Abstract
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was revolutionized during the last decade with the development of new biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) enabling the targeting of immune cells and cytokines other than tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Subcutaneous formulations of the newer biologic DMARDs facilitate not only patients’ emancipation from the hospital, but reduce both societal and medical costs. Intravenous tocilizumab (TCZ) in RA has an efficacy and safety profile similar to anti-TNF in both the short and long-term. However, TCZ can be administered in monotherapy without loss of efficacy when patients do not tolerate methotrexate or synthetic DMARDs. TCZ is consistently found superior to methotrexate and possibly superior to adalimumab in monotherapy in randomized controlled trials. Subcutaneous administration of TCZ is as effective and safe as its intravenous administration in RA patients during the first year of treatment. Similar to intravenous TCZ, patients’ weight and possibly previous use of anti-TNF influence the efficacy of subcutaneous TCZ. Additionally, combination with synthetic DMARDs seems to expose RA patients to more adverse events independently of its administration route. Pharmacokinetics of different administration routes could potentially lead to differences in efficacy, adverse events, and auto-immunogenicity. The concentration of free TCZ before new TCZ dose (C trough) is higher in the subcutaneous route, while the maximal concentration of free TCZ is higher in the intravenous route. The subcutaneous dosages of TCZ 162 mg every week, and every 2 weeks in RA patients with low body weight (<60 kg) work well. Nevertheless, dosage and intervals of subcutaneous TCZ administration could be adjusted during the course of treatment since 80% of non-Japanese RA patients with usually higher body weight achieved similar efficacy with the low TCZ dosage in combination with a synthetic DMARD. Patients want effective, easy-to-administer therapy with sustained prolonged efficacy without the need of polypharmacy and with minimal to no side effects. Subcutaneous TCZ in RA patients in monotherapy seems to live up to patients’ expectations.
Keywords: tocilizumab, subcutaneous, rheumatoid arthritis, pharmacokinetic, safety, efficacy
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory auto-immune disease responsible for articular and extra-articular affection. Clinical features of RA include symmetric polyarthritis of small joints and morning stiffness.1 More than a third of RA patients eventually experience work disability2 and life expectancy is shortened by 3–5 years due to disease and treatment-related adverse effects.3
Major advances in the management of RA are early diagnosis4 and prompt aggressive treatment aiming at remission.5 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations6 and treatment algorithms serving as pragmatic approaches in the management of RA1 have been published and have become standard-of-care.
Glucocorticoids, synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) and in the last 20 years biologic DMARD are used to treat RA. A combination of synthetic DMARD – especially methotrexate (MTX) – and biologic DMARD (anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), abatacept, rituximab, and tocilizumab [TCZ]) is recommended in patients responding inadequately to MTX after 3–6 months.6 Previous preference for a combination of anti-TNF and MTX is no longer suggested in the last EULAR recommendations since abatacept and TCZ are as effective and safe as anti-TNF.6
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in inflammation and infection responses, but also in the regulation of metabolic, regenerative, and neural processes.7 IL-6 targets cells with membrane bound IL-6 receptors (classic signaling), but also all other cells since IL-6 binds to the soluble form of IL-6 receptor which interacts with the signaling receptor protein gp130 (trans-signaling).7 Pro-inflammatory responses of Il-6 are rather mediated by trans-signaling.7 In RA patients, levels of IL-6 are increased in the synovial fluid and tissue and correlate with C-reactive protein (CRP) and disease activity.8
TCZ is a recombinant humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody approved in RA (intravenously at the dose of 4–8 mg/kg every 4 weeks [q4w]) and in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (from 8–12 mg/kg every 2 weeks [q2w]) in Europe and the US.9 TCZ has also been used in Castleman disease and in non-RA systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as adult-onset Still’s disease, giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, relapsing polychondritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis.9
Subcutaneous formulations of biologic DMARD other than anti-TNF, such as abatacept10 and TCZ in RA, have been developed in order to facilitate their use outside hospitals by permitting self-administration. The use of subcutaneous biologic agents other than anti-TNF could also be attractive in patients with non-RA systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
A systematic search of the literature conducted prior to March 2014 with PubMed of the US National Library of Medicine and Google scholar using the key terms tocilizumab and subcutaneous identified two phase I/II and three phase III studies of subcutaneous TCZ in RA patients.11–16 The objective of the review is to present the available data concerning the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of subcutaneous TCZ in RA patients.
