Predictors of Reintubation in Trauma Intensive Care Unit: Qatar Experience

Abstract

Objectives

To determine the causes, predictors and outcomes of re-intubation.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of data collected from the trauma data base registry was conducted to identify the extubation failure cases in Trauma ICU at Hamad General Hospital, the only Level I trauma center in Qatar between January 2009 and December 2010. Demographics, mechanism of Injury, complications, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), ICU-length of stay (LOS), and mortality were analyzed among trauma patients who need reintubation within 48 hrs after extubation (group 1) compared to successfully extubated patients (group 2).

Result

A total of 954 patients were admitted to the trauma ICU, of which 343 were intubated orotracheally. The mean age of patients was 32±12 years with male predominance (95%). Motor vehicle crash (41%), pedestrian injury (20%) and falls (18%) were the most common mechanisms of injury. Reintubation (group 1) was required in 24 patients (7%). Patients in group 1 had higher rate of head injury mainly SAH (88%), pneumonia (79%) and pulmonary contusion (58%). The mean ICU-LOS was higher in the reintubated patients (p=0.010) in comparison to group 2. Forty-six percent of reintubated patients required tracheostomy. The mean age, ISS, GCS and tube size was comparable among the two groups. Furthermore, reintubation was not associated with higher mortality rate (p=0.910). However, Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (odd ratio=3.61 [95% CI 1.25-10.44]; p=0.020) and ventilator days (odd ratio=1.09 [95% CI 1.024-1.153]; p=0.006) were independent predictors of reintubation by multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Re-intubation is associated with increased ICU-LOS and need for tracheostomy. VAP and prolonged intubation are independent predictors of re-intubation. Our finding addresses the value of prevention and early treatment of infection in intubated patients. This study may represent an audit of local practice as well.

Introduction

Re-intubation after failure of planned extubation is not uncommon in Intensive Care Unit. Extubation failure is defined as the inability to sustain spontaneous breathing after removal of the endotracheal tube and need for reintubation within 48 hours following extubation.¹ The reported risk factors involved in extubation failure vary in the literature. However, early prediction of extubation failure would substantially minimize the extended ventilatory need, prolonged stay in ICU, morbidity, mortality and financial burden on the healthcare system.^2,3 The clinical course and need for airway management considerably differ amongst the severely injured trauma patients from that of non-traumatic medical emergency patients.⁴

The most common observed risk factors for extubation failure include advanced age, prolonged ventilatory days prior to extubation, injury severity at the time of admission and length of sedation.^5-7 Successful extubation usually occurs when certain criteria achieved in a controlled environment such as appropriate conscious level, control of infection, and favorable respiratory parameters (i.e., negative respiratory force, spontaneous tidal volume, FVC, rate, and positive leak test).⁶ Adequate cough strength is crucial to clear airway secretions that subsequently enhance successful extubation. However, unresolved pulmonary inflammation, spasm, respiratory muscles fatigue, laryngeal dysfunction and aspiration of secretions are unfavorable factors after extubation.¹

Earlier studies reported neurologic deterioration to be independently associated with the risk of reintubation.^8-10 Parameter such as pre-extubation imbalance of pulmonary output¹⁰ and positive fluid balance (<24 hrs)¹¹ are also involved in the extubation failure. On the other hand, few reports found no association between the injury severity and extubation failure among head injury patients.¹² Predictor factors for the need of re-intubation are not well studied in our region. Therefore, the present study was designed to analyze the causes, outcomes, and risk.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of data collected from our trauma registry was conducted to identify the extubation failure cases in Trauma ICU at Hamad General Hospital, the only Level I trauma center in the State of Qatar between January 2009 and December 2010. Demographics such as age, gender, mechanism of injury, complications, Injury Severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), ICU- length of stay (LOS), and mortality were analyzed among trauma patients who need re-intubation within 48 hrs after extubation (group 1) compared to successfully extubated (group 2). Ventilator-associated pneumonia defined as "a pneumonia where the patient is on mechanical ventilation for >2 days when all elements of VAP criterion were first present together, with day of ventilator placement being day 1, and the ventilator was in place on the date of event or the day before."¹³

Criteria for extubation in our TICU:

• Thorough clinical evaluation including GCS (≥10) with minimal sedations,

• Gradual weaning to minimal ventilator settings;

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in terms of pressure support (PS) of 10, PEEP of 5 and FIO2 40%,

• Spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) with pressure support 5-8, PEEP 5 and FIO2 40%,

• Routine cough leak test and shallow breathing index,

• If tolerated SBT with RR <14, no tachycardia (HR<90) and no desaturation then extubation can be proceeded.

• Post extubation care includes face tent with FIO2 10L/min, frequent secretion suctioning, proper positioning with chest physiotherapy, nebulizer with bronchodilators, (if needed), continuous GCS assessment, O2 saturation and ABG monitoring.

