiving IFN-α, HBV DNA reappeared in 9 patients (in 3 patients at mo 1, 4 at mo 2 and 2 at mo 3), while no one lost HBV DNA. In the HC group, HBV DNA became negative in 3 of 30 patients (at mo 5, 6, and 11, respectively), whereas HBV DNA reappeared in one patient (at mo 7).

HBV DNA loss was significantly higher in the T-α1 and IFN-α groups than in the HC group at the end of therapy (χ² = 16.36, P < 0.001 and χ² = 23.99, P < 0.001, respectively) and follow-up period (χ² = 26.81, P < 0.001 and χ² = 9.28, P < 0.01, respectively). The rates of seroconversion of HBeAg antibody in the T-α1, IFN-α and HC groups were 31.0% (9/29), 45.5% (15/33) and 3.3% (1/30), respectively at the end of treatment, and 48.3% (14/29), 27.3% (9/33) and 3.3% (1/30), respectively at the end of follow-up. Serum ALT levels returned to the normal range in 11 of 29 patients given T-α1, in 16 of 33 patients in IFN-α group at the end of treatment and in 5 of 30 of the HC group after 6 mo of follow-up. During the follow-up period, 7 additional patients receiving T-α1 had normal ALT and one patient showed ALT flare, whereas 6 patients of the IFN-α group showed ALT flare, and no one had normal ALT. In the HC group, two patients had normal ALT during months 6 and 12 of follow-up and ALT flare was seen in 4 patients who had normal ALT during the first 6 mo of follow-up. At the end of the study period a complete response (ALT normalization and HBV DNA/HBeAg loss) was observed in 14 of 29 (48.3%) patients treated with T-α1, in 9 of 33 (27.3%) receiving IFN-α, and in 1 of 30 (3.3%) in HC group (T-α1 vs IFN-α and HC, χ² = 2.93, P > 0.05 and χ² = 15.71, P < 0.001).

As shown in the graphs (Figure 1), the AUC of HBV DNA and negative HBeAg was 31% and 19% smaller in IFN-α-treated subjects than in HC subjects. The AUC of ALT normalization was 1.5% greater in IFN-α-treated subjects than in HC subjects. The AUC of HBV DNA and negative HBeAg was 34% and 17% smaller in T-α1 treated subjects than in HC subjects, and was 2.2% greater in IFN-α-treated subjects than in HC subjects. The AUC of HBV DNA and negative HBeAg in T-α1 group was 2.9% and 1.6% smaller than in IFN-α-treated subjects.

By the end of the follow-up period, the proportions of ALT normalization and negative HBV DNA in the T-α1 group were significantly higher than those in the IFN-α and HC groups. The odds of ALT normalization and negative HBV DNA at the end of the follow-up was more than three-fold higher in the T-α1 group than in the IFN-α group (Table 4).

Table 4.

Response to treatment between thymosin-a1 & IFN-a groups

	At the end of therapy OR (95% CI)	At the end of follow-up OR (95% CI)
ALT normalization	0.65 (0.21, 2.01)	3.19 (1.02, 10.61)a
HBVDNA-negation	0.62 (0.19, 1.94)	3.94 (1.23, 13.69)b
HBeAg-negation	0.55 (0.17, 1.72)	2.45 (0.77, 8.23)
ALT normal/ HBeAg & HBVDNA-negation	0.55 (0.17, 1.72)	2.45 (0.77, 8.23)

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs IFN-α.

Typical side effects of IFN-α treatment, such as flu-like syndrome, fatigue, irritability, and headache, were seen in most of the patients treated with IFN-α. However, no serious or long-term side effects were noted and no patients discontinued the treatment. Therapy with T-α1 was not associated with significant side effects. Three patients reported local discomfort at injection sites. No systemic or constitutional symptoms were observed after T-α1 administration.