Main differences between studies
BREVACTA and SUMMACTA were global studies and comprised patients with RA from North and South America, Europe, and Asia (other than Japan),13–15 whereas MATSURI and MUSASHI only comprised Japanese patients (see Table 1).12,16
Table 1.
Characteristics of studies of subcutaneous tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis patients
| Phase | Type of study | Number of patients | Treatment arms | DMARD | Primary endpoint | Study duration | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MATSURI (Japan)12 | I/II dose escalation | Open trial | 8, 12, 12 | 81 mg q2w SC 162 mg q2w SC 162 mg qw SC |
None | Serum TCZ concentration | 24 w | None |
| BREVACTA (worldwide)13,14 | III db | RCT | 437 vs 219 | TCZ 162 mg q2w SC vs placebo | With | ACR20 | 24 w | Open label during 72 w |
| SUMMACTA (worldwide)15 | III db, dd | Non-inferiority RCT | 558 vs 537 | TCZ 162 mg qw SC vs TCZ 8 mg/kg q4w IV | With | ACR20 | 24 w | Open label during 72 w |
| MUSASHI (Japan)16 | III db, dd | Non-inferiority RCT | 159 vs 156 | TCZ 162 mg q2w SC vs TCZ 8 mg/kg q4w IV | None | ACR20 | 24 w | NA |
Abbreviations: ACR, American College of Rheumatology response rate 20; db, double-blind; dd, double dummy; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; IV, intravenous; NA, not available; qw, every week; q2w, every two weeks; q4w, every 4 weeks; RCT, randomized controlled study; SC, subcutaneous; TCZ, tocilizumab; vs, versus; w, weeks.
MATSURI was a phase I/II study that aimed to determine the appropriate dose of TCZ in Japanese RA patients,12 whereas the three other studies were phase III studies that aimed to establish the efficacy of subcutaneous TCZ formulation against placebo13,14 and against intravenous TCZ administration.15,16 The primary outcome of the two studies comparing subcutaneous and intravenous TCZ was to demonstrate the non-inferiority of subcutaneous TCZ when compared to intravenous TCZ with regard to efficacy.15,16 The non-inferiority margins used in the SUMMACTA and MUSASHI studies, 12% and 18% respectively, were defined empirically.15,16 The choice of the non-inferiority margin in the MUSASHI study was determined as a third of the difference of American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 response (≥20% improvement in swollen joint count and in tender joint count plus ≥20% improvement in three of the following domains: Patient pain, patient global disease activity, physician global disease activity, physical function and acute-phase reactants ESR or CRP) between TCZ and placebo from the SATORI study.17
All patients included in these studies had an inadequate response to both synthetic and biologic DMARD therapy: 20% had failed anti-TNF treatment prior to receiving TCZ.13–16
Patients’ inclusion criteria were six or more swollen joints (66-joint count) and eight of more tender joints (68-joint counts) in the BREVACTA and MUSASHI studies,13,14,16 while the SUMMACTA study included patients with four or more swollen joints and four or more tender joints.15 Even though the criteria were stricter in the SUMMACTA study, the means of the swollen joint count (SJC), the tender joint count (TJC), and DAS28 (disease activity score) were equivalent in both the SUMMACTA and MUSASHI studies,15,16 suggesting greater variability in the SJC and TJC in the SUMMACTA study.15 CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also inclusion criteria that were equal between studies: CRP was 10 mg/L or higher and ESR was 28–30 mm/h or higher.15,16
