Abstract
Aim
To evaluate the use of accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in the management of mild and moderate progressive keratoconus in comparison with conventional cross-linking.
Patients and methods
Prospective randomized interventional case-control clinical trial. A total 25 eyes of 18 patients were randomly divided into two groups: group A included 14 eyes that received accelerated collagen cross-linking; and group B included eleven eyes that received conventional cross-linking (Dresden protocol). Cases with grade 1 and 2 keratoconus (Krumeich classification) with topographic evidence of progression were included. The uncorrected visual acuity and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity were recorded. Pentacam® corneal analysis imaging was used: The maximum and minimum keratometry and the central corneal thickness were recorded. Ocular Response Analyzer® (ORA) measurements were carried out to document the biomechanical parameters. Corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor were recorded. Postoperative evaluation included uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, and Pentacam and ORA measurements at 6 and 12 months. The follow-up period was 12 months.
Results
A progressive decrease in the flat keratometry, steep keratometry, and mean keratometry was noted throughout the follow-up period in both the accelerated and conventional groups. The improvement in keratometry was not statistically significant. The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity showed a statistically significant improvement in both groups by 1 year. The corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor showed nonsignificant improvement in both groups. The central corneal thickness showed a significant thinning at 6 months in both groups but approached baseline values by 12 months.
Conclusion
Accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking appears to show comparable results to conventional cross-linking in arresting the progression of mild keratoconus.
Keywords: accelerated collagen cross-linking, corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, central corneal thickness
Introduction
Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive, frequently asymmetric, noninflammatory corneal thinning disorder characterized by changes in the structure and organization of corneal collagen. The disease classically manifests in the second decade of life, when the cornea assumes an increasingly conical shape owing to its biomechanical instability.1
After initial encouraging laboratory evidence, a pilot study by Wollensak et al demonstrating successful halting of KC progression was published in 2003. The researchers utilized ultraviolet (UV)A light and riboflavin as a photosensitizer, to induce covalent cross-link bonds between collagen fibers in the corneal stroma, thereby increasing its biomechanical strength and stability.2 There have been numerous publications in the peer-reviewed literature over the last decade, with a variety of methodologies (retrospective, prospective uncontrolled, and randomized controlled trials), addressing the safety and efficacy of corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in the treatment of KC as well as other corneal ecstatic disorders.3 These studies have provided sufficient evidence that CXL is successful in slowing or halting KC progression and may even demonstrate visual, topographic, and aberrometric improvement through induced corneal flattening and reduction in irregular astigmatism.3 Importantly, medium- and long-term studies have validated an excellent safety profile for standard CXL (epithelium-off method).4 In the Dresden protocol, a 30-minute instillation of riboflavin is followed by 30 minutes of 365 nm UVA illumination at 3 mW/cm2 (equivalent to a 5.4 J/cm2 dose).
The technique of accelerated CXL was recently introduced. This aims to: reduce patient discomfort; to achieve more effective time management; and to avoid the excessive corneal dehydration and thinning that can occur during the 30-minute period and that may lead to deeper penetration and riboflavin/UVA toxicity in the corneal endothelium.5 The idea behind CXL is to shorten the illumination time by increasing the illumination intensity, while maintaining a constant radiant exposure of 5.4 J/cm2, according to the Bunsen–Roscoe law of reciprocity.6 With the recent advances in UV delivery systems, intensities of up to 45 mW/cm2 are available, which permit a possible reduction of UV exposure time down to 2 minutes.7,8 It has been shown with confocal microscopy that accelerated CXL leads to anterior stromal changes similar to those produced by conventional CXL, lasting for up to 6 months.9
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of accelerated CXL in the management of progressive KC, in comparison with conventional CXL.
Patients and methods
The study was a prospective, randomized interventional clinical study in which 25 eyes of 18 patients were randomly divided into two groups: group A, with 14 eyes, received accelerated CXL; and group B, with eleven eyes, received standard CXL (Dresden protocol).2
Inclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria included grade 1 and 2 KC (Krumeich classification),10 with topographic evidence of progression as defined by: an increase of 1.0 D or more in the steepest keratometry (K); an increase of 1.0 D or more in the manifest cylinder; or an increase of 0.5 D or more in the manifest refraction spherical equivalent over a 6-month period. A minimum pachymetry of 400 μm at the thinnest corneal location was obligatory.
Cases with apical opacity or hydrops were excluded. A history of herpetic corneal disease or previous ocular surgery were considered contraindications.
Preoperative assessment
A slit lamp evaluation, including applanation tonometry and dilated fundoscopy, using a +90 D lens, was performed. Manifest and cycloplegic refraction were recorded. Next, a corneal analysis (Pentacam® HR Premium; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) was performed, and the topographic maps were studied. To study the biomechanical parameters of the cornea, Ocular Response Analyzer® (ORA) (Reichert Technologies, Inc., Depew, NY, USA) measurements were obtained: corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were recorded.
