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Flavin-dependent proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) catalyzes the oxidation of proline to Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and reduction of respiratory quinones in the membrane (Mem). P5C undergoes a nonenzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in glutamate-γ-semialdehyde (GSA). GSA is oxidized to glutamate by P5C dehydrogenase (P5CDH) using an NAD+ cofactor.