The three phase III studies permitted RA patients to continue their oral glucocorticoids (≤10 mg/day prednisolone or equivalent) and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during the course of the study.13–16 Nevertheless, the TCZ dosage and the use of concomitant DMARD was different in these three studies. The BREVACTA and SUMMACTA studies included patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ in combination with a stable dose of DMARD.13,14,16 In the SUMMACTA study patients received TCZ 162 mg weekly,16 while patients in the BREVACTA study received TCZ 162 mg q2w.13,14 In the BREVACTA study, 11% of the patients increased TCZ to a weekly dose since they had less than 20% improvement in their SJC and TJC between week 12 and 48.14 In the MUSASHI study, patients received TCZ 162 mg q2w in monotherapy without any washout periods for synthetic DMARDs.16
Baseline characteristics of RA patients were not available in the BREVACTA study, but were available in the other studies. RA patients were comparable in terms of sex distribution, age, disease duration, disease activity (TJC, SJC, DAS28), physician’s global assessment of disease activity, rheumatoid factor positivity, and CRP levels at baseline.15,16 Non-Japanese RA patients were heavier than Japanese: means of 74 versus (vs) 54 kg.15,16 Japanese patients had lower pain scores and lower global assessment of disease activity than non-Japanese,15,16 possibly reflecting cultural differences between the enrolled patients. RA patients in the MUSASHI studies were more often anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) positive – 90% vs 73% – and used daily oral glucocorticoids more often 69%–59% vs 54%.15,16 Of interest, patients in the subcutaneous treatment arm were treated more frequently with glucocorticoids than the intravenous arm in the MUSASHI study.16
TCZ pharmacokinetics
(See Table 2). A previous phase II study in RA patients receiving intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg q2w determined that a concentration of free TCZ above 1 μg/mL in the serum enables the binding of 95% of the soluble IL-6 receptor inhibiting IL-6 actions and doubling the IL-6 serum levels after 2 weeks.11 Serum concentration of free TCZ above 1 μg/mL also normalized CRP in RA patients.11
Table 2.
Pharmacokinetics of different subcutaneous tocilizumab dosages compared to intravenous tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis patients
| TCZ dose | C max μg/mL 1 dose | C max μg/mL during the study | Mean AUC μg h/mL | Steady state weeks | C trough μg/mL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MATSURI12 | 81 mg q2w SC 162 mg q2w SC 162 mg qw SC |
3.4 11 11 |
NA NA NA |
NA NA NA |
NA 15 15 |
NA 6–9 25–30 at 15 w |
| BREVACTA13 | 162 mg q2w SC + DMARD | 10 | 17 at week 12 | 4,088 during weeks 12 to 14 | 20 | 7.4 at 24 w |
| SUMMACTA15 | 162 mg qw SC vs 8 mg/kg q4w IV + DMARD | NA | 53 vs 233 at week 20 | 30,168 vs 41,304 during weeks 20 to 24 | 12 | 42 vs 18 at 24 w |
| MUSASHI16 | 162 mg q2w SC vs 8 mg/kg q4w IV monotherapy | NA | NA | NA | 12 | 11 vs 12 at 24 w |
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; C max, maximal serum concentration of tocilizumab; C trough, pre-dose tocilizumab serum concentration; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; IV, intravenous; NA, not available; qw, every week; q2w, every two weeks; q4w, every 4 weeks; SC, subcutaneous; TCZ, tocilizumab; vs, versus; w, weeks.