DISCUSSION

The results of the present randomized, controlled trial have shown that T-α1 therapy at a dose of 1.6 mg via subcutaneous injection, twice a week for 6 mo, is effective and safe in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Compared with IFN-α, T-α1 has a slower speed but more sustainable and better end results of virological clearance. Nearly 50% of the treated patients became seronegative for HBeAg and HBV DNA 6 mo after the therapy. This response rate was not only significantly higher than that of the spontaneous seroconversion rate (3.3% in this study), but also obviously higher than the response to IFN-α therapy alone (27.3%) assessed 6 mo after the therapy, suggesting that T-α1 has the same efficacy as IFN-α in inducing clinical and virological remission of chronic hepatitis. The rate of response in terms of ALT normalization and/or HBV DNA and/or HBeAg loss was not significantly different in the T-α1 group compared with the IFN-α group at the end of the treatment (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the rate of response between the two groups at the end of the follow-up period (P < 0.05). The normalization of serum ALT and loss of HBV DNA and HBeAg was observed more frequently in the IFN-α group at the end of therapy and in the T-α1 group at the end of the follow-up period. Furthermore, the response to the treatment was observed also in the T-α1 group during the follow-up period, but not in the IFN-α group. On the basis of these results and considering that ALT normalization and negative HBV DNA and HBeAg may spontaneously occur in untreated patients, we retrospectively compared the two treated groups with a untreated group which was followed up for at least 12 mo. The results showed that a significant higher rate of complete response occurred in the IFN-α group at the end of therapy and in the T-α1 group at the end of follow-up period than that in the HC group.

The benefit of T-α1 was not immediately significant at the end of therapy and complete virological response had a tendency to increase or accumulate gradually after the therapy in our study. In contrast, the effect of IFN-α was relatively more quick but less sustainable. The beneficial effect of T-α1 has been reported in a multicenter American trial in which 5 of the 12 responders to T-α1 therapy showed a delayed response[43]. This is in contrast to therapy with IFN-α, in which responses usually occur during the first 4 mo of treatment. These contrasting patterns of response have been demonstrated in a recent Italian study involving HBeAg-negative, HBV DNA-positive, interferon-naive patients with a higher ALT level (181 ± 159 U/L), in which the complete response (ALT normalization and HBV DNA loss) rate increased gradually from 29.4% at the end of therapy to 41.2% 6 mo after the T-α1 therapy, the response to IFN therapy decreased from 43.8% at the end of therapy to 25% 6 mo after the therapy[44]. This delayed effect of T-α1 has also been reported by Chien et al[45,46] in patients with chronic hepatitis B recently.

The reasons for the delayed effect of T-α1 are not clear. The delayed response is not likely a result of direct antiviral effects similar to those of interferon. T-α1 may exert an immunoregulatory function that promotes the endogenous antiviral immune response, improves the effectiveness and coordination of the host cellular immune mechanisms in clearing HBV-infected hepatocytes. It was reported that patients treated with T-α1 have a higher peripheral blood helper T cell count (CD4) and IFN- r production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells during and after the T-α1 therapy[39]. In view of the immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of liver injuries in chronic HBV infection, it is possible that T-α1 may activate viral-specific helper T cells, result in the amplification of humoral immune response to viral proteins, induce viral antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes through secreting endogenous IFN-α, IFN-r, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor, and increase lymphocyte interleukin-2 receptor expression[47-58]. Moreover, T-α1 is able to stimulate natural killer activity by acting synergistically with endogenous IFN-α and IFN-β[41]. Although T-α1 is not known to possess antiviral properties, it was reported that this agent is able to inhibit woodchuck hepatitis virus replication[59,60], suggesting that the delayed effect after T-α1 therapy in the present study is possibly caused by the immunomodulating effect of T-α1 that induces persistently higher helper T-cell function. Because noncytolytic inhibition of HBV RNA, nucleocapsid particles, and replicative DNA intermediates by cytotoxic T lymphocytes has been described in the transgenic mouse model[61,62], it is also possible that viral clearance after T-α1 therapy, particularly preceding ALT flare, is mediated by noncytolytic antiviral effects of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible mechanisms.

In addition to having better HBV clearance, T-α1 is also more tolerable than IFN-α and has no side effects. These together with a small number of weekly injections could favor better patient compliance.

In conclusion, the results of this trial indicate that a 6-mo T-α1 therapy is safe and effective in arresting HBV replication and reducing lobular activity in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Furthermore, T-α1 is better tolerated than IFN-α, and may gradually induce more sustained ALT normalization and HBV DNA/HBeAg loss. A more effective therapeutic approach warrants further study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors acknowledge the cooperation of the staff of the Department of Hepatopathy of Third Kunming Municipal People’s Hospital, the Department of Internal Medicine of Third People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province and Yunnan General Hospital of The Chinese People's Armed Police Forces for participating in the research project. The authors are indebted to the staff of the Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, for their critical analysis of the study data, and especially thank Professor Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong for providing excellent advice and review and technical assistance.