The study was conducted according to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Rowad Cornea Center ethical committee approved the study. The nature of the treatment was explained to all patients, and a written informed consent was obtained in all cases.
Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version 16.0. The independent paired t-test was used. A P -value ≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Operative steps
All cases were performed at Rowad Cornea Center, Giza, Egypt.
After topical anesthesia, the corneal epithelium was scraped using a crescent knife, and corneal thickness was measured using contact pachymetry (PacScan™ 300P; Sonomed Escalon™, Wayne, PA, USA).
In group A, a drop of riboflavin 0.1% dextran solution (VibeX™; Avedro, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was applied every 2 minutes for 30 minutes, followed by exposure to UV light (370 nm, 30 mW/cm2) for 4 minutes and 20 seconds using the KXL® system (Avedro, Inc.) during which riboflavin was not applied. In the group B patients, a drop of riboflavin 0.1% solution (VibeX) was applied every 2 minutes for 30 minutes, followed by exposure to UV rays (370 nm, 3 mW/cm2) (UV-X™; Peschke Meditrade GmbH, Hünenberg, Switzerland) for 30 minutes during which riboflavin was applied every 2 minutes.
Care was taken to protect the limbus from inadvertent UV exposure in both groups. Finally, a bandage contact lens was applied, and a topical antibiotic (Zymar; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) and a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nevanac (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) was prescribed. Topical steroids were started after complete epithelial healing and were tapered over 1 month.
Postoperative evaluation
Slit lamp examination was performed at 1 day, 4 days, 1 month, 6 months, and at 12 months postsurgery. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and manifest refraction were measured at 6 months and 12 months. Pentacam corneal analysis and ORA measurements were performed at 6 and 12 months. The entire follow-up period lasted 12 months.
Results
The study included 25 eyes of 18 patients (eleven males and seven females) (Figures 1–3).
Figure 1.
(A) Pentacam® (HR Premium; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) image before accelerated cross-linking. (B) Pentacam image 9 months after accelerated cross-linking.
Abbreviations: OD, oculus dexter (right eye); 3D, three dimensional.
Figure 3.
Kmax changes in the conventional cross-linking group.
Abbreviation: Kmax, steep keratometry.
The accelerated CXL group included 14 eyes of ten patients (five females and five males). The mean age of this group was 21.58±5.78 years. In the accelerated CXL group, the mean preoperative flat keratometry (Kmin) was 47.02±1.88 D and was reduced to 46.95±2.06 D at 6 months after surgery. The reduction was not statistically significant (P=0.46). At 12 months, it declined further, to 46.6±1.89 D; however, the reduction from baseline values was not statistically significant (P=0.28). The mean preoperative steep keratometry (Kmax) was 49.29±1.73 D and was reduced to 48.83±1.52 D 6 months after surgery (P=0.16); at 12 months postsurgery, it was further reduced to 48.2±1.43 D. This was a statistically significant reduction (P=0.022). The reduction in the Kmax of the accelerated CXL group in this study was 1.09±0.85 D and was comparable with the reduction of Kmax in the conventional group (0.84±0.54 D). The difference between both groups was not statistically significant (P=0.38).
The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) showed a statistically significant reduction from baseline (484.57±19.45 μm), 6 months after accelerated CXL (458.42±18.32 μm) (P=0.0006). At 12 months, it was increased to 469.64±20 μm. However, this was still significantly reduced from the baseline value (P=0.028).
The mean preoperative BCVA was 0.48±0.17 (decimal scale), which improved to 0.5±0.2 at 6 months after surgery (P=0.38). It continued to improve 1 year after surgery (0.61±0.15), and the difference was statistically significant compared with baseline values (P=0.015).
ORA measurements showed a slight change in CH values in the accelerated CXL group over a 12-months period: 7.83 ±0.54 mmHg at baseline, 7.79±0.53 mmHg at 6 months (P=0.43), and 7.79±0.52 mmHg at 12 months (P=0.41).
CRF values improved from 6.86±0.48 mmHg preoperatively to 7.03±0.72 mmHg at 6 months and to 7.16±0.88 mmHg at 12 months (P=0.23 and P=0.13, respectively).
In the conventional group, which included eleven eyes of eight patients (six males and two females), the mean age was 23.64±4.03 years. In the conventional group, the mean Kmin dropped from 48.29±1.68 D to 47.99±1.58 D at 6 months (P=0.29) and to 46.37±2.28 at 12 months (P=0.17). The mean Kmax dropped from 51.4±1.69 to 50.47±1.42 D at 6 months (P=0.13) and to 50.24±2 D at 12 months (P=0.099).
The CCT showed a significant reduction, from 464.18±29.15 μm to 438.27±21.77 μm at 6 months post-CXL (P=0.01); it gradually improved, to 451.73±24.39 μm, which was not a statistically significant difference from the baseline values (P=0.14).