In all the studies, RA patients receiving TCZ either 162 mg weekly or q2w achieved a serum concentration of pre-dose TCZ (C trough) largely above 1 μg/mL.12–16
Japanese patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ 162 mg q2w and intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg q4w had similar pharmacokinetics.12,16 However, when subcutaneous TCZ 162 mg was administered weekly in non-Japanese patients, the C trough level was two times higher than the C trough level of intravenous TCZ.15 On the other hand, RA patients receiving intravenous TCZ had higher maximal serum concentrations of free TCZ (C max) and a higher area under the curve.15
While the steady state of free TCZ concentration was achieved at week 12 in both the SUMMACTA and MUSASHI studies using two different subcutaneous TCZ dosages,15,16 time to steady state seemed dependent on the TCZ dosage and the weight of RA patients. Administration of intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg q2w led to a steady state at 6 weeks11 while it took 12 weeks when intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg was administered q4w.15,16 While using the same subcutaneous dose of TCZ, the steady state was attained later in non-Japanese RA patients than in Japanese,13,14,16 possibly due to weight differences between patients.13,14 The time to steady state became equivalent between Japanese and non-Japanese RA patients when subcutaneous TCZ 162 mg was administered weekly in non-Japanese patients.15
Eighty to 91% of the RA patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ 162 mg q2w in the MUSASHI study had serum free TCZ concentrations above 1 μg/mL after 4 weeks16 inhibiting the IL-6 actions and normalizing CRP. In the SUMMACTA study, CRP and ESR were slightly lower in RA patients receiving subcutaneous 162 mg weekly than in patients receiving intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg q4w, possibly due to higher C trough with subcutaneous TCZ.15
TCZ efficacy
(See Table 3). Intravenous TCZ is effective in RA either in monotherapy or in combination with DMARD/MTX in both naïve patients and patients with an inadequate response to DMARD after 24 weeks.18,19 ACR20 response ranged from 56%–80%, ACR50 response from 39%–64% and ACR70 response from 16%–44%.19 Combination therapy of intravenous TCZ and MTX was not superior to TCZ monotherapy in patients with an inadequate response to DMARD.19,20
Table 3.
Efficacy of subcutaneous tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate response to DMARD
| TCZ dose | Week | ACR20% | ACR50–70%* | DAS28<2.6% | CDAI≤2.8% | Boolean % | HAQ-DI≥0.3% | Insufficient response % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MATSURI12 | 81 mg q2w SC | 24 | 38 | 38–38 | 50 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 162 mg q2w SC | 24 | 83 | 83–50 | 83 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 162 mg qw SC | 24 | 92 | 92–67 | 100 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| BREVACTA13,14 | 162 mg q2w SC | 24 | 61 | 40–20 | 32 | NA | NA | 58 | 0.9 |
| + DMARD | 48 | 62 | 45–26 | 45 | NA | NA | 62 | ||
| SUMMACTA15 | 162 mg qw SC | 24 | 68 | 46–24 | 37 | 14 | 11 | 65 | 1.7 |
| + DMARD | |||||||||
| MUSASHI16 | 162 mg q2w SC monotherapy | 24 | 79 | 64–37 | 50 | 16 | 16 | 57 | 1.7 |
| SUMMACTA and MUSASHI studies15,16 | 8 mg/kg IV q4w | 24 | 70 | 47–27 | 38 | 15 | 11 | 67 | 1.3 |
| 8 mg/kg IV q4w | 24 | 89 | 67–41 | 62 | 23 | 16 | 68 | 0.6 | |
Note:
The numbers listed first in this column refer to the percentage of the patients achieving the ACR50 response, and the numbers listed second in this column refer to the percentage of patients achieving the ACR70 response. By definition, all the patients achieving ACR70 achieve ACR50.
Abbreviations: ACR, American College of Rheumatology response rate; CDAI, clinical disease activity index; DAS, disease activity score; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; HAQ-DI, health assessment questionnaire disability index; IV, intravenous; NA, not available; qw, every week; q2w, every two weeks; q4w, every four weeks; SC, subcutaneous; TCZ, tocilizumab.
