Table 3.
Between-group changes in gene expression within the amygdala.
| Gene | #Group comparison | Fold change | Effect size | P value | Description of gene |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gabra4 | C-L versus P-L | 0.48 | 0.271 | ∗.001 | A subunit of GABA type-A receptors responsible for encoding GABA [57] |
| C-L versus P-M | 0.41 | ||||
| C-L versus C-M | 0.43 | ||||
|
| |||||
| SLc5a7 | C-V versus P-L | 1.08 | 0.195 | ∗.024 | A Na+ and Cl− transporter that mediates the uptake of choline for ACh synthesis in cholinergic neurons [58] |
|
| |||||
| Drd2 | P-V versus P-M | 2.28 | 0.188 | ∗.03 | Effect of mRNA stability and synthesis of the type 2 dopamine receptor [59] |
|
| |||||
| Drd1a | C-M + L versus P-M | 1.58 | 0.181 | ∗.038 | Plays a fundamental role in spatial working memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in prefrontal cortex [60] |
|
| |||||
| Glra2 | C-M versus C-M + L | 0.73 | 0.179 | ∗.04 | Provides instructions for making the alpha-1 subunit of the glycine receptor protein [61] |
|
| |||||
| Chrna6 | C-M versus C-M + L | 1.01 | 0.159 | .075 | Codes for the alpha-6 subunit found in certain types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors [62] |
|
| |||||
| Htr3a | C-L versus P-M + L | 0.39 | 0.156 | .081 | Gene encodes subunit A of the type 3 receptor for 5-HT (serotonin) [63] |
|
| |||||
| Chrnb4 | C-V versus C-M + L | 1.16 | 0.154 | .087 | A nicotinic ACh receptor gene subtype. It is partially responsible for ETOH and tobacco addiction [64] |
|
| |||||
| Gabrd | C-M + L versus P-M | 0.67 | 0.153 | .089 | This gene encodes the delta subunit of GABA [65] |
|
| |||||
| Prima1 | P-V versus P-M | 0.69 | 0.145 | .111 | Functions to organize acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into tetramers and to anchor AChE at neural cell membranes [66] |
|
| |||||
| Chrna3 | P-L versus C-M + L | 0.89 | 0.141 | .127 | Encodes an alpha-type subunit, in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [67] |
#Group comparison column presents the highest and lowest mean; ∗significant P value < .05. PTSD-vehicle (P-V); PTSD midazolam (P-M); PTSD-L-theanine (P-L); PTSD midazolam + L-theanine (P-M + L); control vehicle (C-V); control midazolam (C-M); control L-theanine (C-L); control midazolam + L-theanine (C-M + L); large effect size > 0.138; significant P value < .05. All genes were confirmed via the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database [56].