The best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was 0.49±0.19 at baseline and improved to 0.57±0.19 at 6 months. The improvement was not statistically significant (P=0.16) at 12 months after surgery; the BSCVA continued to improve, to 0.64±0.16. This improvement was statistically significant (P=0.03).
CH values were 8.31±0.74 mmHg at baseline and improved to 8.37±0.74 mmHg at 6 months and to 8.54±0.69 at 12 months. The changes were not statistically significant (P=0.42 and P=0.23, respectively).
The CRF values showed little changes throughout the follow-up period: 7.15±1.07 mmHg at baseline, 7.49±1.05 mmHg at 6 months, and 7.68±1.54 mmHg at 12 months. The changes were not statistically significant (P=0.23 and P=0.18, respectively).
When both groups were compared regarding the amount of reduction in Kmax, there was no statistically significant difference at 6 months (P=0.23) and 1 year (P=0.22). The same applied to the change in the CH and CRF: P=0.38 at 6 months and P=0.27 at 12 months for the former, and P=0.54 and P=0.83, respectively, for the latter. The CCT changes were comparable in both groups at 6 months (P=0.99) and at 12 months (P=0.66) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Summary of the results of the accelerated and conventional cross-linking groups
| Accelerated group | Conventional group | |
|---|---|---|
| Preoperative visual acuity | 0.48±0.17 | 0.49±0.19 |
| Visual acuity at 6 months | 0.5±0.2 | 0.57±0.19 |
| Visual acuity at 12 months | 0.61±0.15 | 0.64±0.16 |
| Preoperative maximum keratometry (D) | 49.43±1.63 | 51.4 ±1.69 |
| Maximum keratometry at 6 months (D) | 48.83±1.52 | 50.47±1.42 |
| Maximum keratometry at 12 months (D) | 48.2±1.43 | 50.24±2 |
| Preoperative central corneal thickness (μm) | 484.57±19.45 | 464.18±29.15 |
| Central corneal thickness at 6 months (μm) | 458.42±18.32 | 438.27±21.77 |
| Central corneal thickness at 12 months (μm) | 469.64±20 | 451.73±24.39 |
Abbreviation: D, diopter.
Complications
None of the cases in both groups lost lines of BCVA. In all cases of both groups, complete epithelialization was achieved by 4 days. No cases of infections or melting were observed in both groups. Haze was evaluated using slit lamp biomicroscopy according to the Fantes anterior stromal haze scale.11 Trace haze (grade 1) was observed in eight cases, and mild haze (grade 2) was observed during the first postoperative month in two cases of the accelerated CXL group, while in the conventional group, eight cases had trace haze, and two cases had mild haze during the same period. One case in the conventional group developed severe central haze (grade 4), which decreased gradually over the following months; at 1-year postsurgery, the patient still had a faint anterior stromal opacity, with no loss of UCVA or BSCVA. All other cases of haze in both groups resolved with topical steroids.
Discussion
CXL is one of the interesting topics in corneal surgery, with several recent modifications of the original Dresden protocol under investigation. Accelerated CXL is one of the exciting modifications of the original technique but with few published results.6–9 It has been shown that CXL leads to stabilization of KC, with flattening of topographic keratometry and improvement of visual acuity in many cases.12
The reduction in both groups was less than the results reported by Greenstein and Hersh13 (1.7 D) or Caporossi et al14 (2.1 D) but were comparable to the results of Derakhshan et al15 (0.65) and Vinciguerra et al16 (1.1D). The explanation is that the former two groups included more advanced cases of KC, while the latter two groups included mild- to moderate-KC cases as the amount of flattening by CXL is directly proportional to the steepness of the cornea.17
In our study, the accelerated CXL group showed a significant reduction of the CCT 6 months after surgery, which gradually increased afterwards. A similar behavior was observed in the conventional CXL group and is similar to previous reports. The early thinning may be attributed to the compression of collagen fibrils or keratocyte apoptosis, among other theories.18 The cause of the later thickening between 6 and 12 months is still unclear.18
Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement in BSCVA, 1 year after surgery. Similar improvement has been reported in several studies.3,13–17
CH and CRF values showed a slight improvement in both groups that was not statistically significant. Similar results were reported by Sedaghat et al.19
Regarding complications, transient haze was noted in 71% of the accelerated CXL cases and in 91% of the conventional group. One case in the conventional CXL group developed severe anterior stromal haze (grade 4) that decreased gradually with topical steroids; at 12-months postoperative, an opacity was still visible (grade 2). This finding is consistent with other previous reports.20,21
We conclude that accelerated CXL shows comparable results with conventional CXL in arresting the progression of mild KC. Further results, with a longer follow-up period and larger sample sizes, are needed to validate this finding.
Figure 2.
Kmax changes in the accelerated cross-linking group.
Abbreviation: Kmax, steep keratometry.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.
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