In the three phase III studies, subcutaneous TCZ used either in monotherapy or in combination with DMARD had similar ACR responses compared to the intravenous TCZ literature and were not statistically inferior to the intravenous TCZ arms.15,16 DAS28 remission (DAS28<2.6), clinical disease activity index (CDAI) and Boolean remission index were equal in both the subcutaneous and the intravenous administration of TCZ either in monotherapy or in combination with DMARD.15,16
ACR responses were lower in RA patients with anti-TNF failure with ACR20–50–70 responses of 50%, 28%, and 11%, respectively.19 In the ACT-SURE study (an open-label study close to clinical practice) RA patients with previous anti-TNF failure had lower DAS28 remission rates compared with anti-TNF naïve patients: 50% and 62%, respectively.21 However, in the MUSASHI study, prior use of anti-TNF did not influence the efficacy of the subcutaneous TCZ treatment arm, whereas body mass index (BMI) in the fourth quartile (from 23.4 to 29.6 kg/m2) decreased the ACR20–50–70 response rates significantly.16 Similarly, the ACR response rates of the heaviest category (weight ≥100 kg) in both the subcutaneous and intravenous TCZ arms were lower in the SUMMACTA study.15
ACR20–50–70 responses were significantly lower when TCZ was administered at half dose – 4 mg/kg q4w in combination with DMARD.19 Although there was no difference in efficacy between both TCZ intravenous dosages – 4 mg/kg vs 8 mg/kg in an open-label clinical practice study, 58% of the patients had dose escalation from 4–8 mg/kg during the course of the study.22 The efficacy of subcutaneous TCZ 162 mg q2w in combination with DMARD seemed equal to TCZ 162 mg weekly,14,15 although 18% of the patients withdrew from BREVACTA and received escape therapy with weekly subcutaneous TCZ.14 Still, 80% of non-Japanese RA patients treated with TCZ 162 mg q2w in combination with DMARD achieved similar efficacy compared with TCZ administered weekly.14
Sustained efficacy of intravenous TCZ was demonstrated in the STREAM study when 66% of the patients were still receiving intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg q4w monotherapy after 5 years.23 In the STREAM study, TCZ was only stopped in 0.7% of the patients due to an insufficient response, although 5.6% withdrew due to personal reasons.23 Sustained efficacy was also indirectly demonstrated in the DREAM study when at baseline 187 RA patients with previous inadequate response to DMARD had low disease activity (DAS28≤3.2) after receiving a median of 4 years of intravenous TCZ monotherapy.24 Intravenous TCZ had sustained efficacy in RA patients with prior DMARD and anti-TNF treatment failures (93%) since TCZ drug survival was 64% at 48 weeks and only 11% of the patients discontinued TCZ due to lack of efficacy in the Danish DANBIO registry.25
Long-term efficacy of combining synthetic DMARD with subcutaneous TCZ was maintained over 48 weeks since less than 1% withdrew from the BREVACTA study.14 In the SUMMACTA and MUSASHI studies, only 1.7% had insufficient therapeutic response with subcutaneous TCZ, not different from the intravenous TCZ treatment arms at 24 weeks.15,16
Intravenous TCZ either in monotherapy or in combination with MTX delayed radiographic progression at 52 weeks18 independently of its effect on disease activity, similar to anti-TNF treatment.26 In the BREVACTA study, there was almost no radiographic progression of structural joint damage from baseline and this remained unchanged from week 24–48, changes using the modified total Sharp score were 0.6±2.7 at 24 weeks and 0.6±3.3 at 48 weeks.14
TCZ safety
(See Table 4). TCZ had sustained efficacy and high retention rates suggesting acceptable safety.19 Cumulative safety data from RA trials yielded a rate of adverse events (AE) of 278 per 100 person-years (PY) and a rate of serious adverse events (SAE) of 14/100 PY.27 In the ACT-SURE and ACT-RAY studies, close to clinical practice, the rates of AE and SAE were significantly higher, 593 and 491/100 PY, and 20 and 21/100 PY, respectively.20,21 In the ACT-STAR and STREAM studies, the overall rates of SAE were highest with 28/100 PY in both studies.22,23 While the most common SAE were infections,20,21 it was joint surgery in the long-term STREAM study, occurring in 14% of RA patients.23 Previous use of anti-TNF21,22 and concomitant use of synthetic DMARD20,22 with intravenous TCZ did not increase SAE.
Table 4.
