Table 2.

Between-group changes in gene expression within the hippocampus.

Gene	#Group comparison	Fold change	Effect size	P value	Description of gene
Egr1	P-M versus P-V	1.01	0.218	∗.011	Long-term memory formation [50]
Maoa	C-M + L versus P-V	0.2	0.194	∗.024	Degrades biogenic amines, including catecholamines and serotonin [51]
Anxa9	P-M versus P-V	0.67	0.187	∗.031	An atypical member of the annexin family of Ca2+ and phospholipid-binding proteins, responsible for Ca2+ coordination [52]
S100a10	P-M versus P-V	0.38	0.166	.06	Intracellular p11 (S100a10) regulates serotonin receptor activity in psychiatric mood disorders [53]. Potential biomarker for PTSD [30] modulated by glucocorticoids [17]
Gabrb2	P-M versus P-V	0.57	0.142	.123	A subunit of GABA type-A receptors, essential for fast inhibitory neurotransmission, critical in brain function [54]
Chrm2	C-M + L versus P-V	0.6	0.138	.138	A gene implicated in self-regulatory processes across a range of externalizing behaviors [55]

^#Group comparison column presents the highest and lowest mean; ∗significant P value < .05. PTSD-vehicle (P-V); PTSD-midazolam (P-M); PTSD-L-theanine (P-L); PTSD-midazolam + L-theanine (P-M + L); control vehicle (C-V); control midazolam (C-M); control L-theanine (C-L); control midazolam + L-theanine (C-M + L); large effect size > 0.138; significant P value < .05. All genes were confirmed via the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database [56].