Table 1.

Comparison of symptoms of PTSD in humans to dysfunction related to stress in rats (restraint/shock) [12, 13].

PTSD in humans	Rat inescapable tail-shock model of stress (3 days)
Weight loss	Suppressed feeding and body weight loss
Difficulty falling or staying asleep, nightmares	Altered sleep patterns
Psychomotor numbness	Persistent behavioral abnormalities, that is, suppressed open-field activity, longer hanging wire latencies
Poor concentration; memory deficits	Deficits in escape/avoidance learning and learning of an appetitive task
Hyperarousal/startle response	Exaggerated startle response