Adverse events of subcutaneous tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis patients
| Patients with ≥1 AE (%, rate) |
Patients with ≥1 SAE (%, rate) |
Infection (%) |
SI (%, rate) |
ISR (%, rate) |
SIR (%, rate)** |
Neutropenia Grade 2% Grade 3% Grade 4% |
ALT increase Grade 1–2%, Grade 3–4% |
T Chol increase (%)# |
Patients with anti-TCZ (%) |
Withdrawal due to AE (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BREVACTA at 48 w14 | NA, 374 | NA, 13 | 30* | 3.4, 3.8 | 22, 24 | 0.7, 0.8 | NA NA NA |
NA NA |
NA | 3.0 | 6.3 |
| SUMMACTA at 24 w15 | 76, 603 | 4.8, 12 | 36 | 1.4, 3.1 | 10, 58 | 0.4, 0.7 | 13 3.0 0.2 |
54 1.0 |
15 | 0.8 | 4.8 |
| MUSASHI at 24 w16 | 89, NA | 7.5, NA | 42 | 1.2, NA | 12, NA | 3.5, NA | 11 3.0 0.0 |
24 0.6 |
24 | 3.5 | 1.7 |
| 8 mg/kg q4w in SUMMACTA and MUSASHI studies15,16 | 77–91, 588 | 5.2–5.8, 15 | 39–45 | 1.4–2.9, 3.5 | 2.4–5.2, 33 | 0.2–6.9, 0.3 | 9.7–13 3.2–2.9 0–0 |
48–24 1.1–1.2 |
8.3–27 | 0.8–0.0 | 6.7–5.2 |
Notes: Rate determined per 100 patient-years
at 24 weeks
from total cholesterol <200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L) at baseline to ≥240 mg/dL (6.2 mmol/L)
SIR from SAE in the SUMMACTA and BREVACTA studies, compared with SIR from AE in the MUSASHI study
from total cholesterol <200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L) at baseline to ≥240 mg/dL (6.2 mmol/L).
Abbreviations: AE, adverse events; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; anti-TCZ, anti-tocilizumab; I, infection; ISR, injection site reaction; q4w, every 4 weeks; NA, not available; SAE, severe adverse events; SI, severe infection; SIR, systemic immune reaction (AE within 24 hours of injection, not localized at the site of injection); T Chol, total cholesterol; w, weeks.
The rates of SAE in RA patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ were similar to the rates in intravenous TCZ RA trials,27 but were lower when compared with studies close to clinical practice.20–22 Rates of SAE were not different if patients received either 162 mg weekly or q2w and if patients received intravenous TCZ.14,15 The most common SAE in RA patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ were infections,14,15 similar to studies of equal duration.
Rates of severe infections (SI) ranged from 4.2–11.2 infections per 100 PY.20–23 The most common infections were localized in the upper and lower airways.20,22,23 Cellulitis and herpes zoster infection came second respectively in the ACT-STAR and STREAM studies.22,23 In the STREAM study, SI such as pneumonia, herpes zoster infection, acute bronchitis, and pyelonephritis were found in 6.3%, 4.9%, 1.4%, and 1.4%, respectively, of the observed SAE with corresponding rates of 1.5, 1.1, 0.8, 0.5 events per 100 PY.23 Combination of intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg with DMARD increased the risk of infections by 30% compared with controls receiving TCZ and placebo; however there was no difference between the two intravenous TCZ dosages – 4 and 8 mg/kg q4w.28 The incidence of infections and SI seemed lower in RA patients with less than 2 years of disease duration.19
Rates of SI in RA patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ seemed lower – 3.1 and 3.8 infections per 100 PY.14,15 Although infections and SI frequency and rates were similar in both treatment arms, two patients had bacterial arthritis15 and two patients had herpes zoster infection16 in the intravenous TCZ arms, compared to none in the subcutaneous TCZ treatment arms. No cases of tuberculosis were reported when using subcutaneous TCZ14–16 similar to intravenous TCZ.28
Mean neutrophil counts decreased during intravenous TCZ treatment in RA patients, but usually remained inside the normal range.23 Grade 2 and 3 neutropenia (neutrophil counts between 1.0 to 1.5×109/L and between 0.5 to 1.0×109/L) occurred in 7.0%–11% and 2.2%–6.1%, respectively.22,23 No patients had grade 4 neutropenia (neutrophil count <0.5×109/L).22,23 In the ACT-STAR study, a proportion of RA patients with grade 2 and 3 neutropenia seemed higher in the treatment arm combining intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg and DMARD compared to the TCZ monotherapy.22 TCZ seemed to cause neutropenia since the risk of grade 3 neutropenia was negligible in MTX monotherapy compared to intravenous TCZ monotherapy, 0.4% vs 3.1% respectively.29 Neutropenia was usually transient independently of its grade and returned to normal after discontinuation of TCZ.19