• Noninvasive ventilation as BiPAP with PS 10 and PEEP 5 and FIO2 40% can be used if needed.

• Post-extubation chest x-ray is required for all cases.

Re-intubation was performed when patient had one or more of the following criteria during 48 hours after extubation: clinical signs of increased respiratory work, upper airway obstruction, respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia (SaO₂ <90%), PaO₂ <60mmHg, decreased consciousness (GCS) with inability to protect upper airway, tachycardia, desaturation or tachypnea.

All cases of unplanned accidental extubation were excluded from the study. This study was approved by the Medical Research Center (IRB# 11103/11) at Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.

Data were presented as proportions or mean ± standard deviation (SD) as appropriate. Baseline demographic characteristics, presentation, management and outcomes were compared between the reintubation and successfully extubated groups using the student-t test for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square (χ²) test for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio for prediction of independent risk factors associated with reintubation. A significant difference was considered when the P value was less than 0.05. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 18 (SPSS Inc. USA).

Results

A total of 954 patients were admitted to the trauma ICU during the study period, of which 343 were intubated orotracheally. The mean age of the patients was 32 ± 12 with male predominance (95%). Motor vehicle crash (41%), pedestrian injury (20%) and fall from height (18%) were the most common mechanisms of injury (Table 1). Re-intubation was required in 24 patients with a failure rate of 7% for planned extubation in the trauma ICU (Table 1). The ventilator days were prolonged in those who required re-intubation in comparison to group 2 (p=0.001). The median time for re-intubation (time from extubation to the time of re-intubation) was 18.5 (range 2-23) hrs. The incidence of head injury, mainly SAH (88%), pulmonary contusion (58%), and VAP (79%) were significantly higher in re-intubated patients (Table 2). Of the reintubated patients, 46% of them required tracheostomy. The mean age, ISS, GCS and tube size was comparable among the two groups (Table 2). The mean ICU LOS was significantly higher in re-intubated patients (group 1) compared to extubated patients (26 ± 12 vs. 7 ± 3; p<0.001) (Table 2).

Table 1. Patients Characteristics.

Variables	n=343 (%)
Age (Mean ± SD)	32± 12
Males	327 (95)
Mechanism of Injury
MVC Pedestrian Fall Fall of heavy objects All-Terrain Vehicles Others	140 (41) 68 (20) 62 (18) 14 (4) 11 (3) 48 (14)
Head Injury	181 (53)
Pulmonary Contusion	57 (17)
Tracheostomy	20 (6)
VAP	53 (16)
GCS
Mean ± SD Median (range)	6±2 6 (2-10)
Injury Severity Score (ISS)
Mean ± SD Median (range)	23±10 22 (1-59)
LOS
Mean ± SD Median (range)	8±7 7 (1-48)
Ventilator days	3(1-41)
Tube size
Mean ± SD Median (range)	8±0.4 8 (6.5-8.5)
Reintubated	24 (7)

MVC: Motor Vehicle Collision; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; LOS: Length of stay; SD: Standard deviation; VAP: Ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Table 2. Comparison of clinical profile between the successfully extubated and re-intubated patients.

Variables	Successfully extubated (n= 319)	Reintubated (n= 24)	p value
Male (%)	304 (95)	23 (96)	0.900
Age (Mean ± SD)	32±12	30±9	0.500
Weight(kg)	72.5±15	74±15	0.600
Head Injury (%)	160 (50)	21 (88)	0.001
Pulmonary Contusion (%)	43 (14)	14 (58)	0.001
Tracheotomy (%)	9 (3)	11 (46)	0.001
VAP (%)	34 (11)	19 (79)	0.001
GCS (Mean ± SD)	6±2	5.5±2	0.200
ISS (Mean ± SD)	23±10	22±7	0.700
Tube Size (Mean ± SD)	7.8±0.5	7.7±0.5	0.300
Ventilator days (median & range)	11(1-21)	3(1-41)	0.001
LOS (Mean ± SD)	7±3	26±12	0.001
Mortality (%)	26 (8)	2 (8)	0.910

p values was calculated using Chi-Square and Unpaired Student T-test

In the reintubation group, two patients died due to complications. One died 10 days after reintubation with ARDS and multiorgan failure and the other died 15 days post reintubation with severe sepsis and renal failure. However, re-intubation was not associated with mortality in comparison to successfully extubated patients (group 2) (p=0.910) (Table 2).

On multivariate logistic regression analysis, VAP (odd ratio=3.61 [95% CI 1.25-10.44]; p=0.020) and ventilator days (odd ratio=1.09 [95% CI 1.024-1.153]; p=0.006) were independent predictors of reintubation (Table 3).

Table 3. Predictors of reintubation.