In RA patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ, the risk of neutropenia seemed similar to that of the intravenous TCZ arms.15,16 Of interest, one patient in the SUMMACTA study had grade 4 neutropenia.15 Neutropenia was responsible for neither febrile neutropenia nor infections in RA patients receiving TCZ,28 independent of its administration route.15
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased during TCZ from 19–26 UI/L at 24 weeks.30 In the long-term study STREAM, ALT increased slightly, but remained within normal range at 5 years.23 ALT elevation was mostly transient occurring only once in 49% and more than once in 7.8% of the patients receiving intravenous TCZ 8 mg/kg in combination with DMARD.20 ALT elevation was less frequent in RA patients receiving intravenous TCZ monotherapy, 1.2% compared with 28% receiving combination.20 Because of its transient character, TCZ discontinuation secondary to grade 1 and 2 elevation of ALT (up to five times the upper normal level) was infrequent, around 2%.9 No liver injury and hepatitis secondary to TCZ have been reported, except for one case of histologic hepatocellular necrosis that did not lead to its discontinuation.19
The frequency of ALT elevation in patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ was similar to intravenous TCZ. The combination of subcutaneous TCZ and DMARD seemed to increase the risk of ALT elevation compared with monotherapy.15,16 Only one patient (0.2%) had sustained elevation of ALT and five patients (0.8%) discontinued TCZ due to ALT elevation in the SUMMACTA study.15
Total cholesterol levels increased in the first 6 weeks of TCZ treatment and stabilized afterwards.19 Total cholesterol increased from 93 mg/dL to 103 mg/dL at 24 weeks in the ACT-RAY study,20 whereas it increased from 185 at baseline to 220 at 12 months and 214 mg/dL at 60 months in the long-term STREAM study.23 Use of lipid-lowering treatment with statins was different between studies, at baseline 1.4% of Japanese patients used statins in the STREAM study23 whereas 21% of non-Japanese patients used statins at baseline in the ACT-STAR study.22 Nevertheless, during the course of TCZ, 35% and 32% of the patients in both studies used statins, although the studies’ duration was unequal (5 years vs 24 weeks).22,23 Dyslipidemia induced by TCZ did not appear to increase the risk of serious cardiovascular disease.19
Fifteen and 24% of RA patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ increased their total cholesterol levels from less than 200 mg/dL to over 240 mg/dL respectively in the SUMMACTA and MUSASHI studies.15,16 Total cholesterol levels seemed to increase less in non-Japanese patients, however, only 47% of the non-Japanese patients had total cholesterol levels less than 200 mg/dL at baseline15 compared with 79% of the Japanese patients.16 Another possible explanation could be that non-Japanese patients were more often treated with statins at baseline.15 The authors of the SUMMACTA study mentioned that clinically relevant shifts in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were similar between the subcutaneous and intravenous treatment arms.15
Rates of intravenous TCZ withdrawal due to AE or SAE ranged from 2.9%–8.8% at 24 weeks,20–22 mostly due to infections.21 Combination of TCZ and synthetic DMARD did not seem to increase the risk of withdrawal due to AE and SAE.22 In the long-term STREAM study, 22% of the patients withdrew from TCZ due to SAE, however, TCZ was frequently interrupted – 163 interruptions for 8 weeks or more in 143 RA patients during 5 years.23
The rates of subcutaneous TCZ withdrawal were similar to intravenous, ranging from 1.7%–6.3%.14–16 Contrary to intravenous, subcutaneous TCZ monotherapy seemed to have lower withdrawal rates due to AE.14–16
Anti-TCZ antibodies were not more frequently detected in patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ compared with intravenous TCZ when combined with DMARD.15 However, anti-TCZ antibodies were more frequent in patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ monotherapy.16 Due to the low number of patients with anti-TCZ antibodies and the short duration of the studies, the consequences of anti-TCZ antibodies – in terms of AE and loss of efficacy – remain unknown.
Ten deaths (0.3%) were recorded during the ACT-SURE, ACT-STAR, and ACT-RAY studies20–22 while the number of deaths was not reported during the long-term STREAM study.23 Four deaths were due to sepsis.20–22
Six deaths were recorded in the BREVACTA study14 while none were recorded in the other two studies15,16 corresponding to 0.5% of all the RA patients treated with subcutaneous TCZ. The causes of deaths were not reported in the BREVACTA study.14
Summary: from the physician’s to the patients’ perspective
Subcutaneous TCZ seems to be as effective as intravenous TCZ in treating RA patients either in monotherapy or in combination with DMARD. Subcutaneous TCZ offers patients the additional option of self-administration, which is important for patients with chronic disease who usually prefer to be treated at home. Reducing the number of hospital visits due to intravenous treatment could decrease societal and medical costs.
While EULAR recommendations in RA stated that biologic DMARD should be commenced with MTX, they also acknowledged that TCZ is the only biologic DMARD that demonstrated superior effects compared to MTX and which has some evidence supporting its use in monotherapy.6 Recently, intravenous TCZ monotherapy was found more effective than adalimumab in RA patients for whom MTX was deemed inappropriate30 and was more effective than abatacept after anti-TNF and rituximab failure.31 Even though physician surveys indicate that a DMARD was prescribed with a biologic agent in 80%–90% of the RA patients,32 biologic monotherapy is commonly used in clinical practice – at least 30% and up to 54%.29,33 Subcutaneous TCZ could conciliate both treatment efficacy and patients’ personal preferences.
Safety of subcutaneous TCZ seemed similar to intravenous TCZ in the short-term. No infections secondary to neutropenia, episodes of liver failure or increased risk of cardiovascular diseases were recorded in studies evaluating subcutaneous TCZ. The safety profile of intravenous TCZ compared to other biologic DMARD was similar in terms of SAE, SI, lymphoma, and congestive heart failure.34 The risks of infections28 and ALT elevation20 seemed to be increased in RA patients receiving intravenous TCZ (8 mg/kg q4w) in combination with DMARD compared with patients receiving TCZ monotherapy. However, higher C max concentrations in RA patients receiving intravenous TCZ and higher C trough concentrations in patients receiving subcutaneous TCZ could lead to differences in AE and possibly in efficacy. Subcutaneous TCZ is therefore well tolerated, especially when administered in monotherapy although its subcutaneous administration could theoretically expose patients to auto-immunogenicity.35
Since RA patients were observed during 24 and 48 weeks, long-term effects and safety of subcutaneous TCZ have not yet been assessed. Still, long-term efficacy and safety of intravenous TCZ seemed good when measured in retention rate.19,23 Retention rate in RA patients who were non-responders to anti-TNF was higher with biologic DMARD other than anti-TNF,36 and between TCZ and infliximab37 in two small cohort studies.
Monotherapy with intravenous TCZ has prolonged efficacy after its discontinuation since 13% of RA patients, who had received TCZ for a median of 4 years, had low disease activity 52 weeks after discontinuation.24 Re-treatment with TCZ was well tolerated and effective in RA patients who experienced loss of efficacy after TCZ discontinuation.38
Although the subcutaneous dosages of TCZ 162 mg every week and q2w in RA patients with low body weight (<60 kg) worked well, dosage and intervals of subcutaneous TCZ administration could be adjusted during the course of treatment.
Simple and important issues relevant to patients’ preference and adherence, such as the place of TCZ in RA treatment algorithms as a first-line or second-line treatment, its dosage and treatment intervals especially during long-term remission, have not yet been assessed since these issues are often not prioritized.
Patients want effective, easy-to-administer therapy with sustained prolonged efficacy without the need of polypharmacy and with minimal to no side effects. Subcutaneous TCZ in RA patients in monotherapy promises to live up to patients’ expectations.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.
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