Variables	Univariate*	Multivariate*
Age	0.99 (0.95-1.03); 0.69	0.98 (0.946-1.028); 0.51
Ventilator days	1.12(1.050-1.165);0.001	1.09(1.024-1.153);0.006
Head injury	1.15 (0.50-2.65); 0.74	1.007 (0.394-2.569); 0.98
Pulmonary contusion	1.36 (0.44-4.17); 0.59	1.008 (0.260-3.912); 0.99
VAP	7.69 (3.02-18.25); 0.001	3.61 (1.250-10.441); 0.02

* Odd Ratio (95% confidence interval); p value

Discussion

The current study describes the frequency, predictors and impact of reintubation in the Trauma ICU in Qatar. The rate of reintubation in several studies ranges from 6% to 47%.^14-16 Old age, severity of illness at presentation, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and continuous sedation have been identified as predictors of reintubation.¹ The current study reports a reintubation rate of 7% which is consistent with the previous reports.^4,17

Reintubation is not associated with higher mortality as in many previous studies, but it requires longer ventilatory support, airway protection and prolonged hospital stay in trauma patient.⁴ In the present study, the length of ICU stay (26 ± 11days) is significantly longer in the reintubated group. Although tracheotomy was needed in around half of the re-intubation group in our study, tracheostomy was not a failure of treatment, but rather an effective respiratory therapeutic maneuver, which could be strategically adopted at the earliest convenience. Tracheostomy facilitates pulmonary toilet, improves patient comfort, and reduces dead space ventilation and airway resistance to allow weaning from mechanical ventilation.¹ Arabi et al¹⁸ also adopted the use early tracheostomy in trauma ICU patients that eventually helps to minimize the duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU LOS without increasing the overall mortality.

In trauma patients with extubation failure, the majority were reintubated because of stridor, inability to clear secretions, or declining sensorium.⁵ Daley et al,⁴ reported increased rate of stridor and tracheostomy in the reintubated patients.

The development of pneumonia leads to increased hospital costs and is probably the most frequent cause of death in reintubated patient.⁴ Torres et al., reported re-intubation as a risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia which could be prevented through proper evaluation and management.¹⁹ The incidence of VAP was significantly higher in our patients requiring reintubation and was found to be an independent predictor of reintubation. An earlier study by Kollef et al²⁰ also observed an independent association of reintubation and development of VAP in the intensive care unit. On multivariate analysis, prolonged intubation and VAP are the independent predictors of reintubation in the present study.

Also, de Lassence et al.²¹ reported increased duration of mechanical ventilation, hospital and ICU LOS resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of pneumonia. The major causes of reintubation were respiratory failure, airway safety after pain control with analgesics and opioids, inability to cough, excessive secretion with inadequate muscle strength, laryngeal edema, and severe alteration of consciousness.^1,12 Upper airway edema resulted in failure to sustain airway patency also leads to risk of reintubation.^1,20 In contrast, Karanjia et al,²² reported that the difficulty in breathing, due to pulmonary injury secondary to pneumonia or aspiration, was not frequently associated with reintubation in primary brain injury patients. Our study did not find significant association between re-intubation and head injury.

The association between time for reintubation and eventual outcome suggested that the clinical deterioration might be reduced by early reinstitution of mechanical ventilatory support, especially for patients with respiratory failure.² Boles et al summarized the key recommendations before extubation as follow: (1) Patients should be dealt with based on the difficulty and duration of the weaning process, (2) Weaning should be performed as early as possible, (3) A spontaneous breathing trial is the major diagnostic test to determine whether patients can be successfully extubated, (4) The initial trial should last 30 min and consists of either T-tube breathing or low levels of pressure support, (5) Pressure support or assist-control ventilation modes should be favored in patients failing initial trial, (6) Noninvasive ventilation techniques should be considered in selected patients to shorten the duration of intubation but should not be routinely used as a tool for extubation failure.²³ In a systematic review, Epestien²⁴ summarized the predictors for extubated patients who are at highest risk for reintubation in terms of upper airway obstruction, inadequate cough, excess respiratory secretions, and abnormal mental status.

Retrospective nature of the study is one of the limitations. The small sample size of the reintubated group is another limitation for better comparing and conclusion. The current report did not measure other variables such as hypercapnia, pre-extubation serum anion gap levels and pre-extubation Pao₂/Fio₂ ratio that could predict extubation failure.^25,26 Moreover other factors that may affect outcome after extubation such as duration of mechanical ventilation, pharmacological sedation and anemia are not given in the data.

Conclusion

Re-intubation is associated with increased ICU-LOS and the need for tracheostomy. Prolonged intubation and development of VAP are independent predictors of re-intubation; a finding that addresses the value of prevention and early treatment of infection in intubated patients. Although, re-intubation does not affect the overall rate of mortality, our analysis may address the need for further assessment of the economic burden of re-intubation and could be a mandated audit in ICU. In addition, we recommend assessment of current therapies to improve respiratory muscle strength, laryngeal competence, neurological status and secretion load for improving successful extubation rates.